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The author:(作者)delvpublished in(发表于) 2014/1/6 10:21:17 Professor referred to the Yangtze River Delta haze more serious than Beijing， Tianjin and Hebei， at first， control exhaust
Post reporter Han Xiaorong Wu Jiejin
Yesterday, the reporter why is the exhaust haze "culprit", future issues of how to control car exhaust dialogue again with the Zhuang guoshun, a professor at Fudan University. Zhuang guoshun current atmospheric chemistry research center of Fudan University for the 2012 national natural science prize winners.
In the dialogue, said Zhuang guoshun haze caused visibility in 4 main categories of substances, there are 3 types of directly relevant to motor vehicles. Under the same conditions of pollution, the Yangtze River Delta than in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei areas more prone to fog and haze, and the "Yangtze River Delta haze" harmful "haze of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei," even more serious.
Yangtze River Delta region more vulnerable to haze
Oriental Morning Post: are you on a number of occasions publicly that "automobile exhaust is the ' responsible, '" says so on what basis?
Zhuang guoshun: studies have found that there are two main sources of anthropogenic pollution in the air, including industrial pollution and traffic pollution. Traffic pollution is vehicle exhaust. Industrial pollution is the most typical representatives of fossil fuels, namely coal. Is now widely believed that coal is the cause of haze "culprit", but I think the air pollution caused by automobile exhaust in recent years deserves more attention.
We conducted in Beijing, Shanghai and other experiments showed that substances lead to reduced visibility in fog and haze has 4 main categories: organic aerosols (organic hydrocarbon in automobile exhaust gas is the main source), sulphate (mainly resulting from further oxidation of sulphur dioxide), nitrates (primarily by nitrogen oxides further oxidized to yield), black carbon. Which sulfur dioxide mostly from coal-fired; motor vehicle exhaust emissions in the is contains has which of 3 species ingredients (organic hydrocarbon, and nitrogen oxides and black carbon); black carbon is gasoline and diesel in not completely burning Shi of main emissions property, dang traffic jam Shi car engine idle speed idling its black carbon emissions volume more big--it in PM2.5 of constitute ingredients in the General accounted for 3%~5%, but on visibility of effects up 12%. It can be seen that result in reduced visibility in the fog and haze in 4 main categories of substances, there are 3 types of directly relevant to motor vehicles.
It is worth noting that is, our study found that organic aerosol cancellation up to 47% light is formed one of the most important factors in urban and regional haze. Arising out of motor vehicle exhaust emissions, nitrate and organic aerosols and black carbon is a major component affecting visibility, is the main component of PM2.5.
Oriental Morning Post: previous regions with a high incidence of haze are Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, and since last year, the Yangtze River Delta into areas of high risk. Sources of haze in both regions the same?
Zhuang guoshun: not the same. Also haze, "Yangtze River Delta haze" and "the Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei and haze," there is a big difference. From the composition point of view, the air under the influence of dust in the Northwest of Beijing, resulting in haze of fine particulate matter in natural proportion of dust around 30%, whose main ingredient is poor absorption of aluminum silicate. And long triangle area of fog haze in the, General natural dust insufficient 10%, which main component is organic acid salt, and sulfate, and nitrate, especially ammonium, absorbent is strong of artificial pollutants, its by accounted for of ratio than Beijing Jin JI area more high, and this class particle suck water Hou will rapid expansion, such as, sulfuric acid hydrogen ammonium in relative humidity from 91% increased to 92% of when, volume is can increases 8 times times above. Relative humidity is high in Yangtze River Delta, under the same conditions of pollution, the Yangtze River Delta than in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei areas more prone to fog and haze.
Moreover, when compared with natural dust, anthropogenic pollutants more dangerous to the human body. Dust harm mostly fill the alveoli and silicate in silicosis and man-made pollutants containing a large quantity of toxic organic compounds in (which is represented by the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons carcinogenic substances) and some heavy metals that there is serious harm to the human body. PM2.5 contains these substances enter the body as respiratory alveoli and blood circulation into the various organs of the body, the harm to the human body may be more serious than silicosis. So the "Yangtze River Delta haze" harmful "haze of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei," is more serious.
Controlling vehicles is a top priority
Oriental Morning Post: When did you appeal to reduce auto emissions, protecting the environment?
Zhuang guoshun: as early as in 1998, I had pointed out that China's automobile industry is to develop, but if the United States model, it could spell disaster for China's air quality. Serious air pollution may result in decreased agricultural production 25%, atmospheric chemical processes will change throughout the East Asian region.
In 2000 we started to monitor the content of particulate matter in the atmosphere found in Beijing and Shanghai the PM2.5 emissions primarily from human activity, especially industrial and vehicular emissions. Particulate air pollution in Shanghai, soluble ions in the water absorption of particulate matter is the main form in a strong of sulphate, nitrate, ammonium and organic acid salt. In addition to sulfate, mainly from coal combustion, these components, the other component is the main source of emissions of motor vehicles.
More than 10 years ago, I was reminded to be aware of vehicle emission. In 2004, based on PM2.5 concentrations in Shanghai and Beijing were on a level close to each other, my motion to the Shanghai Municipal People's Congress, stressed that Shanghai must important agenda issues of air pollution, the "Shanghai of Beijing today is tomorrow."
Oriental Morning Post: car exhaust is the cause of haze "culprit", then we should substantially reduce the growth in motor vehicles?
Zhuang guoshun: indeed. In the long run, fundamental measures to tackle haze is to adjust the energy structure and rational urban development planning, short term, current quality control each motor vehicle exhaust emissions and traffic pollution caused by the sharp increase in the volume of cars is one of the most viable option.
In recent years, China had made certain achievements in desulfurization, traffic emissions, over the past 10 years, the amount of sulfur dioxide emissions in China fell slightly, it should be said relative impact of coal-burning haze weather did not increase compared to 10 years ago, may also declined slightly. Desulfurization can have limited room for improvement, really could be improved in the short term is traffic pollution control.
I think when treating haze measures departments in the study, pay attention to quality control the volume of cars, exhaust emissions, especially trying to reduce organic matter content in exhaust emissions.
No city could be spared
Oriental Morning Post: do you think the content of organic matter in the exhaust to reduce motor vehicle emissions?
Zhuang guoshun: I think that strictly control excessive growth in the number of vehicles at the same time, improving motor fuel quality is imperative for the improvement of air quality, and prompt and effective shortcut. Motor vehicle exhaust is the main component of organic hydrocarbons, if you can put every vehicle emissions of hydrocarbon concentrations were reduced, governance issues air pollution can have a big breakthrough.
If they can draw lessons from international advanced cleaning concepts, in-depth study of internal combustion engines generate pollutant sources, targeted solutions developed on a motor oil additive, making motor oils (including diesel and petrol) to reduce hydrocarbon emissions, and reduced particulate emissions. If they can meet the above requirements, the additive will become a shortcut to improve air quality in the most effective!
Now national has has various device for reduced nitrogen oxides emissions of effective approach, worth seriously promotion; also to through strictly emissions standard promotion various motor vehicle practical standard; take easy approach reduced organic hydrocarbon and is not completely burning produces of black carbon mainly of particles property, is current improve motor vehicle with oil quality of key problem, this is implementation "country ten article", improve oil quality measures of effective shortcut.
Oriental Morning Post: in addition to control vehicle, increasing oil, what else can we do?
Zhuang guoshun: I think the haze will also focus on regional control of governance. Due to PM2.5 formation of fine particulate matter and their long-haul transmission is the main cause of haze in the atmosphere. Today's air pollution is not a local independent, individual cities have problems, because fine particulate matter are long-haul transmission, air pollution was a regional and even global issues. A single city did another good job, if there is no cooperation of the neighboring cities, could not be spared.
I note that during the Beijing Olympics and Shanghai World Expo many regional control measures had been taken to ensure air quality during the event, the practice works well. I think that provisional measures can be implemented in various government departments of the part selected in well-tested, as long-term measures to be promoted.
Long term, we must change our concepts, changing ways of thinking--not today's "haze crisis," see "the inevitable result of the development of", it should be from the nation, the people's livelihood, even from the point of view of human existence, to think about how to maintain balanced and harmonious coexistence with the natural way.
(Original title: "Yangtze River Delta haze" or more hazardous to control tailpipe emissions is a priority)
早报记者 韩晓蓉 吴洁瑾
昨天，记者就为何汽车尾气是雾霾“罪魁祸首”、未来该如何控制汽车尾气等问题与复旦大学教授庄国顺再次进行了对话。庄国顺现任复旦大学大气化学研究中心主任，为2012年国家自然科学奖获得者。
在对话中，庄国顺称雾霾中导致能见度降低的4类主要物质中，有3类直接与机动车有关。在同等污染条件下，长三角比京津冀地区更容易形成雾霾，而且“长三角霾”的危害性比“京津冀霾”更严重。
长三角地区更易生霾
东方早报：你在很多场合都公开称“汽车尾气是‘罪魁祸首’”，这么说的依据是什么？
庄国顺： 研究发现，空气中的人为污染主要有两个来源，包括工业污染和交通污染。交通污染主要是汽车尾气。工业污染最典型的代表就是化石燃料，也就是燃煤。现在普遍认为燃煤是造成雾霾的“罪魁祸首”，但我认为近年来汽车尾气造成的空气污染更值得关注。
我们在北京、上海等地进行的实验结果表明，雾霾中导致能见度减少的物质主要有4类：有机气溶胶(汽车尾气中的有机烃是其主要来源)、硫酸盐(主要由二氧化硫进一步氧化产生)、硝酸盐(主要由氮氧化物进一步氧化产生)、黑碳。其中二氧化硫大多来自燃煤；机动车尾气排放中则包含了其中的3种成分(有机烃、氮氧化物和黑碳)；黑碳是汽油和柴油在不完全燃烧时的主要排放物，当交通堵塞时汽车发动机怠速空转其黑碳排放量更大——它在PM2.5的构成成分中一般占3%～5%，但对能见度的影响达12%。由此可见，雾霾中导致能见度降低的4类主要物质中，有3类直接与机动车有关。
值得指出的是，我们的研究发现有机气溶胶对消光的比例高达47%，是形成城市和区域灰霾的最重要因素之一。因此机动车尾气排放所产生的有机气溶胶、硝酸盐和黑碳是影响能见度的主要组分，又是PM2.5的主要组分。
东方早报：以前雾霾的高发地区是京津冀，而去年以来，长三角也成为高发地区。这两个地区的雾霾来源一样吗？
庄国顺：不一样。同样是雾霾，“长三角霾”与“京津冀霾”有很大差异。从组成上看，北京的空气受西北沙尘影响大，产生雾霾的细颗粒物中天然尘埃所占比重约30%，其主要成分是吸水性较差的铝硅酸盐。而长三角地区的雾霾中，一般天然尘埃不足10%，其中主要组分是有机酸盐、硫酸盐、硝酸盐，尤其是铵盐等吸水性很强的人为污染物，其所占的比值较之京津冀地区更高，而这类粒子吸水后会急速膨胀，例如，硫酸氢铵在相对湿度从91%增加到92%的时候，体积却可以增大8倍以上。长三角相对湿度较高，在同等污染条件下，长三角比京津冀地区更容易形成雾霾。
而且，与天然尘埃相比，人为污染物对于人体的危害性更大。沙尘中硅酸盐的危害主要是填充肺泡而得矽肺病；而人为污染物中含大量有毒有机物成分(其中有以多环芳烃为代表的致癌物质)和某些对人体有严重危害的重金属成分。PM2.5中含有的这类物质随着呼吸道进入人体肺泡，并随着血液循环进入人体各种器官，对人体造成可能比矽肺病更严重的危害。因此，“长三角霾”的危害性比“京津冀霾”也更严重。
控机动车是当务之急
东方早报：你是从什么时候呼吁减少汽车尾气排放，保护环境的？
庄国顺：早在1998年我就指出，中国的汽车工业要发展，但如果按照美国的模式发展下去，就可能给中国的空气质量带来灾难。严重的空气污染还可能会导致农业减产25%，整个东亚地区的大气化学过程都会发生变化。
我们从2000年开始监测国内大气颗粒物中的含量，发现北京和上海两地的PM2.5主要来自人类活动尤其是工业排放和机动车排放。上海空气污染的颗粒物中，可溶性离子在颗粒物中的主要存在形式是吸水性很强的硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐和有机酸盐等。这些组分中除了硫酸盐主要来自煤燃烧外，其他组分的主要来源就是机动车的排放。
10多年前我就提醒要注意机动车排放。2004年，基于当时上海和北京的PM2.5的浓度都在一个相互接近的水平上，我向上海市人大提出议案，强调上海一定要把大气污染的问题提到重要议事日程上来，否则“今天的北京就是明天的上海”。
东方早报：既然汽车尾气是导致雾霾的“罪魁祸首”，那么接下来我们是否该大幅度减少机动车辆的增长速度？
庄国顺：的确。从长远讲，解决雾霾的根本措施是调整能源结构和合理的城市发展规划，而从短期来讲，目前控制每辆机动车的尾气排放质量和急剧增加的机动车数量所造成的交通污染是最可行的办法之一。
近年来，国家在燃煤脱硫方面取得了一定的成绩，相对交通排放而言，过去10年，我国二氧化硫排放的总量还略有下降，应该说燃煤对雾霾天气的相对影响较之10年前并没有增加，可能还略有下降。燃煤脱硫方面能够改进的空间已有限，真正可以在短期内改进的就是交通污染的治理。
我认为有关部门在研究出台治霾措施时，要注意控制机动车数量、尾气排放质量，特别是要设法降低排放尾气中的有机物含量。
没有城市能独善其身
东方早报：你认为该如何降低机动车排放尾气中的有机物含量？
庄国顺：我认为在严格控制机动车数量过快增长的同时，提高机动车用油品质是迅速改善大气质量的当务之急和有效捷径。机动车尾气的主要成分是有机烃，如果可以把每一辆车排放的有机烃浓度降下来，空气污染的治理问题就可以有很大突破。
如能借鉴国际先进清洁剂理念，深入研究内燃机生成污染物根源，针对性寻找解决办法创新研制出机动车用油的添加剂，使机动车用油(包括柴油和汽油)既能够降低有机烃排放，又能够降低颗粒物排放。如能达到以上要求，这种添加剂便会成为提高大气质量的最有效的捷径！
现在国家已经有各种装置用于减少氮氧化物排放的有效办法，值得认真推广；还要通过严格排放标准促进各类机动车切实达标；采取简便办法降低有机烃和未完全燃烧产生的黑碳为主的颗粒物，是当前提高机动车用油品质的关键问题，这是落实“国十条”，提高油品品质措施的有效捷径。
东方早报：除了控制机动车、提高油品，我们还能做什么？
庄国顺：我认为治理雾霾还要注重区域调控。由于PM2.5细颗粒物及其长途传输是形成大气雾霾的主要原因。今天的大气污染已经不是一个局部的、个别城市独立产生的问题，由于细颗粒物是长途传输，大气污染是一个区域性乃至全球性的问题。单个城市搞得再好，如果没有周边城市的配合，也无法独善其身。
我注意到，北京奥运会和上海世博会期间采取了很多区域联控措施，保障了活动进行期间的空气质量，实践效果很好。我认为政府部门可在当初实施的临时措施中选择一部分行之有效的，作为长期措施予以推广。
长远来看，我们必须转变观念，转变思维方式——不能将今天的“霾危机”看成“发展的必然结果”，应该从民族、民生层面，甚至从人类生存的角度来思考如何同自然保持平衡、和谐的共处之道。
(原标题：“长三角霾”或更具危害性 控制尾气排放是当务之急)
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