Go homepage(回首页) Upload pictures (上传图片) Write articles (发文字帖)
The author:(作者)delvpublished in(发表于) 2014/1/23 8:56:48 Low salaries of teachers in rural areas less attractive， middle-aged men， the majority
In recent days, Northeast Normal University development of rural education in rural China was published by the Institute of education report 2012. 9 provinces, 19 districts and counties in the country, 174 schools one teacher after an investigation, the report found, improvement of rural education, although the hardware, but because of the low wages, job appraisal, on the honour system at the end, the teaching profession attractive to talents in rural areas are weakening.
According to the 2011 Census data, 8.6884 million full-time teachers in compulsory education nationwide, of whom, 74.57% distributed in townships and villages, close to one-fourth working in difficult areas. According to the survey, these rural teachers, middle-aged male subjects, their educational standard, backward, teaching professional counterparts rate is low and the young men would rather go out to work, rather than as a teacher in the countryside.
Teacher's "Carousel, catch" has long been a problem for rural education issues. "If you leave the school, and not equipped with excellent teachers, families in the bottom you have to accept poor quality education for their children, in the ' knowledge change destiny ' and ' hidden wealth of education ' background, the stratification of education is unquestionably serious challenge to social justice. Enhancing the attractiveness of rural education and career, not just respect for rural teachers, more importantly to students ' respect for the right to equal access to education and publicity against social justice. "The report owner, Northeast Normal University said Wu Zhihui, Director of the Institute for rural education.
The aging male teacher-dominated, when teachers than when Gong
In a small village in Anhui Province teaches Feng shan is unique in the school teaching of young teacher. In the remaining 7 teachers, 5 male teachers who is about 50 years old, there are 2 others are retirement certificate. This is a typical small village teachers teaching composition. According to the survey data, as opposed to teachers in urban schools, "weak", the age and sex composition of rural teachers is expressed as "masculine feminine, older teachers of young teachers." In the sample group, teachers over 80% women under 25 years of age; however, more than 40 years, men accounted for the majority, over 50 teachers in more than 80% are men.
On the ages, said Wu Zhihui, perfect teacher's age structure should be "inverted-u", that is, mostly teachers of 30~50sui age. According to the survey, urban faculty age structure of basic "inverted-u", while in the countryside is the opposite: teachers under 30 years old has reached 34.3%, about one-third, teachers are over 50 years of 22.75%, "the middle-aged collapse" a very serious problem.
Young teachers in rural areas increased in recent years, mainly due to the post of national implementation plans, master teachers, free normal school students master plan, complementary policies of rural teachers. 2011 ~2012 years, total free normal graduates 21,800, including 91.5% students to teach at primary schools in the Midwest.
New young teachers, women accounted for the vast majority. The reason, Wu Zhihui considered, due to the restrictions on movement of urban and rural areas and the low wages of teachers, rather than in teaching, young males prefer to go out to work; just women taking into account the teachers ' job is relatively stable, help to educate the next generation, so that he was willing to be a teacher.
However, out of the total number, male teacher in a village school still has clear dominance, in all ages and an average ratio of 82.39%, and reflect the obvious tendency of population aging.
Wu Zhihui believes that schools can only be presented in a student-teacher ratio is equipped with teachers, with the increase of rural migrant workers, suiqian children are growing less and less students, teachers will not be able to add a new preparation, which restricted the introduction of younger teachers, causing rural teachers, the "male-dominated", the phenomenon of an ageing teacher.
Moreover, the current male teachers to remain in the countryside, most was once the old teachers working at a school run by the local people, substitute teachers, behind their knowledge level and are already into middle and old age. According to the survey, rural teachers first degree average years of education more than 13 years, the highest academic average in compulsory education is close to 15, his principle qualification to achieve the leap from secondary school to college; but the city teachers increases significantly greater than the rural teachers, rural teachers are normal school and teachers college graduates, teachers teach attenti rates remain low.
Wu Zhihui, middle-aged male teachers is an awkward groups: older, have lost their ability to cultivate, to work less competitive and, therefore, can only be held on the teachers. Many of them are not officially compiled in some economically underdeveloped regions, earning five hundred or six hundred Yuan a month, or even more than 300 yuan.
"Now, rural teachers ' profession is not attractive, even behind the site's daily Drudge. "Lei Wanpeng, Vice President of Huazhong Normal University College of education says.
At a disadvantage on the professional title evaluation of rural teachers, the honor system is the end
Why the lack of attractive rural teachers ' professional? "Rural graduates are reluctant to return to the countryside, city normal school students ' unwillingness to rural or a treatment. "In fusong County of baishan city of Jilin province, former Director of the Education Bureau Lu Shide, hardware, the rural-urban education gap has narrowed considerably, but software is not only not narrowing instead of widening.
Despite the level of rural teachers ' salaries were gradually improved, but the survey data show that, on the grade structure, even if located in the same County, compared with county teachers, the township village of rural teachers in primary and junior high school is also clearly at a disadvantage, but to "late bloomer", which to some extent limit the rural teachers ' initiative.
In the town's middle school who have "taught in advanced" 16.98% of the teachers ' titles, average age at promotion 39.02; rural teachers, "teaches senior" titles of only 10.77%, average age at promotion of 40.86. In the town's elementary school teachers "taught senior" titles accounted for 55.94%, average age at promotion 32.98; village teachers accounted for 41.57%, average age of promotion for 37.41.
In other words, Township junior high school teachers for promotion to senior professional titles, on average than teachers in cities and counties in recent 2 years, village primary school teachers for promotion to senior professional titles, you 4.5 years later than the County elementary school teacher.
"Within the same County, and extremely uneven distribution of titles, will seriously affect the enthusiasm of teachers to rural migrant. "Wu Zhihui said that in professional title evaluation of the current system, in schools can be at different levels in varying proportions of senior professional and technical positions and, therefore, lower levels of education in rural schools, to obtain a high proportion of titles are correspondingly less.
A county in Shandong, according to professional rules, standardization of primary and junior high school, at the county level total number of senior teacher posts in primary schools respectively in teacher preparation, 14%; senior general secondary schools and primary schools teachers only, 9%.
Besides disadvantage on professional title evaluation, teacher's honors system, rural teachers are "second-class citizens". According to survey data, although the number of teachers in rural areas, received the honorary title at least once, "county teachers" by one-third to rural teachers only County teachers; get "municipal teachers", "provincial key teachers" title, County, teachers and 4.72%, respectively, the village teacher only and 0.89%.
These disadvantaged in the job appraisal, the honor system at the end of the rural teachers, to bear more than urban teachers teaching task flows village primary school teachers to teach 2.38 courses, County and township elementary school teachers only teach and 1.14 course.
Wage of 3,000 to 4,000 yuan, there are 80% students were willing to go to the countryside
Rural teachers "wander, and catch" dilemma, in 2013, Wu Zhihui team 211, provincial key for the country and the provincial normal college students were surveyed. Investigations revealed that students ' expectations remain for treatment in the first place, and secondly the recognition and respect in the spirit, as well as professional needs.
"No, 200 Yuan! High level of rural teachers ' salaries only! Treatment of rural teachers to let city teachers and jealousy. "Lu Shide said.
How high salaries to attract teachers college graduates to the countryside? "Most of the students are not too much, only a few top teachers ' College students pay expectations high. "Wu Zhihui told China Youth daily reporter, according to survey data, when the initial monthly wage reached 3001~4000 Yuan, 79.4% of the college students surveyed said they are willing to go to the countryside to teach if wage reached 4001~5000 Yuan, 88.07% college students down to the countryside.
On September 13, 2013, the Ministry of education, the Ministry of Finance issued the document on implementing the 2013 Central 1th requires even village teachers in impoverished areas of maintenance notifications are given, even the compulsory education in impoverished areas, village schools and teachers working to support teaching. Subsequently, was introduced around supporting infrastructure, invested 150 million yuan each year in Jiangxi province, the rural primary and secondary school teachers in remote areas of special hardship allowances from 105 Yuan to 210 Yuan per month per person, the rural primary and secondary school teachers in remote areas of special allowance from 180 yuan to 360 dollars per month per person, immediately attracted a group of teachers for rural schools.
But according to estimates, if all the teachers in rural areas can reach their desired wage income, countries need to invest 260~750 billion yuan of funds.
Wu Zhihui believes that in the current environment, in addition to pinning their hopes on reform of the institutions, mechanisms, may also be internal "micro-environment" construction to be changed.
"In addition to wages, still a lot of factors affecting teachers ' enthusiasm, including appraisal, reward and punishment, a swing space conditions, training opportunities, and more. "Wu Zhihui said that rural economic and social development level, decision can't have conditions like city, teachers in rural areas or in towns and teachers have the same treatment in the short term, but if the headmaster of the school is to improve the lives of young teachers ' teaching, environment, can also improve their morale.
Wu Zhihui indicated that these "micro-environment", for "post teacher" choose to leave or stay long taught, also has some important implications. At present, the "post teacher" three years ' service, after a three-year period, some people would choose to leave. "The work easy, staying away from school for a bit, to admire and respect leaders, campus culture, and will be a factor in attracting them to stay. ”
(Original title: "when teachers than when Gong" solutions for old problems when)
近日，东北师范大学农村教育研究所发布了《中国农村教育发展报告2012》。在对全国9个省份、19个区县、174所学校共5285名教师进行调查后，报告发现，农村教育虽然得到了硬件上的改善，但由于工资待遇低下，职称评定难，在荣誉体系处于末端，农村教师这个职业对优秀人才的吸引力却日益减弱。
根据2011年的统计数据，全国义务教育阶段有专任教师868.84万人，其中，74.57%分布在镇区和乡村，近四分之一在艰苦地区工作。而根据本次调查，这些农村教师中，中老年男性占了主体，他们的知识水平普遍落后，授课专业的对口率低，年轻男性则宁愿出去打工，也不愿意在农村当教师。
教师“下不来，留不住”是困扰农村教育已久的问题。“如果保留了学校，而无法配备优秀的教师，处于社会底层的家庭子女就只能接受劣质的教育，在‘知识改变命运’和‘教育蕴藏财富’的时代背景下，这种分层化的教育无疑是对社会公正的严峻挑战。提升农村教育职业的吸引力，不只是对农村教师的尊重，更重要的是对学生平等受教育权的尊重和对社会正义的张扬。”该报告负责人、东北师范大学农村教育研究所所长邬志辉说。
中老年男性教师占统治地位，当教师不如当小工
在安徽一个村小教学点任教的冯珊是学校里唯一的年轻教师。余下的7名教师里，有5名是50岁左右的男教师，还有2人则是退休后返聘的。这是典型的村小教学点教师构成。根据本次调研数据，相对于城市学校教师的“阴盛阳衰”现象，农村教师的年龄和性别构成则表现为“年轻教师女性化、老龄教师男性化”。在样本群体中，25岁以下的教师超过80%是女性；然而到了40岁以上，男性教师就占到大多数，50岁以上教师中，超过80%都是男性。
在年龄层次上，邬志辉说，完美的教师年龄结构应该是“倒U型”，即以30~50岁年龄段的教师居多。根据调查，城市教师群体的年龄结构基本呈“倒U型”，而在农村则相反：30岁以下教师已经达到34.3%，约占三分之一，50岁以上的教师却还有22.75%，“中年塌陷”问题十分严重。
近年来农村年轻教师的增加，主要得益于国家实施的特岗教师、免费师范生计划、硕师计划等农村教师补充政策。2011年～2012年，我国共毕业免费师范生2.18万，其中有91.5%的学生到中西部中小学任教。
在新进的年轻教师中，女性占了绝大多数。究其原因，邬志辉认为，由于随着城乡限制流动的解禁，教师工资待遇的低下，比起当教师，年轻男性宁可选择出去打工；只有女性考虑到教师职业相对稳定，有助于教育下一代，因此还愿意当教师。
尽管如此，从总数上来看，村屯学校中的男性教师仍然具有明显的统治地位，在各年龄段的平均占比达到82.39%，且体现出明显的老龄化倾向。
邬志辉认为，由于学校只能按照一定的生师比配备教师，随着农村外出务工人员的增加，随迁儿童也不断增多，学生越来越少，教师便无法再增加新的编制，这限制了年轻教师的引进，造成了农村教师队伍中，“男性统治”、教师老龄化的现象。
而且，目前留在农村的男性教师，大多数是曾经的老民办教师、代课教师等，他们知识水平落后，且已经步入中老年。根据调查，农村教师第一学历平均受教育年限超过了13年，最高学历平均受教育年限接近15年，教师主体学历实现了从中专到本科的飞跃；但城市教师的上升幅度仍明显大于农村教师，农村教师的主体还是中师和师专毕业生，教师授课的专业对口率也仍然较低。
在邬志辉看来，中老年男性教师是一个尴尬的群体：年龄较大，已经失去了种地的本领，外出打工也缺乏竞争力，因此，只能坚守在教师岗位上。他们中的许多人都没有正式编制，在一些经济不发达地区，每月的工资只有五六百元，甚至300多元。
“现在，农村教师的职业已经不具有吸引力了，甚至比不上工地的小工。”华中师范大学教育学院副院长雷万鹏说。
农村教师在职称评定上处于劣势、荣誉体系处于末端
为什么农村教师职业缺乏吸引力？“农村毕业生不愿意回农村，城市师范生不愿意下农村，还是待遇问题。”在吉林省白山市抚松县教育局原局长陆世德看来，在硬件上，农村与城市教育的差距已经大大缩小，但在软件上不仅没有缩小，反而拉大了。
尽管各地农村教师的工资水平在逐步提高，但此次调研数据表明，在职称结构上，即便位于同一县域，与县城教师相比，乡镇初中和村屯小学的农村教师也明显处于弱势，只能“大器晚成”，这在一定程度上限制了农村教师的积极性。
在县城初中，拥有“中教高级”职称的教师占16.98%，平均晋升年龄39.02岁；乡镇教师中，有“中教高级”职称的则只有10.77%，平均晋升年龄40.86岁。在县城小学，教师有“小教高级”职称的占55.94%，平均晋升年龄32.98岁；村屯教师则仅占41.57%，平均晋升年龄为37.41岁。
也就是说，乡镇初中教师晋升高级职称，平均要比城市和县城教师晚近2年，村屯小学教师要晋升高级职称，则要比县城小学教师晚4年半。
“在同一个县域内，职称的分布极不均衡，会严重影响教师向农村流动的积极性。”邬志辉说，在当前的职称评定体系中，不同层级的学校能够得到的中高级专业技术职务的比例不同，因此，办学水平较低的农村学校，能获得的高级职称的比例也相应较少。
根据山东某县的职称评定规则，县级规范化小学的初中、小学高级教师职务分别控制在教师编制总数的14%、2%；一般学校的初中、小学高级教师职务则只有9%、1%。
除了在职称评定上处于劣势，在教师的荣誉体系中，农村教师也是“二等公民”。根据调研数据，农村教师数量虽多，得到的荣誉称号却最少，“县级骨干教师”称号给予农村教师的机会只有县城教师的三分之一；得到“市级骨干教师”、“省级骨干教师”称号的，县城教师中分别有4.72%和1.6%，村屯教师则只有0.89%和0.59%。
这些在职称评定上处于劣势、荣誉体系处于末端的农村教师，却要承担比城镇教师更重的教学任务，村小教师平均每人要教2.38门课程，县城和乡镇小学教师则只教1.14和1.41门课程。
工资三千到四千元，就有80%师范生愿意去农村
面对农村教师“下不来、留不住”的困境，2013年，邬志辉的团队又针对国内多所211、省属重点和省属一般师范院校的学生进行了调查。调查显示，师范生对待遇的期望值仍然摆在第一位，其次则是在精神上得到认可与尊重，以及在职称评定上的需求。
“不是两百、三百元！要大幅提高农村教师待遇才行！农村教师的待遇要让城市教师眼红。”陆世德说。
到底多高的工资，才能吸引师范毕业生去农村？“大多数学生都没有漫天要价的心态，只有几所顶尖师范院校的学生对工资的期望值比较高。”邬志辉告诉中国青年报记者，根据调研数据，初期月工资达到3001～4000元时，就有79.4%的受访大学生表示愿意去农村任教；如果工资达到4001～5000元，88.07%的大学生都愿意下到农村。
2013年9月13日，教育部、财政部印发《关于落实2013年中央1号文件要求对在连片特困地区工作的乡村教师给予生活补助的通知》，对连片特困地区义务教育乡、村学校和教学点工作的教师给予生活补助。随后，各地也出台配套措施，如江西省每年投入1.5亿元，将艰苦边远地区农村中小学教师特殊津贴由每人每月105元提高到210元，最边远地区农村中小学教师特殊津贴标准由每人每月180元提高到360元，立刻吸引了一批教师前往农村任教。
但根据测算，如果让所有农村地区教师都能达到他们所期望的工资收入，国家还需要投入260～750亿元的资金。
邬志辉认为，在目前的环境下，除了寄希望于体制、机制的改革，还可以通过学校内部“微环境”的建设加以改变。
“除了工资水平，影响教师积极性的因素还很多，包括考核、奖惩、周转房条件、培训机会等等。”邬志辉说，农村的经济社会发展水平，决定了不可能拥有像城市一样的条件，农村教师也不可能在短期内拥有和城镇教师一样的待遇，但如果各个学校的校长都能尽力改善年轻教师的教学、生活环境，也能够提高他们的积极性。
邬志辉表示，这些“微环境”因素，对于“特岗教师”选择离开还是留下长期从教，也有着重要的意义。目前，“特岗教师”的服务期是三年，三年期满后，一些人都会选择离开。“工作负担轻一点，住的离学校近一点，能够得到领导的赏识和尊重，校园文化更温馨，都会成为吸引他们留下来的因素。”
（原标题：“当教师不如当小工” 老难题何时能解）
赞