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The author:(作者)delvpublished in(发表于) 2014/1/6 10:20:51 Overcapacity in steel industry into playing hard， deep in the scouring the more spells
Why steel capacity "the scouring the more"
As overcapacity "nail House", China's iron and steel industry, on the one hand the deep "do not phase out the no future", on the other hand under the disturbance of local executive power mired in "the scouring the more" Mojo
Text/the lookout Su Xiaozhou Newsweek reporters Shi Weiyan
Recently, as the country's policies and mounting in eliminating backward production capacity, eliminate backward production capacity of steel with vacillation. But the Newsweek reporter recently visited the lookout over Mills found that steel industry "overcapacity" is not easy, many local governments carrying "capacity of others, their gambling opportunities" mentality of bigger and stronger steel, beautiful achievements and for the future prosperity of local "ambush," causing the steel industry mired in "the scouring the more" spell.
In current iron and steel investment returns fell to the lowest industry, businesses struggling in the wards of context, heads of many an interview with correspondent Mills is not pinning their hopes on State policies to save enterprise and hope that using less administrative intervention, and create a fair competition environment to make healthy development of the steel industry afloat. "Only the Government ' control and not ' boundaries, the steel ' excess capacity ' in order to productive and sustainable. ”
"Find more" curse broken
At present, China's steel capacity is how much? Comparison in the industry agree that a figure of about 1 billion tons. And the China metallurgical industry planning and Research Institute Director Li Xin is expected, actual consumption of 693 million tons of steel this year, 2014, actual consumption of 715 million tons of steel, "excess capacity is obvious. ”
In response to these problems, the State Council promulgated guidance on resolving contradictions of overcapacity, solve the overcapacity raised road map. At present, China was now presented within five years more than 80 million tons of total steel production capacity, about 8% of the total national capacity. Of capacity, has become the steel industry's medium-and long-term objectives.
Traditional steel big province Shandong, and Anhui, to, clear made on national rein of steel, five big capacity serious excess industry, no longer approval added project, and no longer horse new capacity; November 2013 end of, Hebei province in Tangshan, and Handan, and Chengde, to started resolve excess capacity action, first days on demolition 8 home steel enterprise BF 10 block, and converter 16 block, total reduced ironmaking capacity 4.56 million tons, and steelmaking capacity 6.8 million tons.
But for "excess capacity" can be easy, wary of the iron and steel industry. "Beginning in 2008 formed about 400 million tons of great capacity, 80% of disorderly construction without State approval, is currently the main source of excess capacity. "Chijingdong, Vice President of the China iron and steel Association, for example, at the beginning of the end of 2008" 4 trillion "driven by investment, many urge expansion of steel enterprises, and local governments to local GDP, revenues, employment impact assessment indicators such as, for this sprawl on.
The survey, our reporter on the scene noted that even the current strong push Central repeated injunctions "capacity" background, still relatively prevalent all over the various "loophole".
With three private steel mills, the actual capacity of more than thousands of tons. Due to the official only gave more than 8 million tons of "indicators", consultations and three business owners together to identify their own production lines. Without removal of the stove, people come, so the inevitable doubts about the sustainability of capacity; and some local Governments emphasized that presented at the wheel load capacity, its local overcapacity is not a contradiction, local steel industry focus, excellent layout, adjusting products, concentrated, building the iron and steel industry "upgrades", my "thinking".
At present, crude steel output remained at levels of about 2 million tons, steel substantive cuts become a reality remains to be seen. Many steel industry experts and business leaders say that, starting from the last century 90 's, steel compression there is an overcapacity in China "the scouring the more" charm. Since 1996, when China became the world's largest steel-producing, national response to overcapacity in the steel industry for more than 10 years has implemented several rounds of macro-control. But administrative examination and intervention capacity regulation, obsolete steel capacity is mainly on capacity and measures of size, adhere to the "Amoy" principle.
So regulated, not only failed to curb the rapid expansion of production capacity in the steel industry, production capacity, "the scouring the more." "A size below the out line of steel enterprises, market, profitability and environmental protection were well received, but the scale does not meet policy ' life line ' will be up for elimination. In order to legally live, mills can only expand the scale, not only caused business difficulties, imperceptibly more substantial capacity additions. "Zhejiang gongshang University said Chen Shengyong, Dean told the reporter.
State-owned enterprises, private enterprises justify "fair"
Recently, the well-known independent researcher Monita investment development limited publication analysis report states that according to international experience, United States using market mechanism forced the capacity to complete upgrading, to good effect and Japan adopted many measures on solution of backward production capacity problems, symptoms, not the causes. In controlling excess capacity, methods currently in use in China with Japan in closer proximity, market regulation should be the reference direction.
Many steel executives also said the radical overcapacity of steel industry must rely on the market to be survival of the fittest, but only if they are in an environment of fair competition.
A survey has shown, in 2011, a central province of big state-owned steel group hand in taxation of 275 tons of steel, where two of the largest steel-producing private steel enterprises tons steel tax delivery only to 44.21 and 31.45 Yuan. "Lots of privately-owned steel enterprises will enjoy preferential taxation, regardless of scale, handed in a fixed amount. On the contrary, most of State-run steel mills of Central enterprises, and this did not. "The China iron and steel Association consultant Wu xichun to your correspondent, said.
In addition, in some areas, thanks to the environmental monitoring is not in place, controlling capacity through environmental standards, instead of running towards the part of the enterprise "eat boring". Valin Xiangtan iron and steel group environmental protection Chief Engineer Liu Xian told the correspondent, the company 5 years invested about 3 billion yuan for energy conservation and emission reduction, increased product costs.
"Steel prices, environmental protection and emission reduction product cases, on average, to produce one ton of steel not to increase the cost more than 100 Yuan. "Chijingdong said the high environmental cost for the return on investment for iron and steel enterprises fell into the bottom of a heavy burden.
Get rid of private enterprises take advantage in taxation, environmental protection and other fields, the social burden of State-owned enterprises have also become "unbearable". Hebei iron and steel group Chairman Wang Yifang had makes in the face of weak State-owned steel companies benefit from Hon private steel companies, said the company in the midst of the financial crisis did not cut a staff, which also reveal the costs and burdens of State-owned enterprises from a perspective of social responsibility.
"Many large State-owned enterprises to become fully functional ' small community ', hospitals, schools and other services, all kinds of heavy social burden. Carrying heavy bags with the competitors running, winning outcome. "Party Secretary Wang Jun said Valin lianyuan iron and steel group.
"The current market environment for any type of business is not fair. "Chen Daifu, Vice President of the Federation of industrial economy in Hunan province said," tax evasion, some private enterprises producing non-standard products, implementation of environmental protection is not in place to make large State-owned iron and steel enterprises have endless grievances. For private enterprise, however, State-owned steel mills to explicit or implicit Government subsidies and let private enterprises are being discriminated against and marginalized. ”
The "control" or "not to control" where the border
On May 13, 2013, in body function transformation on the mobilization of the teleconference of the State Council, Li keqiang, the Prime Minister has pointed out that, for many reasons, such as steel, cement and other industries are require approval of the items on, but didn't manage to live properly, resulting in significant excess production capacity. By contrast, household electrical appliances, garment and other industries have moved towards market-oriented tracks, without government approval, market-survival of the fittest, and no serious overcapacity problems. This suggests that this approval is not stringent, enforcement is not in place, laborious does something and it backfires.
"Chinese overcapacity in the root of the problem, not in the economic system, is easier said than done. Crack for keeping excess Chinese capacity, not only to regulate the market, more of an urgent need to regulate the Government. "Accept this during an interview with Xinhua. Left Chan-Yong said.
Some experts recommended that "Government" is not really completely free rein of the Government, the key is to grasp from the following two levels of the Government "control" or "not to control" border.
First of all, to maintain fair and equitable order, through tax evasion, pollution of the environment, produce inferior products, such as unfair competition is the Government's job, is also marketing to health protection.
Some experts suggested that the current iron and steel industry "production capacity" in the process, can be accomplished by pushing the Government relocation industry step transfer and environmental protection, back into the Park, mergers, or spanned capacity replacement, to shape an effective capacity to areas of comparative advantages of competitive enterprises and more concentrated. Role of price leverage to play the market, on the introduction of different electrovalence and punitive tariff, the price of water, forced backward production capacity out of the market. At the same time, significant excess production capacity through the establishment of industry information systems play an information role in market supervision.
Secondly, on the premise of creating a fair competitive environment, by reforming the performance appraisal mechanisms, effectively reducing government interference and let the market mechanism into full play.
Some experts pointed out that, in industries such as steel overcapacity, is to a large extent because of local government administrative power. Solving approach is to rely on market mechanisms, the fittest can play out the role of the market. Defects of the current performance appraisal mechanisms, and entrenched "localism" combines many myopia that gave birth to the officials and local governments at all levels, digestion and the efficacy of national macro-economic control.
Some companies charge, visit some places and study for the project, received the "boss" received with courtesy, tasted its "zero land price", highly subsidized, low-cost loans and even plants, equipment, and affordable. This case head hot-launched projects, often not put into operation superfluous. And some local officials privately admitted, GDP "ranked games" is a rigid target and adjacent areas "shift up" pressure, that is, any local party "leaders," business life "unbearable".
"At GDP performance in order to win championships, local officials in the process of attracting, do anything illegal at the expense of environment, sacrifice the interests people. In terms of approval on land, environmental protection and other related matters, local governments usually adopt a ' flexible ' approach, an exception. ' There are policies, localities have their counter-measures, ' do with corporate complicity, of circumventing national laws and regulations and related industrial policies. "Chen Yong left stressed," we should let the market mechanism into full play, it must change the GDP-oriented performance appraisal must be changed based on the achievement of official promotion system. ”□
钢铁产能为何“越淘越多”
作为产能过剩“钉子户”，我国的钢铁行业，一方面深处“不淘汰没未来”境地，另一方面在地方行政力量干扰下深陷“越淘越多”的魔咒
文/《瞭望》新闻周刊记者苏晓洲史卫燕
近期，随着国家淘汰落后产能的各项政策不断出台，各地淘汰钢铁落后产能闻风而动。但《瞭望》新闻周刊记者近日走访多家钢企发现，钢铁业“去过剩产能化”并非一帆风顺，不少地方政府揣着“别人压产能，自己赌机遇”的心态，做大做强钢铁，为未来靓丽政绩和局部繁荣“埋伏笔”，造成钢铁业陷入“越淘越多”的魔咒。
在目前钢铁投资回报率跌至工业行业最低，企业多在生死线上挣扎的背景下，很多接受本刊记者采访的钢企负责人，并不寄希望于国家出台政策救活企业，反而希望少用行政干预，多用创造公平竞争市场环境的方式来让钢铁行业摆脱困境、健康发展。“只有政府把住‘管与不管’边界，钢铁‘去过剩产能’才能有成果、可持续。”
“越淘越多”魔咒难破
目前，中国钢铁产能究竟是多少？业内比较认同的数字是10亿吨左右。而中国冶金工业规划研究院院长李新创预计，今年我国钢材实际消费量为6.93亿吨，2014年钢材实际消费量为7.15亿吨，“产能过剩显而易见。”
针对上述问题，国务院出台《关于化解产能严重过剩矛盾的指导意见》，提出化解产能过剩工作路线图。目前，我国已经提出在五年内压缩8000万吨以上的钢铁产能总量，占目前全国钢铁产能的8%左右。去产能化，已经成为钢铁业的中长期目标。
传统钢铁大省山东、安徽等地，明确提出对国家严控的钢铁等五大产能严重过剩行业，不再审批新增项目、不再上马新产能；2013年11月底，河北省在唐山、邯郸、承德等地启动化解过剩产能行动，第一天就拆除8家钢铁企业高炉10座、转炉16座，共减少炼铁产能456万吨、炼钢产能680万吨。
但对于“去过剩产能化”能否一帆风顺，钢铁业界持谨慎态度。“从2008年开始形成4亿吨巨大产能，其中80%没有经过国家审批无序建设，也是目前过剩产能的主要来源。”中国钢铁协会副会长迟京东举例说，在2008年底开始的“四万亿”投资带动下，不少钢铁企业冲动扩张，而地方政府受本地GDP、财政收入、就业等考核指标影响，也为这种无序扩张推波助澜。
调研中，本刊记者在现场注意到，即使目前中央三令五申强推“去产能化”的背景下，各地仍然较为普遍存在各种“钻空子”行为。
有同处某地的三家民营钢厂，实际产能超过千万吨。由于目前官方只给800多万吨“指标”，于是三家企业老板坐到一起磋商确定各自减产额度。炉子不拆、人员不散，如此压产能的可持续性难免存疑；还有的地方政府强调，在本轮压产能中提出，其本地产能过剩不是主要矛盾，当地钢铁产业未来着力点，在于优布局、调产品、搞集中，打造钢铁产业“升级版”，打自己的“小算盘”。
目前，全国粗钢日产量仍然维持在200万吨左右水平，钢厂实质性减产成为现实还有待观察。很多钢铁业界专家和企业负责人说，从上个世纪90年代开始，中国钢铁过剩产能压缩就存在一个“越淘越多”魔咒。自1996年中国成为世界第一产钢大国之时起，十多年来国家针对钢铁业产能过剩问题先后实施了几轮宏观调控。但行政审批干预式的钢铁产能调控，淘汰钢铁产能的衡量标准主要是对产能和规模，奉行“淘小保大”的原则。
如此调控，不仅没能遏制钢铁业产能迅猛扩张，产能反而“越淘越多”。“一家规模在淘汰线以下的钢企，市场反应、盈利情况、环境保护均良好，但规模达不到政策的‘生存线’就会面临淘汰。为了能合法生存，钢企只能扩大规模，不仅造成企业经营困难，无形之中更新增大量产能。”浙江工商大学公共管理学院院长陈剩勇说告诉本刊记者。
国企、民企齐唤“公平”
近日，知名行业独立研究机构莫尼塔投资发展有限公司发布分析报告指出，根据国际经验，美国利用市场倒逼机制去产能完成产业升级，效果良好；而日本通过政府多项措施干预的方式解决落后产能问题，治标不治本。在控制过剩产能方面，我国目前使用的方法跟日本较接近，市场化的调节方法应该是借鉴的方向。
不少钢铁企业负责人亦表示，钢铁行业要根治产能过剩必须依赖市场进行优胜劣汰，但前提是在公平的环境中竞争。
有调查显示，2011年，一个中部省份大型国有钢铁集团吨钢上交税金275元，而当地两个产钢最多的民营钢铁企业吨钢上交税金仅为44.21元和31.45元。“许多民营钢企在地方上享受优惠的包税制，不管是否扩大规模，上交固定税额。与此相反，国营钢企大多属于中央企业，与此无缘。”中国钢铁工业协会顾问吴溪淳向本刊记者表示。
此外，部分地区由于环保监控不到位，通过环保标准控制产能，反而使得一部分达标运行企业“吃闷亏”。华菱湘钢环保首席工程师刘宪告诉本刊记者，公司5年投入约30亿元用于节能减排，无形中增加了产品成本。
“对于钢企来说，使用环保减排产品的情况下，平均生产一吨钢比不用增加100多元成本。”迟京东表示，较高的环保成本对于投资回报率已跌入低谷的钢铁企业来说负担很重。
除去民营企业在税收、环保等领域占据的优势，国企的社会责任负担也成为“不能承受之重”。河北钢铁集团董事长王义芳曾在面对为何国有钢企效益弱于民营钢企的提问时表示，公司在金融危机之中没有裁过一个员工，这也从一个角度揭示国企的成本和负担的社会责任。
“不少大型国企成为功能齐全的‘小社会’，医院、学校等一应俱全，各种社会负担比较沉重。背着沉重的行囊与竞争对手赛跑，胜负结局可想而知。”华菱涟钢党委书记汪俊说。
“目前的市场环境对于任何一种类型的企业都不公平。”湖南省工业经济联合会副会长陈代富说，“一些民营企业偷税漏税、生产非标产品、环保执行不到位使得大型国有钢铁企业有吐不尽的苦水。但对民营企业来说，政府对国有钢企进行显性或者隐性的财政补贴也让民营企业感到被歧视和边缘化。”
“管”与“不管”边界在哪
2013年5月13日，在国务院机构职能转变动员电视电话会议上，李克强总理已经指出，由于多种原因，像钢铁、水泥等行业上项目都是需要审批的，但多年来恰恰没有管住管好，以致造成产能严重过剩。相比之下，家电、服装等行业早已走上市场化轨道，不用政府审批，靠市场优胜劣汰，没有严重的产能过剩问题。这说明，该审批的审批不严格、执行不到位的，费力办了事而又事与愿违。
“中国式产能过剩问题的根源，不在经济在体制，可谓知易行难。因此破解中国式产能过剩顽症，不仅要调控市场，更亟须调控的是政府。”接受本刊记者采访中。陈剩勇表示。
一些专家建议，“去政府化”实际上并不是政府完全让行业放任自流，关键是政府应从如下两个层面把握好“管”与“不管”的边界。
首先，维持公正公平的行业秩序，解决通过偷税漏税、污染环境、生产劣质产品等进行不正当竞争的问题是政府的本职，也是市场能健康运行的保障。
一些专家提出，在目前钢铁产业“去产能化”的进程中，政府可以通过有序推进产业梯度转移和环保搬迁、退城进园、兼并重组或跨区产能置换等，引导国内有效产能向优势企业和更具比较优势的地区集中。还可以发挥价格杠杆的市场调节作用，研究实施差别电价和惩罚性电价、水价，倒逼落后产能退出市场。同时，通过建立产能严重过剩行业信息系统，发挥信息化在市场监管中的作用。
其次，在创造公平竞争环境的前提下，应该通过改革政绩考核机制，切实减少政府的干扰，让市场机制充分发挥作用。
有专家指出，钢铁等行业产能严重过剩，很大程度上是因为地方政府行政力量支配。根本化解办法是靠市场机制，使市场优胜劣汰的作用能够发挥出来。而现行的政绩考核机制的缺陷，与根深蒂固的“地方主义”相结合，催生了各级官员和地方政府的诸多短视行为，无形中消解了国家宏观调控的功效。
一些企业负责人介绍，当初为项目去一些地方考察，得到“一把手”接待礼遇，尝到“零地价”、高补贴、低成本贷款甚至厂房、设备等实惠。在此情况下头脑一热上马的项目，往往还没投产就已经过剩。而一些地方官员私下则坦言，GDP“排名比赛”是一个刚性的指标，与邻近地区“己消彼涨”的压力，是任何地方党政“一把手”事业生命中“不可承受之重”。
“为了在GDP政绩锦标赛中胜出，地方官员在招商引资过程中，不惜违法违规，牺牲环境，牺牲百姓利益。在涉及土地、环保等事项的审批方面，地方政府通常采取‘变通’的方式，网开一面。甚至‘上有政策，下有对策’，不惜与企业共谋，规避国家的法律、法规和相关的产业政策。”陈剩勇强调，“要让市场机制充分发挥作用，就必须改变GDP挂帅的政绩考核，必须改变基于政绩的官员晋升制度。”□
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