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The author:(作者)delvpublished in(发表于) 2014/1/20 9:16:20 Mold of Heilongjiang maize purchasing stalemate， some farmers were forced to hold grain
Reporter Guan Jiantao Wang Liang Qian jiamusi, Harbin reports
Affected by factors, such as high temperatures and more rain and snow in the early, widespread mold maize in Heilongjiang province, in some counties mold particles as high as 30%. In addition, hanging upside down, business needs to reduce corn prices, which affect corn acquired principal reduction, some farmers in Heilongjiang province cracked grain frequency. Corn market oversupply situations in some areas, corn prices continued to fall. Insiders believe that corn sales this year to be "farmers ' hard to sell and enterprises be able to achieve the Government worried" impasse in purchasing maize in some parts.
Large area of corn mold
"Corn mold so prevalent this year, met for more than 10 years, corn and sell it once, but mouldy grain have about 10%. "Jiang Xiguo said.
In the Lin Quan village in lanxi County Heilongjiang province red Heung Jiang Xiguo home yard of more than 100 square meters, over half a metre-thick pile of corn, corn pulled more than 10 more holes in the heap, also you can see coming out of "air". Jiang Xiguo kick snow-covered corn, grabbed two corn cobs on the press conference of the economic information daily said, "you see, it's all black spots of mold, great, spike tip corn kernels have mildew. "Jiang Xiguo planted more than 70 acres of corn this year, took over more than 100,000 pounds of corn were stacked in his yard.
Then came Qinggang County in Heilongjiang province Lu village town house, through walls, you can see almost every small pile of corn in the yard. Looking at their own piles of corn in the yard, said villager Huang Guoyu, corn sells at this time in previous years, but mouldy this year is too serious, "there is no food, sell won't be able to celebrate."
Qinggang County grain Bureau of statistics data showed that 15 townships in the County appear serious corn mold phenomenon, particularly Reed Creek mold particles of up to 30%, an average of 16.7%, and musty towns with the lowest average particle size is 8.5%.
Phoenix corn development in Heilongjiang, Deputy General Manager Wu Peijun just from Mingshui County in Heilongjiang province, hailun, Wangkui County, in lanxi County, trips back, he said: "the mold is very common in these areas, corn mold particles were generally above 10%. ”
Food system in Heilongjiang province to attend, in 2013, the province's total production is about more than 30 million tons of maize, corn mold particles more than 5% a lot and in some areas even three mold in corn grain than 80%.
Some local cadres said that after last year's harvest was under heavy rain, the ground damp. Farmers used stacked on the ground corn on the cob, continuous snow cover corn. Higher winter temperatures and cold late, corn on the cob in this warm, moist conditions, there have been a large number of mouldy grain.
Buy cold leads cracked grain frequency
Excessive mold in corn grain, corn prices upside down, corn processing enterprises limited demand and other factors, national corn reserve acquisition points, collecting food, such as reducing food brokers. A cadre in lanxi County grain Bureau said: "the contradictions a maize acquisition this year, grain storage capacity, the national policy, people have food, but now it is still in a State of cracked grain. ”
For an effective protection of farmers ' interests, last December, the State grain Administration has issued emergency on the new 2013 in the four provinces in Northeast China harvested acquisition circular of the implementation of national standards, which provides mold in corn grain content should be controlled at no more than 5%, over 5%, and may not be purchased. Mold particle content in the 2% of-should as far as possible after finishing standard warehousing.
Some members of the food system introduction, these compared to the previous mold control standards have been relaxed quite a bit, but there are still a lot of corn did not meet reserve acquisition policy.
The morning of January 7, the economic information newspaper reporter went to Qinggang County Qing gang Depot LLC, huge grain storage see a food delivery truck. Green Hill Depot limited liability company's Deputy Manager, said Zhao Yuming, the granary is national corn reserve acquisitions library, effective storage capacity of more than 20,000 tons. "Stop now only 1200 tons of corn, far more than in previous years. Mainly because I had to take the corn does not meet national standards for the temporary storage of maize acquisition, we can't help but idle. "Zhao Yuming said.
Qinggang County an individual corn collection point in the city, for more than 10 years food brokers Li Desheng told reporters that since the food business, he met such a serious corn mold. "Starting from last December, countries can I Pro Chu Ku corn sent more than 40 car, unloaded the car, then it failed. "Li Desheng said, now received the good food, mold particles more than 10% of corn is very common.
Due to the mold of corn grains than serious, some with dryer grain merchants common grain, corn are difficult questions. Qinggang County grain Bureau Wang Yide, Deputy Director, said the County has private enterprises a total of 28 of the drying Tower, acquired around 3,000 tons of corn per family on average. Due to excessive mold particles, limited sales, most of these firms are pressing food, dare more corn.
Have dryer grain merchants closed reserves decline, many received food grain dealer profits and diverted to chauffeur. Li Desheng said that food brokers, due to excessive mold particles per cent risk of corn turned back a car, thereby increasing shipping costs, reduced earnings, surrounded by many peers do full-time drivers, to earn more than shipping.
In addition, some counties in Heilongjiang, corn prices, "upside down" effect, the provincial overseas collect grain enterprises rarely, or simply do not have. Food experts believe that current reserve in Heilongjiang province corn price to 2,220 dollars a tonne, if shipped to a port in the South, an increase of approximately around 150 yuan per ton of freight, namely, reach around 2,350 dollars per tonne. And now many corn imports to Hong Kong even lower than 2,350 Yuan, which formed a corn prices "hanging upside down" outside the province to Heilongjiang food companies don't want to collect food.
Qinggang County Oak Gang Dong Jia Tun, fighting villager Wang Guijun said: "more than 60 families, only one family sold corn, the rest are piled in the yard. "Qinggang County Reed Creek village Huang Guoyu said:" more than 40 households, the village, up to now only two families to sell the corn. ”
Food system in Heilongjiang province said, on the one hand by mold corn grains more than 5%, Chu Ku wanted to take charge of the country, and decrease in other grain; farmers hold food on the other hand, wanted to sell it, but don't sell, corn in parts purchasing and had reached an impasse.
Slump in prices to farmers
On one hand, State-owned reserves, food merchants, such as purchasing and reduced. Meanwhile, close to the Spring Festival, some farmers eager to sell corn to be, resulting in corn market situation of oversupply in some areas in the province, corn prices, farmers income dwindled, even at a loss. Industry concerns, along with the warm weather, corn mold volume will increase.
"More than a month ago, with the village of corn farmers can sell to 7.9 cents, now 1 cents a pound less cost, deducting pounds thresh and transportation costs of 2.5 cents each, prices are even lower. "Hometown in lanxi County Heilongjiang province red forest village, Li Yi complained that are sold in previous years to take in food grain dealer, but they don't accept this year.
He said: "the imminent approach of, we worry about spending money, and hire collected grain corn to sell. Three grain, selling corn only. Kind of an acre of corn, costs nearly 1000 Yuan, hit 1500 pounds of grain, an acre of corn has earned baibashi dollars. ”
Yield of low or high cost of the cereal or even lose money. 7th morning, reporters in the Heilongjiang province longfeng seen are lining up to sell grain corn development company Qinggang County constructing Heung Yee Kuk twins Song Hongguo village farmers "that is sold to the company of the third car was maize. Two cars for the price of 7.1 cents a pound before and 6.8 cents per 51 kg, this car doesn't know how much a pound. "He said that 150 acres of corn planted last year, contracted 120 acres, an acre of contract costs 500 Yuan. Catch of spring floods and droughts seriously, only over more than 800 kg per MU, arrived at as two vehicles before price, an acre of corn would have to pay 150 Yuan.
Phoenix corn development company Deputy General Manager Wu Peijun said, many counties and cities mold in corn grain this year is very high, adjust the processing technology, continues to meet the raw material requirements of the company, if the mold too much grain does not meet the standards. Prices calculated in accordance with equivalent to dry food per pound of 0.93 Yuan, the company acquired the average price per pound of corn around 0.7 Yuan.
However, some moldy grain corn only sells each kg 5.8 cents more money. Journalists in Qinggang County suburbs a private food purchasing, several grain cars are unloaded with corn. Reporters from a corn heap caught a handful of discovered mold particles a lot, and some have already become gray. The end grain Lv Guiman, head says, if it's not linked to alcohol plant acquisition, the prices are hard to sell.
Directly under the Heilongjiang provincial grain shuangshan library rental library, though arrived at 8 in the morning, but thirty or forty food delivery trucks have lined up hundreds of metres long. Officials said although there are many food, but how much is unclear "due to excess corn mildew, returning serious. Most recently come over more than 70 cars a day, but only 21 cars, remaining are returned. ”
When reporters investigation is under way, in the acceptance of a farmer got down on her knees crying. Later learned that he was the village of Jixian County win farmer of jiamusi Yuan Shibao, 50,000 yuan loan from the Bank this year, a package of more than 1000 acres, was ushered in a bumper harvest this year, but it didn't even sell out the one-third. "I pull two cars to sell, shipping back and forth will need 3,000 yuan, 7% mold rate, if grain does not charge, I don't even know what to do can save. And if the food was pulled back, good food really wasted, so I sell low price, as long as the grain can be stored. "Yuan Shibao said.
In addition, when warmer weather, mold in corn could add up. In lanxi County grain depot limited liability company Guo Li, Deputy Director, Qinggang County grain Bureau Deputy Director Wang Yide, who said that current corn moisture is high, the displaying of the forth day of every month of spring, when warmer weather, corn mold will also increase.
Purchasing and multi-pronged governance problems
To remind the industry, food purchasing and less likely to affect the food security of our country, is to rush harvest tide urgently needs food. Experts suggest that should enhance the enthusiasm of provincial, municipal and County purchasing, relaxation of the mold of corn grain standards, guiding farmers security solution in terms of grain corn mold and hard to sell, and so on.
Grain in Heilongjiang shuangyashan directly under the library "on solving the problem of mildew of corn farmers as soon as reports" show, as of now, due to moldy grains of corn seriously overweight, farmers ' food delivery rate of return is very high, resulting in acquisition of corn slowly, only receiving 800,000 tons.
Shuangyashan directly under the reservoir area, responsible describes the importance of Heilongjiang in terms of grain, "Heilongjiang sneezes, the country will catch a cold if cold in Heilongjiang province, national will have a fever. "Therefore, at this stage is rush harvest tide most in need of food.
Less for food purchasing, what kind of impact on the country, these officials said, if the food failed to collect the full, the impact on food security in China at this stage it is difficult to judge, but as time went on, the impact will be gradually exposed. He introduced road, in 2002, under June rainstorm in Heilongjiang province, when the crop was not long, and harvests have dwindled so that year. Due to the national grain reserves, so back in the food supply has not changed markedly, with the consumption of the 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 in the case of production, food shortages still occur in China, before food prices from 4 cents, rose to more than 1.
In fact, worthy of note is that food at the end of September had been harvested, why up to now have not been successful purchasing. School of agriculture and rural development at Renmin University Vice President Zheng Fengtian said, for purchasing and purchasing at all times in our country, but there is a prescribed time period and cycle, in addition, food purchasing and severely affected by the weather. So by purchasing time would be fixed in the country, which caused a long purchasing cycles, loss of food with high rates of the status quo.
Zheng Fengtian suggested that countries should strengthen the purchasing enthusiasm of provincial, municipal and county levels, some level of subsidy, depending on the weather, for purchasing in advance on their own, avoiding unnecessary loss on prevention. Construction of temporary storage depot for example to help farmers in the fields, harvesting grain when incorporated into library, thus reducing due to losses caused by the large air storage protected from the weather.
Zheng Fengtian said, raise the level of agricultural mechanization, can greatly shorten the purchasing cycle. "But large mechanized still face resistance. "He said, generally high cost of large machinery, farmers planted less does not choose in such a machine, therefore, it is also faced with how to integrate large areas of agricultural land use of large mechanical harvesting, Bo cost issues.
Mold on corn and difficulty in selling, some local cadres and purchasing recommendations: first, relaxation of maize in Heilongjiang province as soon as possible standard mold particles, mold particles concentration limit raised to $ 5%. Excess food 70% will meet the acquisition requirements. Second, selected bars thresh mobilized farmers and food brokers, increase the intensity of food arrangement to ensure that "curry favor with good grain prices, grain selling price". Thirdly, drawing on local farmers and food Broker experience in earlier tests, proof, reducing food does not meet the purchase criteria for return shipping costs. IV, in many ways, helping farmers to expand sales channels to minimize loss of grain farmers. V, vigorously promote scientific way of stored grain, guiding farmers to safe storage, to avoid a similar situation again.
记者 管建涛 王建 梁倩 哈尔滨 佳木斯报道
受前期气温偏高和雨雪较多等因素影响，黑龙江省出现普遍的玉米生霉现象，部分县市生霉粒高达30%。此外，受玉米价格倒挂、企业需求减少等影响，玉米收购主体减少，黑龙江省部分农户憋粮现象频现。一些地区玉米市场则出现供大于求的状况，玉米价格持续走低。业内人士认为，今年的玉米购销是“农民难卖，企业难收，政府着急”，部分地区玉米收储陷入僵局。
玉米出现大面积生霉
“今年玉米生霉太普遍了，10多年都没遇到过，玉米堆已倒腾过一遍，但生霉粒还得有10%左右。”姜希国说。
在黑龙江省兰西县红光乡林泉村村民姜希国家100多平方米的院子里，堆着半米多厚的玉米，玉米堆中挖出10多个洞，还可以看到冒出的“气”。姜希国用脚踢开被雪覆盖的玉米，抓起两个玉米穗对《经济参考报》记者说道，“你看，这都是生霉的黑点，棒穗尖的玉米粒都已经霉变了。”姜希国今年种了70多亩玉米，收下的10万多斤玉米都堆在自家院子里。
随后记者来到黑龙江省青冈县芦河镇保家村，透过矮墙，可以看到几乎家家小院子里都堆着玉米。望着自家院子里堆积如山的玉米，村民黄国玉说，往年这个时候玉米卖的差不多了，但今年发霉太严重，“就没有收粮的，卖不出去都没法过年了”。
青冈县粮食局统计数据显示，全县15个乡镇都出现严重的玉米生霉现象，特别是芦河镇生霉粒最高达30%，平均达16.7%，而生霉粒最低的乡镇平均也在8.5%。
黑龙江龙凤玉米开发有限公司副总经理吴培军刚刚从黑龙江省明水县、海伦市、望奎县、兰西县等地考察回来，他说：“这些地方生霉现象十分普遍，玉米生霉粒一般都在10%以上。”
黑龙江省粮食系统有关人士介绍，2013年全省玉米总产量大约在3000多万吨，其中生霉粒超过5%的玉米有很多，有些地区甚至80%的玉米生霉粒都超过5%。
一些地方干部表示，去年秋收后下了场大雨，地面潮湿。农民习惯把玉米棒堆放在地上，连续降雪又把玉米捂起来了。入冬后气温偏高，冷得较晚，玉米棒在这种暖湿条件下就出现了大量生霉粒。
收购遇冷导致憋粮现象频出
受玉米生霉粒过多，玉米价格倒挂，玉米深加工企业需求有限等因素影响，国家临储玉米收购库点、粮食经纪人等收粮主体减少。兰西县粮食局一位干部说：“今年玉米收购出现了矛盾，粮库有库容，国家有政策，老百姓有粮，但现在仍然处于一种憋粮的状态。”
为切实保护农民利益，去年12月，国家粮食局紧急发出了关于东北四省区2013年新收获玉米收购执行国家标准有关问题的通知，其中规定玉米生霉粒含量应控制在不超过5%，超过5%的，不得收购。生霉粒含量在2%-5%的，应尽可能整理达标后入仓。
一些粮食系统人士介绍，这相比以前的生霉粒控制标准已经放宽了不少，但仍有不少玉米不符合临储收购政策。
1月7日上午，《经济参考报》记者来到青冈县青岗粮库有限责任公司，偌大的粮库看不到一辆送粮车。青岗粮库有限责任公司副经理赵玉明介绍说，该粮库是国家临储玉米收购库点，有效仓容量2万多吨。“现在收的玉米仅有1200吨，往年远超过这个数。主要是因为送来的玉米不符合国家临储玉米收购标准，我们也没办法，只能闲着。”赵玉明说。
在青冈县城一个个体玉米收购点，做了10多年粮食经纪人的李德生告诉记者，自从做粮食生意，他就没遇到过这么严重的玉米生霉情况。“从去年12月份开始，我往国家临储库送了40多车玉米，只卸了一车，剩下都不合格。”李德生说，现在收不到好粮，生霉粒超过10%的玉米非常普遍。
由于玉米生霉粒超标严重，一些拥有烘干塔的粮商普遍出现压粮、玉米变现难的问题。青冈县粮食局副局长王乙德介绍说，全县拥有烘干塔的民营企业共28家，平均每家收购了3000吨玉米左右。由于生霉粒超标，销量有限，其中大部分企业都出现压粮情况，不敢再多收玉米。
拥有烘干塔的粮商收储量下降，不少粮贩子觉得收粮利润低，改行做起专职司机。粮食经纪人李德生说，因生霉粒超标，收上来玉米后有退车风险，从而增加运费，减少了收益，身边有不少同行做起专职司机，只挣运费。
另外，在黑龙江部分县市，受玉米价格“倒挂”影响，省外来收粮的企业很少，或者干脆没有。有粮食专家认为，当前黑龙江省临储玉米收购价为每吨2220元，如果运到南方港口，大约增加每吨150元左右的运费，即达到每吨2350元左右。而现在不少进口玉米到港价甚至低于2350元，这形成了玉米价格“倒挂”，省外粮食企业不愿意来黑龙江收粮。
青冈县柞岗乡奋斗村董家屯村民王贵军说：“全屯60多户，只有一户卖了玉米，剩下的都在院子里堆着。”青冈县芦河镇保家村村民黄国玉说：“全村40多户，到现在只有两户把玉米卖出去了。”
黑龙江省粮食系统有关人士说，一方面因玉米生霉粒超过5%，国家临储库想收收不上来，其他收粮主体又在减少；另一方面农民手中憋粮，想卖但卖不出去，部分地区玉米收储已陷入僵局。
价格走低致农民收益锐减
一方面，国储库、粮食贸易商等大型收储主体在减少。另一方面，临近春节，一些农民急于销售玉米变现，造成省内一些地区玉米市场呈现供大于求的状况，玉米价格走低，农民种植收益锐减，甚至亏本。业内人士担忧，伴随天气转暖，生霉玉米量还会增加。
“一个月多前，同村农户的玉米还能卖到7毛9分钱，现在一斤就少卖1毛钱，扣除每斤2.5分钱的脱粒和运输费，价格就更低了。”黑龙江省兰西县红光乡林泉村农民李义抱怨说，往年都卖给来收粮的粮贩子，今年他们却不收了。
他说：“临近年关，咱着急用钱，就雇车把玉米送到收粮点卖。走了三个粮点，才把这点玉米卖了。种一亩玉米，成本将近1000元，打了1500斤粮，一亩玉米也就挣百八十块钱。”
亩产少或者成本高的种粮大户甚至亏本。7日上午，记者在黑龙江省龙凤玉米开发有限公司见到了正在排队卖粮的青冈县建设乡双生村农民宋洪国“这已经是往这家公司卖的第三车玉米了。前两车的价钱为7毛1分钱一斤和6毛8分5一斤，这一车还不知道能卖多少钱一斤呢。”他说，去年种了150亩玉米，承包120亩，一亩承包费就500元。赶上春涝严重，亩产才800多斤，按前两车的价格算，一亩玉米就得赔150元。
龙凤玉米开发有限公司副总经理吴培军介绍说，今年很多县市的玉米生霉粒比例都很高，调整一下加工工艺，仍符合公司的原料要求，如果生霉粒太多就不符合标准。价格按照折合干粮每斤0.93元计算，目前公司收购玉米的平均价是每斤0.7元左右。
然而，一些生霉粒多的玉米只卖到每斤5毛8分钱。记者在青冈县郊的一家民营粮食收储点看到，几辆粮车正在卸玉米。记者从玉米堆上抓上一把，发现生霉粒很多，有的已经变成灰色。这家收粮点负责人吕贵满说，如果不是联系到酒精厂收购，这个价格也很难卖出去。
在黑龙江省中储粮双山直属库租赁库点，虽然刚到早上8点，但已有三四十辆送粮车排成了百米长龙。负责人表示虽然有不少车来送粮，但能收多少还不清楚“由于玉米霉变超标，返车现象严重。最近最多一天来了70多辆车，但只收了21车，剩余都返车了。”
正在记者调查时，在验收点，一个农民哭着跪了下来。后来了解到，他是佳木斯集贤县全胜村的农民袁士宝，今年从银行贷了5万元，包了1000多亩地，本来今年迎来了丰收，但是现在连三分之一都没卖出去。“我这回拉了两车来卖，来回运输费就需要3000元，生霉率达到7%，如果粮库再不收，我自己都不知道做什么可以挽救。而且如果把粮食再拉回去，好好的粮食就真的浪费了，所以我低点价格卖都行，只要粮库能收。”袁士宝说。
此外，天气转暖后，生霉玉米还可能增加。兰西县粮库有限责任公司副主任郭力、青冈县粮食局副局长王乙德等人说，当前玉米水分已经很高，正月初四就立春了，到时天气回暖，玉米生霉的情况还将增多。
多管齐下治收储难题
业内人士提醒，粮食收储量减少可能影响我国粮食安全，现阶段最需要的就是抢收潮粮。专家建议，应从增强省、市、县收储积极性，放宽玉米生霉粒标准，引导农民安全储粮等方面来解决玉米生霉及难卖等问题。
黑龙江中储粮双鸭山直属库的“关于尽快解决农民玉米霉变问题的报告”显示，截至目前，由于玉米霉变粒严重超标，农户送粮返车率极高，导致玉米收购进度缓慢，仅入库80万吨。
在双鸭山直属库区，相关负责人这样描述黑龙江在产粮方面的重要性，“如果黑龙江打个喷嚏，全国就会感冒；如果黑龙江省感冒了，全国就将发烧。”因此，现阶段最需要的就是抢收潮粮。
对于粮食收储量减少，会对我国造成什么样的影响，上述负责人表示，如果粮未能收足，对我国粮食安全的影响现阶段还很难判断，但随着时间推移，其影响将逐渐暴露出来。他介绍道，2002年，黑龙江省6月份下了暴雨，那时庄稼还未能长熟，所以那年粮食收成锐减。由于国家有储备粮，所以当年在粮食供应上并未有明显变化，随着2003年、2004年、2005年的消耗，2006年在增产的情况下，我国粮食仍然出现了短缺现象，粮食价格也一举从之前的4角多，涨至1块以上。
事实上，值得注意的是，粮食在9月底已经进行收割，那么为何直到现在仍然未能顺利收储。中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院副院长郑风田表示，我国收储不是随时进行收储，而是有一定规定的时间段和周期，另外，粮食收储受天气影响严重。因此，由于全国收储时间比较固定，这就造成了收储周期长、粮食损失率较高的现状。
郑风田建议，国家应增强省、市、县各个级别的收储积极性，给予一定补贴，由地方根据天气情况，自行提前进行收储，避免一刀切而带来不必要的损失。例如指导农民在田间建设临时储粮库，收割粮食后及时收进库中，这样就减少了因露天堆放受天气影响较大而造成的损失。
郑风田同时表示，提高农业机械化的水平，可以大大缩短收储周期。“但大型机械化仍面临阻力。”他说，一般大型机械成本高，农民种植地较少，并不会选择用这样的机械，因此，还面临着怎样整合大面积的农田利用大型机械收割，摊博成本的问题。
针对玉米生霉及卖难问题，部分地方干部和收储主体建议：第一，尽快在黑龙江省放宽玉米生霉粒标准，将生霉粒含量上限由5%提至10%。这样超标中70%的粮食都将符合收购要求。第二，动员农民及粮食经纪人选棒脱粒，加大粮食整理力度，确保“好粮卖好价、次粮卖次价”。第三，借鉴一些地方给农民和粮食经纪人提前化验、打样的经验，减少因粮食不符合收购标准退车产生的运费。第四，采取多种方式，帮助农民拓宽销售渠道，最大限度减少种粮农民损失。第五，大力宣传科学储粮方式，引导农民安全储粮，避免类似情况再次出现。
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