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The author:(作者)delvpublished in(发表于) 2014/1/8 8:56:35 Tsinghua University found that 2，300 years ago “Calculator“ that square root operations
5 years ago, into the Tibetan diaspora overseas for many years of the warring States period bamboo slips, Tsinghua University ("Tsinghua Jane"). Yesterday, unveiled this batch of bamboo slips, Tsinghua University fourth research results. This total publishing has 3 article Tsinghua Jane literature, which, is table under literature not only was mathematics history expert finds is currently domestic found first of practical is with, also has over past as liye Qin Jane 99 table, and Zhangjiajie Han Jane 99 table and Northwest unearthed Han Jane 99 table, ancient multiplication table of calculation features, was called "China mathematics history and world mathematics history Shang of a items major found".
People's daily reporter Zhang Xiaoge
-Results
The balance for the earliest practical calculation
Unearthed documents research and Protection Center director Li Xueqin of Tsinghua University Professor, made up of 21 bamboo slips in the balance, 17 of them intact, and another 4 to Tibet has some deformity, but according to research, to complement the content of defective parts.
Li Xueqin said, after research found that of the balance not only complex multiplication can be transformed into a simple addition, can also be used for Division and square. Use this set of the balance, not only can quickly calculate the product of two arbitrary integers under 100, can also be calculated as part of the score "half" two-digit multiplication. Computing power than ever found in China "liye Qin dynasty 99 table" and "Han Zhangjiajie 99 table" ancient multiplication tables.
National Chairman of the society of the history of mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of history of natural sciences research fellow Guo Shuchun describes, the determination of carbon-14 to the same batch of bamboo slips and the characteristics of the text itself to determine, determine when written into the balance at mid-term of warring States period at the nights end, is currently seen by the earliest mathematical documents in kind. Found is also currently the earliest practical calculation.
"The balance formed around 305 BC, than previously discovered formed in more than 200 years BC liye even earlier Qin dynasty 99 table. "Responsible for the consolidation of the balance of the Center for research and protection of unearthed documents researcher Li Junming told Xinhua.
Value: Guo Shuchun believes that the balance, fill the gaps in the literature of pre-Qin mathematics, is now seen by China's earliest mathematical documents physical, than to be able to see ancient decimal multiplication table earlier age, at the time the world is quite advanced, history of mathematics in China and the world is a major discovery in the history of mathematics.
The balance for the spring and autumn and warring States periods is a climax in Chinese traditional mathematics, provides support and is the first climax, the nihilistic attitude of denying the achievements of mathematics in ancient China squashed at home and abroad.
"Gossip" Chu BU divination tools
Fourth series also includes an article entitled the law of divination literature, recorded a prevalent in the warring State of Chu, unlike the store of the book of divination methods.
According to Li Xueqin introduction, this article well preserved, with no apparent defects. In 2008 into the possession of Tsinghua University found, much of the bamboo slips full to maintain the original state of a volume. This reporter learned that, Tsinghua simply due to age and stored in underground, most of bamboo slips were broken. Because of this, the volume status of the divination methods are very rare, and is more rare, the volume of bamboo is the order number for content consolidation provides a great convenience.
The divination Act full text column writing, and accompanied by illustrations and tables, style like a silk book. Jian Wen detailed descriptions of principles and methods of divination, contains a large number of hexagram with a number of cases. Digital GUA form with the star concept, bun, Ge Ling actual divination of Chu bamboo slips such as divination as a whole.
Another question in the three articles of the Hexagram, the structure less, was supposed to be 8, but there was a missing. Slips of the group there is no ordinal rank, nor may refer to imprint at the back, can only be sorted based on the content.
Value: the unearthed documents research and Conservation Center director Li Xueqin of Tsinghua University Professor, gossip of the divination methods, separate Octagon linked bitmap, see diagram of the easy is the first so far. Eight trigram diagrams similar to the possession. For three of the pre-Qin dynasty's research offers important clues.
In addition, documented 64 of the House/GUA GUA Gua, the Zhouyi eight diagrams for images, Gua, Gua-order derivative studies and Gua have significant reference value.
-Construction
1
Tsinghua University when Jane finds
Scattered gifts overseas alumni for years 5 years ago
In July 2008, the Tsinghua University for alumni donations Zhao Weiguo, hide into a number of warring States period bamboo slips overseas empire for many years, a total of about $ 2,500. For a large proportion of Jane and Jane are generally available on the text. Jane varied in form, the 46 cm long, the shortest 10 cm or so. This issue of the collection of the Tsinghua bamboo slips were known as "Tsinghua Jane."
Tsinghua Jane is about the economics, and the history of a classic bamboo slips, including the history of Confucian classics such as the book of Odes, the I-Ching and many historical works. Tsinghua Jane after finishing with the format, a total of about 64 articles, amount to about 60,000 words, involving the core content of China's traditional culture, in which most of the text has been lost for more than 2000 years, are extremely valuable.
Confirmed by determination of carbon-14, and Jane are late in the warring States period relics of Tsinghua University, mainly the text style of Chu, in the warring States period bamboo slips discovered so far in high number. By Jane Qin in Tsinghua University before being buried, not "cheat", so to maximize the show the original appearance of pre-Qin classics, studying them can help you understand the early face of Chinese culture and history.
2
The balance of how to calculate
Holes threaded connections in figures
Li Junming said the balance through bamboo cross constituted 21 and 20 column, row, column, cross formed over more than 400 Plaid, which can be divided into three functional areas, including the single digit of the multiplier and the multiplicand, ten DC, lead and the result of the operation. Is table under according to decimal operation, on multiplication,: to calculation Shi, just with hole in the wearing out of leads cross flat vertical put related of multiplier and was multiplier contact in together (by multiplication on addition of distribution law, single digits number and ten bit number respectively leads), again will all line in results district cross points Shang of digital plus in together, that is last of operation results, friendly shortcut.
"This not only would arrive at the result of the operation, also shows the middle of the operation. "Guo Shuchun said that the balance can be directly used for not only two-digit multiplication can be used for a division operation," may also be used to square, but further studies are needed to explore ".
3
Tsinghua Jane how to preserve
Warehouse environment thermostat placed in distilled water
Zhao Guifang, a researcher at Tsinghua Jane research team told reporters that Tsinghua Jane now placed in the warehouse eight 76 cm pan, plate with distilled water, placed more than more than 20 bamboo slips inside each pan. Above the bamboo slips on the glass clean, which literally upside down, this is mainly to prevent the light effects on the writing surface. Label every bamboo marked stainless steel, easy to study on finishing of late.
"Warehouse curtains pulled two layers, a layer designed to prevent ultraviolet radiation. "Zhao Guifang said that posted above the water dish with a layer of plastic film, is to prevent too rapid evaporation of moisture, and second, to prevent dust entering the bamboo slips of carry microorganisms, cause damage to bamboo. Covered with plexiglass cover over the film, plastic film for protection.
Zhao Guifang introduction, this warehouse environment to maintain constant temperature and humidity, and the temperature and humidity recorder for warehouse environmental monitoring records. "We have coffers slips checks three times a week, according to different conditions, change the water two or three times a year to ensure stability of the bamboo slips. ”
4
Tsinghua Jane what
Research results before revision history error
On January 5, 2011, Jane first results published in Tsinghua University, including Yin Zhi, the letters patent of the Cheng Wu, baoxun Yoon Jin 縢 of the senior citizen's night of the King's Gate, a surname of the Chu of the 9 articles. First documents brought back the book and similar Scriptures, clarify some trouble with an ongoing debate on academic history, found a previously unknown Psalm of the Zhou dynasty, recovered the history and geography of the Chu State, offers ancient text of Chu research in particular precious materials.
In December 2011, the possession of warring States period bamboo slips, Tsinghua University (ii) publication of income lost more than 2,300 years of history, Tsinghua University, unearthed documents research and protection of staff members of the Centre has been named the year of. A total of 138 of the year slips, unbending will is divided into 23 chapters, records from the early years of the Western Zhou dynasty to the early period of the warring States period's history, there are many of them, not in documents handed down, possibly of the Zuo Zhuan to the Chinese classics such as the historical records of a revised role.
In January 2013, published Jane the third batch of research achievements of Tsinghua University in Beijing, of which three with the life of Fu said during the Eastern Jin dynasty classical Chinese Fu said in the book of the order of the content is completely different, thus proving that the Eastern Jin dynasty scholar Mei Ze Kong Chuanben offered as the prose of the book had been forged.
(Original title: 2,300 years ago, China discovered a calculator)
5年前，清华大学入藏一批流散海外多年的战国竹简(简称“清华简”)。昨天，清华大学公布了这批竹简第四次研究成果。此次共发布了3篇清华简文献，其中，《算表》文献不仅被数学史专家认定是目前国内发现最早的实用算具，还拥有超过以往如里耶秦简九九表、张家界汉简九九表和西北出土汉简九九表等古代乘法表的计算功能，被称作“中国数学史乃至世界数学史上的一项重大发现”。
京华时报记者张晓鸽
□成果
《算表》为我国最早实用算具
清华大学出土文献研究与保护中心主任李学勤教授介绍，《算表》由21支竹简组成，其中17支保存完整，另有4支入藏时已有些残缺，不过根据分析研究，可以对残缺部分的内容进行补全。
李学勤说，经过研究发现，该《算表》不仅可以将复杂的乘法转变为简单的加法，还可用于除法运算和开方运算。利用这套《算表》，不仅能够快速计算100以内的两个任意整数的乘积，还能计算包含分数“半”的两位数乘法。计算功能超过了以往我国发现的“里耶秦简九九表”和“张家界汉简九九表”等古代乘法表。
全国数学史学会理事长、中国科学院自然科学史研究所研究员郭书春介绍，经对同批竹简的碳14测定及自身的文字特征判断，确定《算表》当撰成于战国中期偏晚时，是目前所见到的我国最早的数学文献实物。同时也是目前国内发现最早的实用算具。
“《算表》形成于公元前305年左右，比此前发现形成于公元前200多年的里耶秦简九九表还要早。”负责《算表》整理工作的清华大学出土文献研究与保护中心研究员李均明告诉记者。
价值：郭书春认为，该《算表》填补了先秦数学文献的空白，是目前所见到的中国最早的数学文献实物，比目前能够见到的古代十进制乘法表年代都早，在当时世界范围内也是相当先进的，是中国数学史乃至世界数学史上的一项重大发现。
《算表》为春秋战国时期是中国传统数学的一个高潮，而且是第一个高潮提供了佐证，使国内外否定中国古代数学成就的虚无主义态度不攻自破。
“八卦图”系楚国卜筮工具
第四辑中还包括一篇题为《筮法》的文献，记载了一种盛行于战国时代楚国、不同于《周易》的卜筮方法。
据李学勤介绍，这篇文献保存良好，没有明显缺损。在2008年入藏清华时就发现，该竹简全篇大部仍维持原来成卷的状态。记者了解到，清华简由于年代久远，又因保存于地下，竹简大部分都散断。正因为如此，《筮法》的成卷状态非常难得，更为难得的是，该卷竹简都有次序编号，为内容的整理提供了极大的便利。
《筮法》全篇文字分栏书写，并且附有插图和表格，体例犹如一幅帛书。简文详细记述卜筮的原理和方法，包含大量以数字卦表现的占例。数字卦的形式与天星观、包山、葛陵等楚简中的实际卜筮记录一致。
三篇文献中另一篇题作《别卦》，形制较小，本来是有8支，但是有一支缺失。该组竹简没有序号排列，也无背部的印痕可作参考，只能根据内容进行排序。
价值：清华大学出土文献研究与保护中心主任李学勤教授认为，《筮法》中有将八卦分置八方的挂位图，在迄今所见《易》图中是最早的。其中八经卦的卦名类同于《归藏》。这为先秦三《易》的研究提供了重要线索。
此外，《別卦》文献记载了六十四卦卦名，对于《周易》卦象、卦名、卦序以及经卦的衍生研究都有重要的参考价值。
□释疑
清华简何时发现
流散海外多年校友5年前赠
2008年7月，清华大学接受校友赵伟国捐赠，入藏了一批在海外流散多年的战国竹简，总数约为2500枚。其中整简所占的比例很大，而且简上一般都有文字。简的形制多种多样，最长的46厘米，最短的10厘米左右。这批由清华收藏的竹简被称为“清华简”。
清华简是一批有关经、史类经典的竹简，包括《尚书》《诗经》《易经》等儒家经典和许多历史著作。清华简经过整理编排，总共约有64篇文献，总数近6万字，涉及了中国传统文化的核心内容，其中大多数篇章已经失传2000多年，十分珍贵。
经碳14测定证实，清华简是战国中晚期文物，文字风格主要是楚国的，在迄今发现的战国竹简中为数较多。因清华简在秦之前就被埋入地下，没有受到“焚书坑儒”影响，所以能够最大限度地展现先秦古籍的原貌，研究它们有助于了解中华文化的初期面貌和发展脉络。
《算表》如何计算
利用孔中穿线连接数字计算
李均明表示，《算表》通过竹简交叉构成21行、20列，行、列交叉再形成400余个长方格，由此可分为三个功能区，包括乘数和被乘数的个位、十位区，引线区及运算结果区。《算表》按照十进制运算，就乘法而言：若要计算时，只需用孔中穿出的引线横平竖直把相关的乘数与被乘数联系在一起(按乘法对加法的分配律，个位数与十位数分别引线)，再将诸线在结果区交叉点上的数字加在一起，即是最后的运算结果，便利快捷。
“这样不仅能得出运算结果，还能显示中间的运算过程。”郭书春说，《算表》不仅能直接用于两位数的乘法运算，亦可用于除法运算，“可能还可以用于开方运算，但还需进一步研究探索”。
清华简怎么保存
库房环境恒温放置蒸馏水中
清华简研究团队研究员赵桂芳告诉记者，现在的清华简放置在库房内76个七八厘米的水盘中，盘内装有蒸馏水，每个水盘内放置20多支竹简。竹简放于消毒清洁过的玻璃条上方，其中字面朝下，此举主要是为了防止光线对字迹表面造成影响。每支竹简都标有不锈钢的标签，便于后期的研究整理。
“库房的窗帘就拉了两层，一层专门用于防止紫外线照射。”赵桂芳说，在水盘上方贴有一层塑料薄膜，一是为了防止水分过快蒸发，二是为了防止携带微生物的尘埃进入竹简，对竹简造成伤害。薄膜上方覆有有机玻璃盖，对塑料薄膜进行保护。
赵桂芳介绍，这个库房的环境保持恒温恒湿，并有温湿度记录仪对库房环境进行监测记录。“我们每周都要对库房内竹简检查三次，根据条件不同，每年换水两到三次，保证竹简的稳定状态。”
清华简有何成果
之前研究成果修正史学错误
2011年1月5日，清华简首批成果发布，包括《尹至》《尹诰》《程寤》《保训》《耆夜》《金縢》《皇门》《祭公》《楚居》9篇文献。首批文献重现了《尚书》及类似典籍，澄清了一些学术史上长期争论的疑难，发现了前所未知的周代诗篇，复原了楚国历史及地理，提供了古文字特别是楚文字研究的珍贵材料。
2011年12月，《清华大学藏战国竹简(贰)》出版，收入失传2300多年的历史著作，清华大学出土文献研究与保护中心工作人员将之命名为《系年》。《系年》一共有138支竹简，全篇共分为23章，记录了从西周初年一直到战国前期的历史，其中有许多事件不见于传世文献，可能对《左传》《国语》《史记》等典籍有订正作用。
2013年1月，清华简第三批研究成果在京发布，其中《傅说之命》三篇与东晋时期古文《尚书》中的《傅说之命》内容完全不同，由此证明东晋文人梅赜所献的孔传本古文《尚书》系伪造。
(原标题：中国发现2300年前计算器)
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