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The author:(作者)归海一刀published in(发表于) 2014/5/9 7:45:21 Overmining of groundwater in Hebei province： land subsidence in Cangzhou for nearly 40 years 2.4 m
26 underground coolant funnel of Hebei "subsidence" crises – Hebei groundwater overdraft phenomena investigation
Xinhuanet, Shijiazhuang, May 9 (reporter Bai Lin)-there is a huge funnel area of groundwater in hengshui city, Hebei province, has been extended to the hengshui city, and connected to the funnel around the district, formed an area of 44,000 square kilometers, the Center compound funnel of water buried depth of 112 meters.
Hebei is severely overdrawn nonrenewable groundwater, formed the country's largest underground funnel area, and triggered a series of ecological and geological disaster, a serious threat to people's lives.
Groundwater descent funnel 26 Ley lines of up to 8 km
Since the beginning of last century 80 's over-exploitation of groundwater, average overmining in Hebei more than 5 billion cubic meters, has a total overdraft 150 billion cubic meters, covering an area of 67,000 square kilometers, overdraft and overdraft area are the one-third of the country.
China's largest underground funnel area in Hebei province. Issued by the Hebei provincial Department of land and resources last year shows the 2012 report on the State of the geological environment in Hebei province, the province's total of groundwater descent funnel 26, including funnel area of more than 1000 square kilometres 7.
Hengshui city water authority official told reporters, after the last century 80 's, hengshui territory there is no surface water, all water resources are used by over-exploitation of groundwater. Groundwater cannot be recovered, with less sides. Thus, caused cracks in ground subsidence, saltwater interface down invading scrapped to speed up in deep water, well, a series of environmental and geological disasters.
Hengshui ground settlement of 5 cm each year, settlement lead to Ley lines. 2006-2010 ground fissures in hengshui city, there were 10 big, located in Anping, Shenzhou, and the ancient city of jingxian County, wuqiang, development zones and other places. Cracks generally 50 to 500 meters long, the longest is ground fissures in fucheng County, one of the products of Wuyi, 8 km long.
Cangzhou city of Hebei province, because of saline-alkali land, surface water undrinkable, so that overdraft situation is very serious. 2.4 meters of ground subsidence in nearly 40 years, first floor of the ward in a hospital in the city has become a "basement".
Hengshui well scrap 3% to 5% per year, more and deeper, has reached six hundred or seven hundred meters deep. Similar situation in Hebei also had occurred.
Overmining of groundwater in Hebei plain in the regional water table decline at the same time, also triggered a regional ecological crisis. Hebei 95% of the plain rivers dry up, 90% wetlands disappeared, two of the largest wetland of baiyangdian Lake and the hengshui Lake are illuminated by artificial water and maintain a certain level of water.
Declined 80% per cent of groundwater for irrigation water consumption
Hebei is the major grain producing areas, agriculture accounted for more than 70%. In order to ensure grain output and farmers ' income had to be considerable overdraft of groundwater for irrigation, irrigation 80% above the well irrigation area of the province.
Institute of genetics and developmental biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences researcher of agricultural resources Research Center Shen Yanjun said, over the past 25 years in Hebei southern plain net consumption of underground water used in food production, of underground water has caused an average decline of 7.4 meters, local areas of up to 20 meters. In other words, this volume of groundwater declining in the same period, 80% above are caused by agricultural irrigation water consumption.
A county in hengshui agriculture and animal husbandry Bureau said that although agriculture is the major water consumption, but as a national grain production counties, to ensure that the annual production of more than 500 million pounds of food had to be exploitation of groundwater. Main problem is the low rate of utilization of agricultural water.
In addition to agriculture, in the process of urbanization in Hebei province, also faces pressure on water resources. Senior water experts in Hebei province Wei Zhimin believes that Hebei has reached more than 70 million population, population growth will undoubtedly increase water consumption, economic development will increase water consumption, from the 50 's of the last century to the present, the whole water consumption has increased by 5 times, is beyond the affordability of water resources in the province. Behind the high water consumption is the unreasonable industrial structure.
Hebei province water resources Bulletin showed that first half of the year, reduction in available water in the province last year, water resource supply and demand ratio for only 0.79, amounted to 3.309 billion cubic meters of water shortages. Mountain streams to less water in the province, some human and livestock drinking water in mountain areas are experiencing serious difficulties. Continued over-exploitation of groundwater would be inevitable.
Water diversion and water conservation both hard water prices reflect scarcity degree
Press interview in hengshui informed that up to now, neither the city runoff, also no impoundment of Water Conservancy works, unless the source, even if there is rain, it could not store. Some experts believe that to solve groundwater overdraft problem, got into the water, and then to water storage and water conservation. "There is no surface water saving is the ultimate measure only alone in hengshui, mass introduction of surface water in order to fundamentally solve the problem. "Hengshui city water authority official said, but he also ghost about how much water can bring to mind.
Some experts believe that the route of this year's water, permanent wanjiazhai project started this year, but outside is just a temporary relief to water shortages, "yuanshuijiebuliaojinke", it is difficult to cure, only the water is the only way.
70% per cent of total water utilization in agricultural water accounts for social, almost 70% of wheat and agricultural water use. Relevant leaders of Hebei province said that Hebei will actively adjusting the planting structure, proper pressure reduction in winter wheat area, switching to corn, cotton, peanut, sunflower, low-water crops such as cereals, encouraging crops forage crops such as silage corn and alfalfa.
Some farmers said they were unwilling to give up rice. A basic agricultural Secretary said, cannot just requires adjusting the planting structure, according to the agricultural reality.
Experts said the groundwater overdrawn pilot pay great attention to the innovation in institutions and mechanisms of governance, actively promoting water pricing reform so that water reflect water scarcity degree; to make sufficient use of market mechanisms, groundwater overdraft in mobilizing social forces to participate in governance and promote various trades and industries to conserve water, and building water-saving society. To really implement the most strict system of water resources management, focusing on implementation of total quantity control of groundwater exploitation, development of groundwater control the water level. We should focus on strengthening of overdrawn area of groundwater monitoring, and establish and improve groundwater monitoring networks, improve the scientific management level. Ramp up, raise the consciousness of water saving.
地下26个失水漏斗，河北“沉降”危机重重——河北地下水超采现象调查
新华网石家庄5月9日电 (记者白林)河北衡水市有一个巨大的地下水漏斗区，目前已扩展到衡水全市，并与周边漏斗区相连，形成了一个面积约4.4万平方公里、中心水位埋深112米的复合型漏斗。
正严重超采不可再生地下水的河北，形成了全国最大的地下水漏斗区，并由此引发一系列生态和地质灾害问题，严重威胁着人们的生活。
地下水位降落漏斗26个 地裂最长8公里
自上世纪80年代开始超采地下水，河北年均超采50多亿方，已累计超采1500亿方，面积达6.7万平方公里，超采量和超采区面积均为全国的1／3。
中国最大的地下水漏斗区在河北。河北省国土资源厅去年发布的《2012年河北省地质环境状况公报》显示，全省共有地下水位降落漏斗26个，其中漏斗面积超过1000平方公里的有7个。
衡水市水务局相关负责人对记者说，上世纪八十年代以后，衡水境内就没有地表水，所用的所有水资源都是超采地下水。地下水不可恢复，用一方就少一方。由此，引发地面沉降裂缝、咸水界面下移入侵深层淡水、机井报废加快等一系列环境问题和地质灾害。
衡水地面每年沉降5厘米，沉降引发地裂。从2006至2010年，衡水市共发生10起比较大的地裂缝，分布在安平、深州、景县、故城、武强、开发区等地。裂缝一般长50至500米，最长的是武邑至阜城县的一条地裂缝，长8公里。
河北沧州，由于是盐碱地，地表水不能喝，因此超采情况非常严重。近40年来地面沉降2.4米，这个市某医院病房一楼已变成“地下室”。
衡水机井每年报废达3%至5%，井越打越深，最深的已经到了六七百米。相似的情况在河北多地也有发生。
河北平原地下水超采在造成区域性地下水位下降的同时，也引发了区域生态危机。河北95%以上的平原河道干涸，90%湿地消失，最大的两个湿地白洋淀和衡水湖都靠人工调水维持一定的水面。
地下水下降量8成以上为农业灌溉耗水
河北是粮食主产区，农业用水占70%以上。为了保障粮食增产和农民增收，不得不大量超采地下水进行农业灌溉，农田灌溉全省80%以上是井灌区。
中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心研究员沈彦俊说，过去25年河北中南部平原用于粮食生产的地下水净消耗，已造成区域平均的地下水下降达7.4米，局部地区达20米。换句话说，同时期这一地区地下水下降量，有8成以上是由农业灌溉耗水引起的。
衡水某县一位农牧局负责人说，尽管农业是耗水大户，但是作为全国粮食产能大县，为保证每年生产5亿斤以上的粮食，不得不开采地下水。主要问题是农业用水的利用率不高。
除了农业，河北省在城镇化发展过程中，同样面临着水资源的压力。河北省资深水利专家魏智敏认为，河北人口已达7000多万，人口的增长必然会增加用水量；经济的发展，必然会增加用水量，从上世纪50年代到现在，整个用水量增加了5倍，已经超出了本省水力资源负担能力。高耗水的背后是产业结构的不合理。
河北省水资源简报显示，今年上半年，全省可供水量比去年有所减少，水资源供需比仅为0.79，缺水量达33.09亿立方米。全省山区河流来水量较少，部分山区人畜饮用水将发生严重困难。继续超采地下水将不可避免。
引调水和节水两手都要硬 水价要反映出稀缺程度
记者在衡水采访了解到，截至目前，这个市既无地表径流，也基本无水利设施可引蓄水源，即使有降雨，也蓄不住。一些专家认为，要解决地下水超采问题，就得引得进水来，然后才能靠蓄水和节约用水。“没有地表水的衡水仅靠节水只能是扬汤止沸，大量引进地表水才能从根本上解决问题。”衡水市水务局相关负责人说，但是他对能引进来多少水心里也没谱。
也有一些专家认为，南水北调今年通水，引黄入冀永久性工程今年动工，但外来水只是暂时缓解缺水问题，“远水解不了近渴”，难以治本，只有节水才是必由之路。
农业用水占社会总用水量的70%以上，小麦又占农业用水量的近70%。河北省有关领导表示，河北将积极调整种植结构，适当压减冬小麦面积，改种玉米、棉花、花生、油葵、杂粮等低耗水农作物，鼓励改种青贮玉米、苜蓿等饲草作物。
一些农民表示，他们并不愿放弃种粮。一位基层农业局长表示，不能一味要求调整种植结构，还得根据农业的实际情况来定。
专家表示，地下水超采治理试点要高度重视体制机制创新，要积极推进水价改革，使水价反映水资源稀缺程度；要充分利用市场机制，调动社会力量参与地下水超采治理，促进各行各业节约用水，建设节水型社会。要真正落实最严格的水资源管理制度，重点实行地下水开采总量控制，制定地下水控制水位。要重点加强超采区地下水动态监测，建立健全地下水动态监测网络，提高科学管理水平。加大宣传，提高全民节水意识。
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