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The author:(作者)delvpublished in(发表于) 2013/12/30 5:44:19 Liaoning rural “middle town“ gains and losses _ Sina news
Liaoning rural "middle town" gains and losses
Education layout adjustment, you need to extensively solicit opinions of local residents, rather than across the Government, in particular, poor traffic conditions, slow economic development of agro-pastoral mountain avoid bandwagon
Text/the lookout news weekly reporter Wang Ying Zhao Wan micro-
For county primary and secondary settings are too dispersed, quality teaching resources to share issues, since 2010, rural compulsory education schools in Liaoning province layout adjustments, removed the weak and 127 rural junior high school, in 11 counties such as Kazuo (City) County, 15 new standardized intermediary, benefiting 56,000 students in rural areas. Liaoning rural "middle town" effect is clear, and some school facilities meet the province's most advanced level, students ' comprehensive quality improvement obvious. But some experts are concerned, will be spun off from the rural communities of the younger generation, is a rural "cultural deprivation" will heighten moribund rural society, while focused on the safety management of school students also vulnerable, should be carried out according to local conditions.
Large "town" junior high school
Covering more than 300 acres of campus wide roads, the environment and pleasant, buildings, laboratory buildings, dormitories and other buildings majestic grandeur. Come to Liaoning Tieling County, far can see Lotus secondary school buildings and County blue spires, red-and-white landmark. Facilities and campus environment, fully comparable to a small University.
A total investment of about $ 300 million worth of Liaoning province, Tieling County Lotus secondary school is the first County in most of rural junior middle school and complete "middle town" schools. In November 2010, the school built and put into use, Jina Tieling County 10 townships, 12 junior high schools over more than 7,000 students in this learning experience. Due to the higher number of students, although the same walls, school or work of the teaching and day-to-day management is divided into two school districts.
"Construction of Lotus to pave the way for the County's middle school kids get a quality school, children in rural areas and city and town kids reading. "Tieling County Education Bureau said Yu Zechen, and another 4 in rural junior middle schools in the county because far away from the new town to retain it, will continue to increase financial input.
"Students come to school an hour early every day to make a fire and stove in cold weather is not good for health, not on the first lesson. Stove until noon will not be lit, cigarette smoke and cold in the classroom, students are wearing gloves class. "Original double wells middle school teacher Lu Xiujie recalled. And now the Lotus school, each class is equipped with multimedia equipment, laboratory, audio and beautiful classrooms, gymnasium, Chapel and Jacuzzis, construction has advanced micro classrooms, equipped with TV cameras, video systems, teachers here taught teachers and students can achieve synchronous observation.
In 2011, the heishan County in Jinzhou City, Liaoning province also implemented a rural middle school project in the city, built in two phases into two junior high schools. Total withdrawal and 22 rural secondary schools, over more than 8,000 students in the County with two junior high school.
Correspondent in heishan County, the second junior high school site during the event, more than 4,000 students stand neatly on plastic playground, undisturbed horizontal formation. After the password given to long-distance running in winter, students into numerous lines and orderly circles run in their respective region. Subsequently, and does the dancing youth gymnastics and keeping in good health of the BA Duan Jin, 40 minutes of recess activities student norms, spirit is in high spirits. While in the past a village playground, "wind days, the mud on rainy days", the basic activities to make their big break.
New changes in rural schools
During an interview with Xinhua was informed that "middle town" facilities in rural schools increased substantially, Omni-directional changes in the face of teachers and students.
A provincial standardized teaching facility is equipped with. Kazuo County Education Bureau said Wu Guiying, a long time, poor infrastructure in rural schools, poor school conditions, teaching equipment, devices, facilities are not adequate, Township High School partly due to lack of teachers or equipment, no courses in music, art, physical education, information technology, mental health, curriculum, teachers speak of experimental courses, audio, physical disciplines such as American students do not have hands-on opportunities.
After the implementation of rural junior middle schools in town, Kazuo County's two new junior high schools had music and art classrooms, experiment out of 100%. Schools also have a standard plastic turf athletic field, sport facilities and fitness equipment are readily available, contrasts with previous dilapidated rural junior middle school.
B is the student living conditions much improved than the original, but the economy has not increased. Journalists in several counties learned that since junior high school for compulsory education, the students ' tuition and accommodation fees are free of charge. On the accommodation, with some schools previously in dozens of people in one room, "Chase shop" today than junior high school are 8 room hostel, free is equipped with, such as pillows, blankets, the apartment has water room and toilets, better accommodation conditions.
On food, school costs and the County financial subsidies. Lotus secondary school the second day of Zhu Jian said, was at the elementary school, buy a Bento lunch in front of the school to 4 Yuan, schools with three meals a day, lunch and dinner are two dishes and one soup, as long as 180 yuan a month.
School bus, because most of the students for accommodation in school staying 10 days 4 days off, so use the school bus frequency is much less than the original, costs are reduced accordingly, heishan County junior high school students in the city school bus fee for half a year only 150 yuan per capita in some areas also implements a free school bus.
Third, reduce dropout rates, more space for teacher development, continually raising the quality of education and teaching. To prevent minority student whose family had difficulty reading because of the increased cost of living in rural areas can't afford the book issue, Kazuo County fiscal year 2000 for every poor student subsidies, every 1000 Yuan of subsidies for poor students, life cost, average students received close to 2000 people, make sure there's a student who dropped out of poverty.
Students ' grades improved significantly. Heishan County, the second junior high school principal Zhang Xingbo said GPA in rural middle schools and advantage schools in town with an average difference of 40 minutes, compared to the current student's achievement in the second has narrowed to 10 points. Lotus middle school teachers quality improvement of 3-year action plan, over the recent city-wide teachers ' vocational skills competition, Lotus 8 teachers in secondary schools on behalf of Tieling County competition, received 8 counties in the city overall.
Rural "middle town"
Requires further exploration
Deputy Cheng Gang, Director of the Institute of Economics of education, Beijing Normal University said that as China's accelerating urbanization, integrative construction of urban and rural areas became the major issues in the country, development of basic education must be concerned about the problem of urban-rural integration development. Liaoning urbanization development strategies of rural education in rural junior middle school in town is a means of exploring, have a certain value and meaning.
"Many areas of ' urban areas ', ' urban and rural junction on ' methods such as teaching or have little effect, because of these approaches in changing attitudes and culture. Direct infiltration of rural students in rural junior middle school in town in a comparatively developed environment and culture, can more effectively achieve ' urbanization '. "Cheng Gang said.
Some experts believe, promote the practice of replacing rural urban education, was an instant success. In rural junior middle schools focus on urban construction "mega schools" will bring school administration occurs due to a larger-scale problems such as stress, student safety, lead to national investment in rural education over the years wasted, urban education resources appears nervous and structural waste in rural education resources and shortage coexist.
Beijing Academy of social sciences researcher Han Jialing believes that closed management of junior high school, for students of unfavorable influence on the growth. First, left family, and concentrated accommodation not conducive to adolescent students of growth development--physiological period of mood fluctuations, and wanted to home of mood are difficult resolve; second, school on teaching of stressed easy led to ignored students of individual of of psychological needs, coupled with students height concentrated, teachers energy limited, cannot meet students of individual of needs and timely settlement students growth in the of problem; again, students large concentrated in a Department, personal security especially female students of personal security risk more high.
Also, withdraw points and school, and concentrated running to rural area brings of is destruction of combat--will young generation from rural community in the split out, cut has rural community culture heritage of vein, blocking has school led community development of may, like students, and school concentrated to City area Hou, originally rural area of technology literacy, and culture literacy will more difficult advance, virtually will increased rural social of moribund.
College of education Associate Professor Ding Yanqing of Beijing University and other experts suggested that education layout adjustment, you need to extensively solicit opinions of local residents, rather than across the Government, in particular, poor traffic conditions, agro-pastoral mountain with slow economic development should not go bandwagon. At the same time, pay attention to students ' culture into the community after entering the city. Not "moving" and "isolated" way, but require integration with the community. Ought to be thinking about such practices, rural communities, is culturally deprived, juveniles moved from rural to urban, and if the student does not integrate into the cities, also has split with the city.
Cheng Gang suggested that "junior city" construction of facilities and management are particularly important. Some local Governments spent heavily to establish schools, but operating funds insufficient, resulting in students ' learning, poor living conditions, affecting the physical and mental health. Therefore, the need to strengthen financial funds ensuring, the requirements for meeting the school relies for existence and development. In addition, the need to further improve the working mechanisms, strengthen training for principals, teachers, and logistics service providers, continue to standardize schools run management. □
(Edit: SN054)December 30, 2013 J-cast business news(辽宁农村“初中进城”得与失_新闻资讯
辽宁农村“初中进城”得与失
教育布局调整，需要广泛征集当地居民意见，而不是政府一刀切，特别是一些交通条件较差、经济发展较慢的农牧山区切忌盲目跟风
文/《瞭望》新闻周刊记者王莹赵琬微
针对县域中小学设置过于分散、优质教学资源难以共享等问题，辽宁省自2010年起实施农村义务教育学校布局调整工作，撤并了127所农村薄弱初中，在喀左等11县(市)县城新建了15所标准化初中，受益农村学生5.6万人。辽宁农村“初中进城”效果明显，一些学校硬件设施达到省内最先进水平，学生综合素质提升明显。但也有专家担忧，将年轻一代从农村社区中剥离出来，是对农村的“文化剥夺”，将加剧农村社会的凋敝，同时集中办学在学生安全管理上也存在隐患，应因地制宜开展。
规模庞大的“进城”初中
占地300余亩的校园内道路宽阔、环境怡人，教学楼、实验楼、学生宿舍等建筑宏伟气派。来到辽宁省铁岭县，远远就能看到县莲花中学一幢幢蓝色尖顶、红白相间的标志性建筑。而校园里的设施环境，完全可与一所小型大学媲美。
总投资约3亿元的铁岭县莲花中学是辽宁省第一所将县域内大部分农村初中彻底合一的“初中进城”学校。学校于2010年11月建成投入使用，集纳了铁岭县10个乡镇、12所初中的7000余名学生在此学习生活。由于学生人数较多，虽然同在一个围墙内，学校还是分两个学区安排教学和日常管理工作。
“建设莲花中学就是要为全县的孩子办一所优质的学校，让农村孩子和城里孩子一样进城读书。”铁岭县教育局局长于泽辰说，县里另有4所农村初中因为离新城区较远予以保留，将继续加大资金投入。
“原来学生每天要提前到校一小时生炉子，天气冷时炉子不好生，第一节课都上不了。炉子到中午就不点了，教室里烟味大而且冷，学生都戴手套上课。”原双井子中学教师鲁秀杰回忆说。而现在的莲花中学，每个班都装有多媒体教学设备，各种实验室、体音美教室、体育馆、小礼堂等一应俱全，还建设有先进的微格教室，装有电视摄像、录像等系统，教师在这里授课全校师生可实现同步观摩。
2011年，辽宁锦州市黑山县也实施了农村中学进城工程，分两期建设成两所初中。共撤并22所农村中学，8000余名学生分别到县城内两所初中就读。
本刊记者在黑山县第二初中大课间活动现场看到，4000多名学生整齐地站在塑胶操场上，纵横队形一丝不乱。冬季长跑的口令下达后，学生分成无数条长龙，井然有序地在各自的区域内绕圈奔跑。随后，还做了《舞动青春》广播体操和养生操《八段锦》，40分钟的大课间活动学生动作规范，精神面貌十分饱满。而在过去的农村操场，“风天一身土、雨天一身泥”，基本无法开展大课间活动。
农村学校的新变化
记者采访中了解到，“初中进城”使农村学校硬件设施大幅提升，师生面貌有了全方位变化。
一是教学设备设施实现省级标准化配备。喀左县教育局局长乌桂英说，长期以来，农村学校基础设施薄弱，办学条件较差，教学器材、设备设施不全，部分乡镇中学由于缺少师资或设备，不能开设音乐、美术、体育、信息技术、心理健康等课程，实验课靠教师讲，音、体、美等学科学生没有动手操作机会。
实施农村初中进城以后，喀左县新建的两所初中都有了音乐、美术教室，实验课开出率100%。学校还建有标准的塑胶草坪田径场，体育设施及健身器材一应俱全，与此前一些破旧的农村初中形成鲜明对比。
二是学生生活条件比原来大有改善，但经济支出未增加。记者在多个县区了解到，因为初中为义务教育阶段，所以学生学杂费、住宿费均免费。而在住宿条件上，与一些学校原有几十人一屋的“大通铺”相比，现在的初中学校，均为8人间宿舍，枕头、被褥等免费配备，公寓内设有水房和厕所，住宿条件较好。
在饮食上，学校完全成本供应，县财政还给予补贴。莲花中学初二学生朱健说，以前上小学时，午餐在学校门口买个盒饭就要4元钱，现在学校一天三餐，午、晚都是两菜一汤，一个月只要180元。
校车方面，因为大多学生均为住宿制，在校住10天休息4天，所以使用校车频率比原来大为减少，费用也相应降低，黑山县初中进城学生人均校车费半年仅150元，部分地区还实现了免费校车。
三是降低了辍学率，教师发展空间更大，教育教学质量不断提高。为防止少数农村家庭困难学生因生活费用增加而念不起书的问题，喀左县财政每年为每名特困学生补贴2000元，每名贫困生补贴1000元，解决生活费用问题，现年均受助学生近2000人，确保没有一名学生因贫困辍学。
学生整体成绩提升明显。黑山县二初中校长张兴波说，原来农村中学的平时成绩与城里优势中学平均相差40分，目前二中学生成绩与其相比已经缩小至10分。莲花中学开展教师素质提升3年行动计划，在不久前的全市教师职业技能大赛中，莲花中学8名教师代表铁岭县参赛，获全市8个县市区总成绩第一名。
农村“初中进城”
尚需进一步探索
北京师范大学教育经济研究所副所长成刚表示，随着我国城镇化进程的不断加快，城乡一体化建设成为国家发展的重大议题，基础教育发展必须关注城乡一体发展的问题。辽宁农村初中进城是农村教育城市化发展战略的一种探索途径，具有一定的价值和意义。
“很多地区采取的‘以城带乡’、‘城乡结对’或支教等方法收效甚微，根本原因在于这些方法都没有改变观念和文化。农村初中进城直接让农村的学生们浸润在相对较发达的环境和文化中，能更有效地实现‘人的城镇化’。”成刚强调说。
也有专家认为，一味提倡城市教育取代农村教育的做法，是急功近利的表现。将农村初中集中到城区建设“巨型学校”，会出现因规模过大带来的学校管理压力大、学生安全隐患多等种种问题，更会导致国家多年以来对农村教育的投资付诸东流，出现城区教育资源紧张和农村教育资源短缺并存的结构性浪费。
北京社会科学院研究员韩嘉玲认为，封闭式管理的初中学校，对于学生的成长不利。首先，离开家庭、集中住宿不利于青春期学生的成长发育——生理期的情绪波动、想家的情绪都难以排解；其次，学校对教学的强调容易导致忽视学生的个别化的心理需求，加之学生高度集中，教师精力有限，不能满足学生的个别化需求和及时解决学生成长中的问题；再次，学生大量集中在一处，人身安全尤其是女学生的人身安全风险更高。
此外，撤点并校、集中办学给农村地区带来的是毁灭性的打击——将年轻一代从农村社区中剥离出来，割断了农村社区文化传承的脉络，阻断了学校带动社区发展的可能，比如学生、学校集中到城市地区后，原本农村地区的科技扫盲、文化扫盲将更加难以推进，无形中会加剧农村社会的凋敝。
北大教育学院副教授丁延庆等专家建议，教育布局调整，需要广泛征集当地居民意见，而不是政府一刀切，特别是一些交通条件较差、经济发展较慢的农牧山区切忌盲目跟风。同时，要注意进入城市之后的社区文化融入的培养。不要“整体搬迁”、“与世隔绝”的教育方式，而是需要与社区进行融合。应该思考：这样的做法，对于乡村社区来说，是有文化剥夺的，让农村的少年搬到城市，如果学生没有融入城市，也与城市进行了剥离。
成刚建议，“初中进城”配套设施的建设和管理尤为重要。一些地方政府常常花巨资建立学校，但运转经费不够充足，导致学生学习、生活条件简陋，影响身心健康。因此，必须加强财政经费保障，满足学校生存和发展的相关要求。此外，需要进一步健全工作机制，加强对校长、教师和后勤服务人员培训，不断规范学校内部运行管理。□
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