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The author:(作者)delvpublished in(发表于) 2013/12/30 5:43:20 Experts： implementing separate two children not to abandon family planning policies
Implemented separately two children not to abandon family planning policies
-Reporter in ocean
Just over 12 sessions of the national people's Congress at its sixth meeting considered the adoption of the resolution on adjusting the perfect maternity policy, this means that carried out more than 30 years of "one couple, one child" family planning policy, separate two-child policy officially became China's family planning policy.
A separate two-child policy, refers to the party is the only child of couples to have two children. Earlier, the current family planning policy in China can be divided into four categories: one-child policy. Including the vast majority of urban residents, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Sichuan and Chongqing in 6 provinces (cities) for rural residents, and one and a half children policy. Rural couples had their first baby is a girl, then one child; two-child policy. Are the provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) stipulates that couples who are both only children to have two children, and the other is in parts of rural residents generally have two children; three children policy. Three children refer to ethnic minority farmers and herdsmen can in some areas.
Two-child policy alone has long been public calls for, the real implementation of resolutions should clarify which concept, the next step should do the work, the legal daily reporter interviewed a relevant expert.
Does not occur with rapid population growth
Introduce Lu Jiehua, a Professor of sociology at Peking University, November 18 by the third plenary session of the party of the year a comprehensive decision to deepen reform, a number of important issues, which proposed "launch party was the only child of married couples have two-child policy."
"China's current family planning policy, there are four, some primarily rural population. The two-child policy is not alone in urban and rural areas, on next steps in urban and rural areas growing the same policy is a very good start. "Said Lu Jiehua, next the province will formulate appropriate policies, start time in the real world because the provinces have different arrangements, so it won't cause the rapid population growth in the short term, or even the" population explosion ", of course, was born to moderate population growth, but are within the expected range.
Peng Du, Professor of Renmin University of China population and Development Research Center, said after the resolution was adopted, next steps provincial basis based on past work and diagnostic cases reported to the health and family planning, the provincial people's Congress and its Standing Committee to modify the corresponding regulations. A separate two-child policy, was only refers to one-child couples are allowed to have two children. According to estimates, even peaks is an increase of more than 1 million people, so does not cause the "population explosion".
"If a separate transition smooth two-child policy, may release the universal two-child policy in the future, it will not be much of reproductive accumulation. So now, let alone two-child policy, family planning policy as a whole-step strategy. "Peng Du said.
Family planning policy major improvements
"Separate two-child policy is to adjust sound family planning policy, rather than to abandon family planning policy. "Peng Du said that separate two-child policy is still the family planning policy, including the future may have had access to a popular two-child policy, will belong to the family planning coverage, because it still has a number of requirements, not open there is no requirement is made perfect in number. Family planning policy is not only the number of requests, as well as prenatal and postnatal care and family planning services, including for rewarding and assisting families practicing family planning is family planning policies.
Peng Du introduction, some foreign countries and China's situation is different, they are mainly family planning in China is the Government's policy plans. Family planning is a Government advocate for fewer, but is rarely decided by the family. For example, Japan and Korea, reduced fertility rates after the last century 80 's, the Government encourages people to reproduce but if decided by the family. Our reference is that if fertility rates remain too low, it is detrimental to the long-term demographic and socio-economic development, China's family planning policy has taken steps to align improvement measures.
"I'm involved in related research, survey results show that now some 80% want two children, of which there are 80% who want a son and a daughter, so that fertility policy adjustment, so that people's desire for giving birth and reproduction policy calls for further narrowing of differences between. Rural young people have this desire, but more intense. "Peng Du said.
"In rural areas in the past, if the first child is a girl, having a baby, it is one and a half children policy, is for children from a gender perspective. Separate two-child policy is from a couple of angles, as long as the party is the only child can have two children, even if their first child is a boy or you can have another one. These two policies are not the same. "Peng Du explained.
Peng Du said that this resolution was adopted by the family planning policy important adjustment of sound, have been exploring this question for many years in the past, concentrated mainly in two aspects, one is my actual fertility right now exactly how high, following a research evaluation is from 1.5 to 1.6. Second is to survey people's fertility desires, for example, after adjusting the family planning policy, people really want kids, after investigation and know what most people want two children. Now know how low the fertility rates, but also know the extent to which it is desirable to, that there is a difference, so after adjusting the sound you want to narrow the differences.
Equality before the law and policy
Now some wealthy and famous men of the community to be condemned to grey, some people believe that the family planning policy seems to be no limit to these people.
Peng Du said, in fact, started to develop policy and there is no difference between rich and poor, policy implementation is the key. After the new policy implementation, still need to step up enforcement to ensure fairness. In front of law and policy, which should be equal, and does not exist who are more superior. A separate two-child policy is only compatible with "alone" to have a two-child policy, whether rich, poor, famous if the policy is violated, will be investigated and dealt with.
Lu Jiehua said after the resolution was adopted, the provincial people's Congress and its Standing Committee to amend not only, but also to formulate supporting policies. For example, one child definition, defining marriage, and so on. Family planning award, the next step is also provided. For example, on one side is an only child, but well past childbearing age, should consider increasing the incentives for them and their future pension benefits, because they are after all contributing to family planning in China.
(Original title: implementation of the separate two children not to abandon family planning policies)
实施单独两孩不是放弃计划生育政策
□本报记者于呐洋
刚刚结束的十二届全国人大常委会第六次会议审议通过了《关于调整完善生育政策的决议》，这意味着，在执行了三十多年的“一对夫妇只生育一个孩子”的计划生育政策之后，单独两孩政策正式成为我国的计划生育政策。
单独两孩政策，是指一方是独生子女的夫妇可生育两个孩子。此前，我国现行生育政策大致可分四类：一孩政策。包括绝大多数城镇居民，北京、天津、上海、江苏、四川、重庆6省(市)的农村居民；一孩半政策。指农村夫妇生育第一个孩子为女孩的，可以再生育一个孩子；二孩政策。一是各省(区、市)都规定，双方均为独生子女的夫妇可以生育两个孩子，二是部分地区的农村居民普遍可以生育两个孩子；三孩政策。指部分地区少数民族农牧民可以生育三个孩子。
单独两孩政策民众呼吁已久，真正贯彻实施决议应该厘清哪些理念，下一步应做好哪些工作，《法制日报》记者为此采访了相关专家。
不会出现人口迅速增长
北京大学社会学系教授陆杰华介绍，今年11月党的十八届三中全会通过全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定，其中提出“启动实施一方是独生子女的夫妇可生育两个孩子的政策”。
“我国目前的生育政策有四种，有的主要是面对农业人口。这次单独两孩政策不分城乡，对下一步城乡生育同政策是个很好的开始。”陆杰华说，下一步各省将制定相应政策，由于各省启动的时间在现实中会有不同安排，所以不会造成短期内人口迅速增长，甚至“人口爆炸”，当然出生人口会适量增长，但都是在预计范围之内的。
中国人民大学人口与发展研究中心教授杜鹏表示，决议通过后，下一步各省级根据过去的工作基础和摸底情况报给卫生计生委，各省人大及其常委会要修改相应的条例。单独两孩政策，仅是指一方是独生子女的夫妇可以生两孩。根据估算，即使高峰时也就是增加100多万人，所以不会导致“人口爆炸”。
“如果单独两孩政策过渡平稳，将来有可能放开普遍两孩政策，就不会有太大的生育堆积。所以现在放开单独两孩政策，也是整个计划生育政策分步走的策略。”杜鹏说。
计生政策重大调整完善
“单独两孩政策是调整完善计划生育政策，而不是放弃计划生育政策。”杜鹏说，单独两孩政策仍是计划生育政策，包括将来有可能进入到普遍两孩政策，都属于计划生育范围，因为这还是有一个数量的要求，并不是敞开了没有要求，所以是在数量上作了完善。当然计划生育政策不仅是数量的要求，还有优生优育以及相应计划生育的服务，包括计划生育家庭的奖励扶助等都是计划生育政策的内容。
杜鹏介绍，国外有的国家与我国情况不太一样，他们主要是家庭计划，我国是政府政策性计划。家庭计划是政府倡导少生，但是否少生由家庭作出决定。比如，日本和韩国，在上世纪80年代以后生育率降低后，政府转而鼓励人们生育，但是否生育由家庭决定。我国的借鉴是，如果生育率长期保持过低水平，它对长期的人口和社会经济发展是不利的，所以我国的计划生育政策采取了分步骤调整完善的措施。
“我参与过相关调研，调研结果表明，现在年轻人大约有80%希望要两个孩子，其中又有80%的人希望要一儿一女，所以说生育政策的调整，使人们的生育意愿与生育政策要求之间的差异进一步缩小。农村年轻人也有这方面的愿望，而且更加强烈。”杜鹏说。
“过去在农村，如果第一个孩子是女孩，可以再生一个孩子，这是一孩半政策，是从孩子性别角度来说的。而单独两孩政策是从夫妇双方的角度，只要一方是独生子女就能生育两个孩子，即使第一个孩子是男孩也可以再生一个。所以这两个政策不一样。”杜鹏解释。
杜鹏说，此次通过的决议是计划生育政策的重大调整完善，过去很多年一直在探讨这个问题，主要集中在两个方面，一是我国现在实际生育率到底多高，经过研究评估之后是1.5到1.6。二是调研了人们的生育意愿，比如，调整了生育政策后，人们到底想要几个孩子，经过调研知道多数人希望要两个孩子。现在知道了生育率低到什么程度，也知道了人们希望的程度，这中间是有差异的，所以进行调整完善之后要缩小这个差异。
法律政策面前人人平等
现在社会上有些富人、名人成为超生的灰色地带，有些人认为计划生育政策似乎对这些人没什么限制。
杜鹏说，其实开始制定政策时并没有贫富差异，关键是政策执行问题。在新的政策执行之后，仍然需要加大执行力度来确保公平。因为在法律政策面前，应该是人人平等，不存在谁更有优越感。单独两孩政策是只有符合“单独”的才能有两孩政策，无论是富人、穷人，还是名人，如果违反了政策法规，都要受到查处。
陆杰华说，决议通过后，各省级人大及其常委会不仅要修改条例，还要制定配套政策。比如，独生子女界定、婚姻关系界定等等。对于计划生育奖励，下一步也要进行规定。比如，对一方是独生子女，但已过了生育年龄，各地要考虑提高对他们的奖励和他们以后的养老补助，因为这些人毕竟为我国的计划生育作出过贡献。
(原标题：实施单独两孩不是放弃计划生育政策)
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