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The author:(作者)hpmailerpublished in(发表于) 2013/12/5 11:06:57 Industry sources said China’s manned lunar program may be cancelled
Manned Moon landing, not taking into account
Who support the no Moon believes that as long as the material on the moon back to Earth, and master moon landing technologies on the line. The moon landing, why must people?
Reporter | Jiang Haofeng
Tower "third" probe on December 2, from the Xichang satellite launch Center. This time the tower ", third" will carry the "rabbit," first Chinese Lunar soft landing and Lunar Rover Moon patrol investigation and launch a 3-month investigation of the surface topography and geological structure, such as scientific exploration.
"YUTU" name after the announcement, news from United States space city Houston sent back a message saying, on July 20, 1969, man first moon missions of the United States, "Apollo 11th" spaceships and ground command center in Houston have had a interesting conversation--
"Please note that a cute girl with big Bunny, legendary Chinese beauties named Chang had already lived for 4,000 years. "" OK, we will pay close attention to the Playboy Bunny. ”
Island Moon early release, see the Moon rising.
When at this juncture, Xinmin weekly from the Shanghai Academy of spaceflight technology insiders had been informed by China's lunar exploration program, and the whole space planning major changes, manned moon landing preparations on hold. Current Moon exploration plan would be--Tower ", third" meet the Moon because of "Chang-fourth" is in production, will also be launched as scheduled, will complete the simulation of the future manned moon landing, sampling, and then return to Earth is expected, "Chang-fifth" to stop the development. Lunar exploration program will come to an end.
China canceled manned lunar program
Master plan of China's space activities are concerned, on the lunar exploration program is divided into three steps, that is, complete "around the falls back to the" three-year plan, by 2020 followed by completion of lunar exploration, Moon probes and unmanned sample return.
In October 2007, China's first moon exploration satellite Tower ", first" take "the long third, a" carrier rocket blasted off, perform China's first moon exploration tour, completed a lunar exploration objectives. In October 2010, "the moon lady, second" take "the long third c" carrier rocket blasted off, completed the tower ", third" task to achieve Lunar soft landing to verify selected key technologies and Tower ", third" pre-selection Rainbow Bay landing zone for high resolution imaging of the Moon, while continuing to carry out Lunar Science detection and research. The launch Tower ", third" is done at the previous launch.
2011 white paper on China's space said that China would select limited goals, step by step carry out deep space exploration activities. Then, after completing the "around the falls back to" mandate, belongs to deep space exploration first step China's lunar exploration program, how do I get down?
In 2010, the tower ", second" Moon comes as Chief expert of China's lunar exploration program, said Ouyang Ziyuan, academician: "the Moon's South Pole is expected to become the manned lunar landing sites, based on three possible manned lunar timetable, China's Manned Moon landing could be achieved by 2020 at the earliest. "In fact, as early as 2006, said Ouyang Ziyuan, China will be completed in around 2021 to 2025 manned moon landing.
October 25, 2011, lunar exploration project, "Chang-first" System Commander-cum-academician, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Nanjing, Ye Peijian, Chief Designer lecture. In the meantime, he said, China's Manned Moon landings possible in 2025 before and after implementation.
However, the strange thing is, on January 9, 2013, was invited to attend the mother culture of the Yellow River in Lanzhou in Lanzhou gardens project launches Ouyang Ziyuan of the interview had changed. He said: "unmanned lunar exploration will be implemented for China's Manned Lunar and moon base construction of accumulated skills and experience, but manned lunar program in our country there is no exact timetable. ”
In fact, as early as in May 2012, known as the "father of Chang e," Ouyang Ziyuan and visit Jiangxi province social sciences circles ' Union when holding a social science Forum, face the audience question: "when can China achieve a manned moon landing? "Once said:" currently there are several legends, 2020 said the Chinese manned lunar, also said the 2025 and 2030. Also published online, but actually did not disclose the exact time. ”
From 2010 explicitly say "possibly as early as 2020, achieve", and now "there is no clear timetable", why speak incoherently?
Shanghai Academy of spaceflight technology insiders to Xinmin disclosed that had completed "around the falls back to" in the future, may be launched manned moon landing program was cancelled. The insider said: "this is our country's aerospace industry are making major adjustments. ”
In fact, as early as 2007, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Chang-Engineering Headquarters, Vice Director of China manned space engineering, former National Space Administration Luan enjie has stated, China 20 years without getting a manned moon landing. If nothing else, then, after Chinese astronauts landed on the Moon sometime in the 30 's.
Moon candle
"The moon lady, third" launched, Spain the El Pais said: "Although many space powers have been put aside, the Moon, but emerging powers China, as a major goal. ' Chang ' e third ' unmanned lunar probe, China plans over the next few years through return lunar samples to Earth, including preparatory work so that in the next 10 sending a manned lunar probe. ”
Regardless of whether a manned Moon Mission, however and whenever Manned Moon landings, manned lunar difficulties is huge.
Professor of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the International Academy of Astronautics fellow of the Department of space life science communication Zhuang Fengyuan in 2007 said: "fall within the purview of deep space exploration of the Moon, astronauts longer under gravity in a vacuum and one-sixth State for several days, these issues need to be addressed to develop specialized drugs to ensure their physical well being. We still haven't to this point. ”
Zhuang Fengyuan also has said: "as Moon detection of advance, some with moon base related of research will gradually carried out, like we established moon base, to in above raised plant and animal, this can using closed of ecological circle to simulation environment, United States for had full closed of biosphere 2nd, (completely and nature isolated of closed ecological environment, like a big dome, inside of plant animal formed themselves of balance) test, insisted has a years, my also no, I prepared recommends national in ' Twelve-Five ' during this study. ”
"Twelve-Five" until 2015, much of the time has elapsed, similar biosphere 2nd study has not yet been announced, this on the other hand proved China's Manned Moon landings too early.
See Lunar significance. Americans "Apollo" is completed by the Soviet Union during the cold war, US-Soviet space competition has reached a white-hot stage. Manned Moon landing is successful, as Astronaut Neil Armstrong says, "that's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." However, with the 1972 "Apollo 17th" after returning to Earth, United States no Executive overload mission at the Agency. On that occasion, "Apollo 17th" brought back the 110 kilograms of moon rocks and soil samples.
Although Spain Pais vociferous said: "in recent years the United States Space Agency due to lack of funds, space program is erratic. While China's huge investment to develop the lunar module plans effectively. I liked this scene reminiscent of half a century ago, the Soviet Union and the United States expand the space battle. "However, China never recognized in aerospace and the United States compete. For example, Director of the China manned space engineering office Wang Zhaoyao said time and again, China's space development is planned and scheduled in accordance with the Chinese Government goal in steadily advancing. "We did not want to get rid of any country, who also did not want to compete, we're just trying to meet our domestic needs. We follow the own path to go, is not competing with anyone. ”
Lunar exploration project is the most practical significance, is the dream of human energy. After all moon can provides many energy "relay" of material, like solar, because moon itself of air is thin, so solar can directly uses; like helium 3 this can long-term using of, and clean and security of can controlled fusion fuel, allegedly helium 3 in moon Shang of reserves in 1 million tons to 5 million tons Zhijian, and dozens of tons helium 3 can maintained Earth a years of energy needs. This abundant energy, energy depletion of the Earth, of course, very important.
"Apollo 17th" in humanity so far last manned lunar module at the same time, brought back from the Moon is only 110 kg. Deputy Director of the science and Technology Committee of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, Vice President of China's lunar exploration program architect Yu Dengyun said: "China's three-phase Moon exploration will collect Lunar soil back to Earth. "In the future," Chang-fourth ", survey of automatic inspection robot on the moon can be realized.
"Compared with Mars, the Moon is too small, small gravity makes it has no atmosphere, no geological activity, and is essentially a round stone. Many parts of its surface is covered with a layer of glass-like substance. Is there water on the Moon, there is controversy, but there is water on Mars is generally accepted. "Zhuang Fengyuan implying, the Moon is not suitable for human migration. In view of this, support persons temporarily Moon believes that as long as the material on the moon back to Earth, and master moon landing technologies on the line. The moon landing, why must people?
Song Xiaojun, military experts said, "in November 2005, while CNN reported China introduced in 2017 Lunar program, reported Bush Launches 2018 year spend 104 billion dollars to return to the Moon plan. Later, Bush threw the money into the deserts of the Middle East, Obama will return to the moon to the scientific exploration of Mars exploration program. China's weak, started late, scientific applications of the Shenzhou program and scientific exploration of the Moon exploration plan starting from 21st century go, balanced, pragmatic way. ”
Similarly, even Moon 6 successful Americans and only one step ahead of the Russians to the Moon, in a cautious way to portray a manned moon landing. On scrambling for political purposes and past the Moon era, more rational, more prudent Governments to confront the human return to the moon.
Shanghai Aerospace Technology Research Institute told the Xinmin: "no manned moon landing, taking into account is the comprehensive national strength of our country, taking into account the space energies not too spread out, you want to use the best in cutting edge. Today the most important thing is to do a large space station. What manned voyages to the Moon, to Mars and so on, pulling too long lines, might outweigh. Even if it is a large space station, will definitely come, won't catch, to ensure success. ”
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Lunar exploration incomplete records
Men on the Moon for scientific exploration and research began in the 1950 of the 20th century, in 1957 the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite, and in 1961 brought to near-Earth orbit after Gagarin, humans began to break into space and begin to explore the moon.
United States and the Soviet Union had launched a lunar exploration as the Centre for space science and technology contests. In the late 1950 of the 20th century until the early 70, Soviet Union, 32 were to launch its first lunar probe, these probes or approaching or landing on the Moon, and achieved fruitful results. United States 21 was also to launch its first lunar probe devices.
In July 1969, the United States, "Apollo 11th" ship to achieve the dream of a man on the Moon, lunar exploration in the most brilliant results achieved. This year there have been 12 astronauts set foot on the Moon, and the ground back to 440 kg of rock samples.
1972 United States "Apollo" is over, due to costly Lunar activity, lunar exploration Once cooled. However, humans still can't resist temptation to Moon's unique natural environment and resources, coupled with the development of modern aerospace technology to provide mankind with a possibility of further explore the Moon, late in the 1990 of the 20th century, they looked at the moon.
United States in 1986, return to the Moon and establish a lunar base idea, and launched two probes in 1994 and 1998 respectively. Among them, launched in January 1998 to draw a topographical map the Moon's surface, analysis of geological structure of the Moon and look for evidence of Lunar ice or water, for the purpose of "Moon prospector" probe, was completed in July 1999.
September 27, 2003 (Beijing time, 28th), the first European lunar probe "intelligent 1th" successfully blasted off and successfully hit the moon on September 3, 2006, marked the beginning of European exploration activities.
October 24, 2007, China's first moon exploration satellite Tower ", first" successfully launched from the Xichang satellite launch Center. On November 7, the China National Space Administration announced to become immortal, the first successful satellite around the Moon, marking the lunar exploration objectives largely achieved, the Chinese have the ability to probe the moon.
"The moon lady, second" on October 1, 2010 at 57 seconds, launched from the Xichang satellite launch Center, and was a complete success. , July 14, 2013, has become China's first man-made Chang e second satellite of the solar system asteroids and exceeded 50 million kilometres on the distance between the Earth and refresh again "China". On November 26, 2013, the satellite has exceeded 61 million kilometers and cleared the way for Tower ", third" detectors to verify some of the key technologies and detailed survey of the moon. Source: Xinmin weekly
载人登月，暂不考虑
支持暂不登月的人士认为，只要能将月球上的物质带回地球，并且掌握登月技术就行。登月，何必一定要上人？
记者｜姜浩峰
“嫦娥三号”探测器于12月2日1时30分，在西昌卫星发射中心发射。此次，“嫦娥三号”将携“玉兔号”月球车首次实现中国的月球软着陆和月面巡视勘察，并开展为期3个月的月表形貌与地质构造调查等科学探测。
在“玉兔号”名称公布以后，中新社从美国航天城休斯敦传回一条消息称，1969年7月20日，执行人类首次登月任务的美国“阿波罗11号”宇宙飞船与休斯敦地面指挥中心曾有过一段有趣的对话——
“请注意一位带着大兔子的可爱姑娘，传说名叫嫦娥的中国美女已经在那里住了4000年。”“好的，我们会密切关注这位兔女郎。”
海岛冰轮初转腾，见玉兔又东升。
当此际，《新民周刊》从上海航天技术研究院相关内部人士处获悉，我国对探月工程，乃至整个航天规划有重大调整，原来进行的载人登月准备工作暂缓。目前的探月计划，将是——“嫦娥三号”达到落月；由于“嫦娥四号”已经投产，也将如期发射，未来将完成模拟载人登月，进行采样，然后返回地球；预计的“嫦娥五号”将停止研发。探月计划将告一段落。
中国取消载人登月计划
就中国的航天总体规划而言，在探月工程上，分为三步走，也就是完成“绕落回”三期计划，在2020年前依次完成绕月探测、落月探测和无人采样返回。
2007年10月，我国首颗探月卫星“嫦娥一号”乘坐“长征三号甲”运载火箭升空，执行中国首次探月之旅，完成了绕月探测的目标。2010年10月，“嫦娥二号”乘坐“长征三号丙”运载火箭升空，完成了为“嫦娥三号”任务实现月面软着陆验证部分关键技术，并对“嫦娥三号”预选月球虹湾着陆区进行高分辨率成像，同时继续开展月球科学的探测和研究。这次发射的“嫦娥三号”，正是在前次发射成果上完成的。
《2011年中国的航天》白皮书表示，中国将选择有限目标，分步开展深空探测活动。那么，在完成了“绕落回”任务之后，属于深空探测第一步的中国探月工程，将怎么走下去呢？
2010年，在“嫦娥二号”探月之际，中国探月工程首席专家、中科院院士欧阳自远称：“月球南极有望成为载人登月的着陆点，依据载人登月的三个可能时间表，我国载人登月最早可能在2020年实现。”其实，早在2006年，欧阳自远就称，中国将在2021年到2025年左右完成载人登月。
2011年10月25日，绕月探测工程、“嫦娥一号”系统总指挥兼总设计师、中科院院士叶培建在南京演讲。其间，他表示，中国载人登月计划可能在2025年前后实现。
然而，奇怪的是，2013年1月9日，受邀到兰州出席兰州黄河母亲文化园项目发布会的欧阳自远接受记者采访时已经改变说法。他说：“无人月球探测的实施将为我国载人登月和月球基地建设积累技术和经验，但我国载人登月计划目前还没有确切时间表。”
其实，早在2012年5月，被称为“嫦娥之父”的欧阳自远做客江西社科联举办的某社科大讲堂时，面对听众提问：“中国什么时候能实现载人登月？”就曾称：“当前有很多传说，有说中国人2020年可以载人登月的，也有说2025年、2030年。网上也公布了时间，但实际上真的没有公布过确切的时间。”
从2010年明确说“最早可能在2020年实现”，到如今“没有明确时间表”，为何前言不搭后语呢？
上海航天技术研究院内部人士向《新民周刊》透露，原本在完成“绕落回”以后，可能上马的载人登月计划已取消。该内部人士分析说：“这是我国航天事业做出的重大调整。”
其实，早在2007年，中科院院士、中国嫦娥工程总指挥、中国载人航天工程副总指挥、原国家航天局局长栾恩杰就曾经表示过，中国20年内不会搞载人登月。如果不出意外的话，中国宇航员登上月球应该是本世纪30年代之后的事。
载人登月是否得不偿失
面对“嫦娥三号”的升空，西班牙《国家报》称：“虽然很多航天大国已经把登月计划放在一旁，但是新兴大国中国却将其作为一个重大目标。‘嫦娥三号’是无人月球探测器，但是中国计划在未来几年通过向地球送回月球样本等方式进行准备工作，以便在未来10年发射载人月球探测器。”
不管是否进行载人登月计划，不管载人登月计划何时进行，载人登月所面对的困难巨大。
北京航空航天大学教授、国际宇航科学院空间生命科学部通讯院士庄逢源在2007年就曾表示：“月球属于深空探测的范畴，宇航员要长期处于真空状态和1/ 6状态的引力之下许多天，这些问题都有待解决，要开发专门的药物保证他们的身体状态。我们还没有研究到这一步。 ”
庄逢源还曾说：“随着月球探测的推进，一些跟月球基地相关的研究会逐步开展，比如我们建立月球基地，要在上面养植物和动物，这可以使用封闭的生态圈来模拟环境，美国进行过全封闭的生物圈2号(完全与自然界隔绝的封闭生态环境，像一个大罩子，里面的植物动物形成自己的生态平衡)试验，坚持了一年多，我国还没有，我准备建议国家在‘十二五’期间进行这种研究。”
“十二五”到2015年结束，时间已过大半，我国尚未宣布开展类似生物圈2号的研究，这从另一方面证明中国载人登月为时尚早。
再来看探月的意义。美国人的“阿波罗计划”是美苏冷战期间完成的，美苏当时的航天领域竞争已到了白热化的阶段。载人登月成功，诚如宇航员阿姆斯特朗所说，“这是个人的一小步，却是人类的一大步”。然而，随着1972年“阿波罗17号”返回地球以后，美国宇航局再也没有执行过载人登月任务。那一次，“阿波罗17号”带回了110公斤月球岩石和土壤样本。
尽管西班牙《国家报》鼓噪称：“近年来美国航天局由于缺乏资金，航天计划飘忽不定。而中国则以巨大的投资制定了有效的登月计划。此情此景令人回想起半个世纪前，苏联和美国展开的太空争霸战。”但中国从来不认可在航天领域与美国存在竞争关系。比如中国载人航天工程办公室主任王兆耀就多次表示，中国航天的发展是按照中国政府既定规划和预定目标在稳步地推进。“我们没有想超赶任何一个国家，也没有想和谁竞争，我们只是想满足我们自己的国内各方面的需求。我们是按照自己的道路来走，不存在和谁争抢。”
探月工程目前最实际的意义，还是人类的能源梦想。毕竟月球可以提供许多能量“接力”的物质，比如太阳能，因为月球本身的空气十分稀薄，因此太阳能可以直接利用；比如氦3这种可长期使用的、清洁而安全的可控核聚变燃料，据称氦3在月球上的储量在100万吨到500万吨之间，而几十吨氦3即可维持地球一年的能量需求。这种丰富的能源，对于能源逐渐枯竭的地球当然十分重要。
而“阿波罗17号”在完成人类迄今为止最后一次载人登月的同时，从月球仅带回了110公斤的东西。中国航天科技集团公司科技委副主任、中国探月工程副总设计师于登云曾说：“中国探月三期工程将采集月壤返回地球。”未来“嫦娥四号”，可实现在月球上自动巡视机器人勘测。
“和火星相比，月球太小了，引力小使得它没有大气，没有地质活动，本质上就是一块大圆石头。它的表面许多地方还覆盖着一层玻璃状的物质。月球上有没有水，还有争议，但是火星上有水是大家公认的了。”庄逢源言下之意，月球并不适合人类移民。如此看来，支持暂不登月的人士认为，只要能将月球上的物质带回地球，并且掌握登月技术就行。登月，何必一定要上人？
军事专家宋晓军说：“2005年11月CNN报道中国2017年实施登月计划的同时，报道了小布什推出2018年花1040亿美元的重返月球计划。后来小布什把钱扔进了中东沙漠，奥巴马将重返月球计划改为科研探索的火星探测计划。中国底子薄、起步晚，科学应用的神舟飞船计划和科研探索的探月计划从21世纪开始走了平衡、踏实的路子。”
同样，即使登月6次成功的美国人和离登月只差一步之遥的俄国人，都用谨慎的方式来描绘载人登月。和过去那个为了政治目的抢着上月亮的时代相比，各国政府更加理性、更加谨慎地面对人类的重返月球。
上海航天技术研究院人士告诉《新民周刊》：“暂不载人登月，考虑到的是我国的综合国力，考虑到在航天领域精力不要太分散，要把好钢用在刀刃上。如今最重要的是做好大型空间站。什么载人登月、火星计划云云，把战线拉得太长，或许就得不偿失了。即使是大型空间站，也一定会悠着点，不会赶进度，要保证成功率。”
链接：
月球探索不完全纪录
人类对月球的科学探测和研究始于20世纪50年代，1957年苏联发射第一颗人造卫星并于1961年把加加林送上近地轨道之后，人类便开始闯入太空并着手探测月球。
美国和苏联曾展开了一场以月球探测为中心的空间科学技术竞赛。从20世纪50年代末到70年代初，苏联共向月球发射了32个探测器，这些探测器或逼近或登陆月球，取得了丰硕的成果。美国也向月球发射了21个探测装置。
1969年7月，美国“阿波罗11号”飞船实现了人类登月之梦 ，在月球探测中取得最辉煌的成果。这一年先后有12名宇航员踏上月球，并向地面带回440公斤的月岩样品。
1972年美国“阿波罗计划”结束以后，由于探月活动耗资巨大，月球探测一度有所降温。然而，人类还是抵制不住月球独特自然环境和资源的诱惑，再加上现代航天技术的发展为人类提供了进一步探测月球的可能性，20世纪90年代后期，人们又把目光投向了月球。
美国于1986年提出重返月球、建立月球基地的设想，并在1994年和1998年分别发射了两个探测器。其中，1998年1月发射的以绘制月球表面地形图、分析月球地质结构和寻找月球存在冰或水证据等为目的“月球勘探者”号探测器，于1999年7月完成使命。
2003年9月27日23时17分(北京时间28日7时17分)，欧洲第一个月球探测器“智能1号”顺利升空，于2006年9月3日成功撞击月球 ，标志着欧洲探月活动正式开始。
2007年10月24日，我国首颗探月卫星“嫦娥一号”在西昌卫星发射中心发射成功。11月7日，中国国家航天局公布，嫦娥一号卫星成功绕月，标志着绕月探测的工程目标基本实现，中国具备了对月球进行探测的能力。
“嫦娥二号”于2010年10月1日18时59分57秒在西昌卫星发射中心发射升空，并获得了圆满成功。2013年7月14日1时许，已成为我国首个人造太阳系小行星的嫦娥二号卫星与地球间距离突破5000万公里，再次刷新“中国高度”。2013年11月26日，卫星已突破6100万公里，并在离地途中为“嫦娥三号”探测器验证了部分关键技术，还详细勘察了落月区域。来源：新民周刊
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