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The author:(作者)归海一刀published in(发表于) 2014/5/27 9:21:16 Viet Nam smashed activities began in the southern economic zone， local workers used strike
The China economic weekly reporter Zhang Lujing | Beijing-Ho Chi Minh City link reported
Since 2004, China has 10 consecutive years as Viet Nam's largest trading partner. At present, China is Viet Nam's largest importer, one-third per cent of its total imports, and China and Viet Nam the fourth largest export, 10% per cent of their total exports. According to Chinese customs statistics, in 2013, the bilateral trade volume reached 65.48 billion US dollars, an increase of 30%.
Why do Chinese companies like investment in Viet Nam?
From around 2000 onwards, in the international context of global economic integration, Chinese businesses are also rising, "going out" boom. At that time, the Viet Nam Government also rolled out some preferential policies to attract foreign investment. Thus, in 2003, Chinese companies choose to Viet Nam investment, especially after the financial crisis of 2008, Viet Nam's low labour costs but also attracted many foreign companies, including Chinese companies.
Yunnan Houching Viet Nam investment Hanoi Vietnam runs a production and sales of pharmaceutical companies. He said in media interviews, Viet Nam factory has many unique advantages. First of all, is that labor costs are low. "Chinese workers work 8 hours a day, the minimum monthly salary of two thousand or three thousand Yuan, Viet Nam workers and working time is 8 hours, wages are around 1000; Viet Nam labour law does not provide for no work 12 hours, we plant to implement the 12-hour work system, workers ' wages to around 1500. ”
In addition, according to Houching introduction, Viet Nam industrial raw materials are much cheaper than China, ethanol, coal, water is cheaper than domestic, and Viet Nam's environmental rating and few provisions, which attract a lot of foreign companies to produce optical products, however, the low environmental impact assessment standards led to serious heavy metal contamination.
However, in Houching opinion, Viet Nam is suitable for the production of enterprise development, not suitable for high-tech enterprises, Viet Nam's scientific research and sustainable development capacity is weak.
On May 16, 2014, Xu Ningning, Executive President of the China-ASEAN Business Council said in media interviews: "the low cost of labour, investment incentives, as well as being included in the trans-Pacific partnership agreement (TPP), a series of trade negotiations, which is Viet Nam important reason for attracting foreign investment. ”
Statistics on access to information, by the end of March 2013, China, Viet Nam investment effectively, 899, a contract totalling $ 4.71 billion, 101 pairs of Viet Nam investment countries and regions ranked in 13th place. Investments mainly in the manufacturing, construction and other industries.
Viet Nam national statistical office data showed that as of April 20, 2014, this year, Viet Nam received 3.228 billion dollars in foreign direct investment, which came from China (including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) at 18.5%. According to the Viet Nam investment review reported on March 16, as of February 20, 2014, Viet Nam cumulative total of foreign direct investment (FDI) projects 16,053, with registered capital totalling $ 234.7 billion. Japan, and Singapore and Korea the top three. China ranked Nineth total 998 projects, total registered capital of $ 7.29 billion.
In 2008, after the outbreak of the international financial crisis, CE-intensive into Viet Nam
At present, the number of Chinese enterprises in Viet Nam investment, there are no official statistics. The China economic weekly special selection China Viet Nam Chamber of Commerce 113 Member Directory for the sample, combs of Chinese enterprises in Viet Nam investment context.
113 Chinese companies can be found in Viet Nam in factories with 67.
Among them, the 90 's of the last century to Viet Nam has 12 investments of Chinese companies, mainly engaged in the engineering contracting business, such as China National building material international Viet Nam company (1990), China Road and bridge Corporation Viet Nam Office (late 90 's), and so on.
From 2000 to 2003, Chinese enterprises to Viet Nam investment growth for the first time, during which there are 10 companies to enter Viet Nam. After the 2008 global financial crisis, Viet Nam has attracted more foreign companies to invest.
In 2008, the global economic and financial crisis, "cold snap", which forced many companies choose to turn to invest in Southeast Asia. For Chinese companies, who not only face the challenge of international purchasing power caused the financial crisis, while affecting foreign investment to China and the Renminbi appreciation for purchasing raw materials, while also affecting China's exports of manufactured goods. At this point, for SMEs in China, overseas investment, local production and local sale is forced to choose between. This can avoid export disadvantage of renminbi appreciation against the dollar, on the other, competitive products directly to foreign sales may reduce export costs, bypassing trade barriers.
Engineering Contracting enterprises the highest proportion
113 Chinese companies, in Viet Nam investment most of the engineering contracting enterprises (26), in addition, machine building (11), metal smelting (9), building materials (7) enterprises in Viet Nam investment hot spot.
Chinese company in 1992 to enter Viet Nam engineering contracting markets, after operating for many years, "Chinese architecture" has been in Viet Nam have formulated a brand, many construction projects by the Chinese side, and Viet Nam in South-East Asia has become China's largest engineering contracting market.
According to media reports, in 2008, China, Viet Nam signed 1685 project contracting, labor service cooperation, designs consultation contract, the contract amount of $ 3.085 billion, the turnovers 1.982 billion u.s. dollars. Chinese enterprises in Viet Nam hydropower, thermal power, cement, chemical industry and other fields have certain competitive advantages. At the end of December 2009, China in Viet Nam project contract to us $ 15.42 billion, 7.517 billion dollars in turnover.
Electrical appliances are CE in Viet Nam calling card
Because the labor cost and other advantages, Viet Nam in recent years also become household appliances (3) investment in industries such as hot spots. According to Viet Nam 2007 commitments when it joined the WTO, import tariffs on televisions, air conditioners, washing machines and other household appliances will drop to 25% during 3-5. But if Viet Nam local production and sales, and zero tariffs.
Viet Nam Government's many positives, spurred by China's TCL (1999), the United States (2007), supor (2008) and Japan and South Korea's Samsung, Sanyo, Toshiba, LG, AUO, Panasonic, sharp and other household electrical appliance enterprises have worked in Viet Nam in factories.
At present, the appliance has become the Chinese enterprises in Viet Nam for a business card. It is learnt that the 2013 Viet Nam home appliance industry growth rate is 22%. China's small household electrical appliances such as hair dryers, electric irons, electric stove and inexpensive, well received by Viet Nam of consumers of all ages.
Motorcycle enterprises: short-lived top dog
113 companies have 4 motorcycle manufacturing companies: lifan Viet Nam motorcycle manufacturing joint venture company (2002), United bearing the motorcycle company (2001), ZONGSHEN motor manufacturing company (2004), Chongqing Viet Nam Dong industrial manufacturing limited liability company (2000).
Starting from 1999, China Motor entered Viet Nam market. China motorcycles to Korea $ 700 below than Japan car 1200~1500 low price advantage becomes Viet Nam market "all heroes in overlord" market shares reached 80%. Time, loncin, lifan, ZONGSHEN, jialing motorcycle produced by Chinese enterprises, such as flooded streets from cities to the countryside, well received by Viet Nam of consumers.
However, maybe the money is too easy, then, many Chinese companies have become eager, to kill each other. According to media reports, to compete for customers, Chinese companies bargain with each other, vicious competition, leading to market confusion. Viet Nam customers managed to provoke a price war, Motorcycle Accessories, prices plummeted, reduced from $ 530~550/set and then $ 400~450/set, some companies have even dropped to $ 300~350/set, is already a money-losing exports. Around 2003, the Viet Nam China's motorcycle enterprises is Japan brand snatched the top spot.
Enterprises to invest in extending to the services
It is worth noting that, in recent years, Chinese enterprises continue to increase investment in Viet Nam investment proportion of the tertiary industry, including transportation (8), dining (7), banks (4), communication telecommunication (4), pharmaceuticals (2) industries have investment, China enterprises investment direction is towards services and constantly extends.
Among them, the communications industry doing well. In February 2004, ZTE and Viet Nam railways head office building Viet Nam signed a framework agreement for railway communication network, this is the first large-scale entry of Chinese communication equipment manufacturing Viet Nam market. In August 2010, Huawei in Viet Nam for the first show opened the store until May of that year, Huawei in Viet Nam mobile broadband device market has more than $ 100 million.
China UnionPay company limited (2005), ICBC Hanoi branch (2009), Bank of communications company in Ho Chi Minh City Branch (2011), the agricultural Bank of China Representative Office in Hanoi (2012), in recent years has started in Viet Nam to conduct financial services business. For Chinese-invested enterprises in Viet Nam's demand for loans, credit support, provision of cross-border financial services.
Viet Nam labour disputes, Viet Nam's Labour Union said "good booing a swarm of workers"
However, many business owners said in an interview with the China economic weekly, Viet Nam's labour relations have been so nervous, this is not limited to Chinese companies.
According to Viet Nam of the Central Institute of economic management was completed in March 2010 survey report, Viet Nam Government-imposed minimum wages are lower than the market wage 20%, 40% lower than in other countries in South-East Asia region, only to meet workers ' needs 60%~65%. In this case, the Viet Nam's prices are rising, the 2010 CPI increases up to 20%. In 2013, the Viet Nam eased inflation, CPI for the lowest in a decade, an increase of 6.04%. But CPI increases higher than GDP growth 1%.
After the outbreak of the financial crisis of 2008, a number of foreign investments, Viet Nam economy is not good, none, people complaining to the Government.
According to media reports, because of low salaries, some workers by life stress, and theft of company property, the appalling phenomenon of repeated, it is difficult to prevent, to enterprises from a larger disturbance. The issue involving personal pride, extreme sensitivity, poorly handled very easily lead to a labour conflict.
Back in August 2007, belonging to Viet Nam Union of Viet Nam Institute for workers and trade unions announced the labor relations in foreign-funded enterprises report noted that, "in the event of labour disputes, they (workers) are easy to blind reactions regardless of the consequences, not for the sake of business, go to, trouble at any time, good aggregation of booing. ”
Strike resulting from such labour conflicts occur frequently. According to Viet Nam Federation of labour relations report published in March 2010, from 1995 to 2010, Viet Nam total of workers ' strike nearly 4000, yearly growth characteristics. These strike 72% occurred in foreign-funded enterprises, 80% concentrated its strikes on the southern key economic zone, Viet Nam South is the Viet Nam vandalism burned areas where violence first erupted.
Experts say: "Viet Nam country risk level or improved"
International well-known management advisory company Strategy& (original Bo Republika company) senior consultant Dan Xiaohu told China economic weekly under: they service of enterprise in the on has in Viet Nam investment of China enterprise, this event Hou customer mostly requires made risk analysis report, especially for investment built factory of project, General will select in China export credit insurance company (Xia said "CITIC insurance") insured to reduced overseas investment may exists of risk.
"All the foreign investing overseas will have risks, and the risk is always the dynamic process of change. CITIC was released in 2005 of the first analyses of country risk report, country risks are divided into 1~9 level, grade 9 for the countries most at risk, in which Viet Nam and the Philippines a rating of 6, countries belonging to the risk of medium. The Viet Nam after the event, in its latest country risk analysis report are likely to increase in Viet Nam the level of risk. "Dan Xiaohu said that Viet Nam after notice first that keeps track of Chinese enterprises ' overseas investment risk; the second localized risk management, to put local people come, even bundle and the local government, and local government as well as the Embassy of China in close contact not isolated and isolating themselves, keep communication open.
《中国经济周刊》 记者 张璐晶|北京—胡志明市连线报道
自2004年起，中国已经连续10年成为越南第一大贸易伙伴。目前，中国是越南最大的进口国，占到其进口总额的三分之一；中国还是越南出口的第四大国，占其出口总额的10%。据中国海关统计，2013年，中越双边贸易额达到654.8亿美元，同比增长30%。
中国企业为什么喜欢投资越南？
从2000年左右开始，在全球经济一体化的国际大背景下，中国企业界也兴起了“走出去”的热潮。当时，越南政府也推出了吸引外资的一些优惠政策。于是，2003年前后，中国企业选择到越南投资，尤其是2008年金融危机之后，越南的低劳动力成本更是吸引了包括中国企业在内的众多外国企业。
云南人胡欣在越南河内投资经营了一家集生产、销售为一体的医药企业。他在接受媒体采访时表示，在越南办工厂有很多得天独厚的优势。首先就是劳动力成本很低。“中国工人一天工作8小时，其月工资最低为两三千元，越南工人工作时间为8小时的，工资在一千元左右；越南劳动法没有规定不许工作12小时，我们的工厂施行的是12小时工作制，工人的工资为1500元左右。”
此外，据胡欣介绍，越南的工业原料比中国便宜很多，酒精、煤炭、水等也比国内便宜；而且越南的环保评级规定也很少，这吸引了很多生产光电产品的外国企业，但环评低标准导致了严重的重金属污染。
不过，在胡欣看来，越南适合生产企业发展，不适合高科技企业，因为越南的科研能力和可持续发展能力很弱。
2014年5月16日，中国—东盟商务理事会执行理事长许宁宁在接受媒体采访时表示：“劳动力成本低廉、对外资的优惠政策以及正在进行中的包括跨太平洋伙伴关系协定(TPP)在内的一系列贸易谈判，这些都是越南吸引外资的重要原因。”
有公开资料统计称，截至2013年3月底，中国对越南投资有效项目899个，合同总额47.1亿美元，在101个对越南投资的国家和地区中排名第13位。投资主要集中在加工制造业、建筑建设等行业。
越南国家统计局的数据显示，截至2014年4月20日，今年越南共吸收外国直接投资32.28亿美元，其中来自中国(包括香港、澳门和台湾地区)的占18.5%。另据《越南投资评论》3月16日报道，截至2014年2月20日，越南累计共有外商直接投资(FDI)项目16053个，注册资本总额2347亿美元。其中日本、新加坡和韩国位居前三。中国位居第九，共投资998个项目，注册资本总额72.9亿美元。
2008年国际金融危机爆发后，中企密集进入越南
目前，有多少家中国企业在越南投资，并没有官方统计。《中国经济周刊》特选取中国越南商会113家会员名录为样本，梳理中国企业在越南的投资脉络。
113家中国企业中，可查询到在越南投资设厂时间的有67家。
其中，上世纪90年代到越南投资的中国企业有12家，主要从事工程承包业务等，如中国建材国际越南公司(1990年)、中国路桥工程有限责任公司越南办事处(上世纪90年代)等。
2000年到2003年，中国企业到越南投资出现第一次明显增长，其间，有10家企业进入越南。2008年国际金融危机后，越南吸引了更多外国企业前往投资。
2008年，全球经济遭遇金融危机“寒流”，这迫使很多国家的企业选择转向东南亚地区投资建厂。对于中国企业来说，不仅面临金融危机造成国际购买力下降的难题，同时人民币升值一方面影响外资到中国采购原材料，一方面又影响中国制成品出口。此时，对于中国的中小企业来说，开展海外投资，实现当地生产、当地销售是被迫选择。这一方面可以避免人民币兑美元升值的出口劣势；另一方面，有竞争力的产品直接到国外销售可以降低出口成本，绕开贸易壁垒。
工程承包类企业占比最高
113家中国企业中，在越南投资最多的是工程承包类企业(26家)、除此之外，机械制造(11家)、金属冶炼(9家)、建筑材料(7家)也是中企在越南投资的热点。
中国企业于1992年进入越南工程承包市场，经过多年经营，“中国建筑”已经在越南逐渐形成品牌效应，很多由中方承建的项目获得各方好评，越南已成为中国在东南亚最大的工程承包市场。
据媒体报道，2008年，中国在越南新签工程承包、劳务合作、设计咨询合同1685份，合同额30.85亿美元，完成营业额19.82亿美元。中国企业在越南水电、火电、水泥、化工等领域具备一定竞争优势。截至2009年12月底，中国在越南的工程承包合同额为154.2亿美元，营业额75.17亿美元。
家电是中企在越南的名片
因为劳动力成本等优势，越南近年来也成为家用电器(3家)等产业的投资热点。根据越南2007年加入WTO时的承诺，电视、空调、洗衣机等家用电器进口关税在3~5年内将降至25%。但如果在越南本地生产销售的话，就是零关税。
在越南政府诸多利好的刺激下，中国的TCL(1999年)、美的(2007年)、苏泊尔(2008年)和日韩的三星、三洋、东芝、LG、友达、松下、夏普等家电企业均先后在越南投资设厂。
目前，家电已经成为中国企业在越南的一张名片。据悉，2013年越南小家电行业增长率为22%。吹风机、电熨斗、电磁炉等中国小家电产品物美价廉，广受越南消费者的青睐。
摩托车企业：昙花一现的霸主
在113家企业中还有4家摩托车制造企业：力帆越南摩托车制造联营公司(2002年)、优耐特摩托车公司(2001年)、宗申电机制造公司(2004年)、重庆越南东本工业制造有限责任公司(2000年)。
从1999年开始，中国摩托车开始进入越南市场。当时中国摩托车以比韩国车低700美元，比日本车低1200～1500美元的价格优势成为越南市场的“武林霸主”，市场占有率一度达到了80%。一时间，隆鑫、力帆、宗申、嘉陵等中国企业生产的摩托车充斥了大街小巷，从城市到农村，广受越南消费者欢迎。
然而，也许是钱赚得太容易了，随后，许多中国企业变得急功近利、自相残杀。据媒体报道，为争夺客户，中国企业内部互相压价，恶性竞争，导致市场混乱。越南客户则趁机挑动价格战，一时间摩托车配件的价格直线下降，由原来的530～550美元／套降到后来的400～450美元／套，有的公司甚至降到300～350美元／套，已经是亏本出口。2003年前后，在越南的中国摩托车企业被日本品牌抢去了头把交椅。
中企投资向服务业延伸
值得注意的是，近年来，中国企业不断加大对越南投资中第三产业的比重，包括运输(8家)、餐饮(7家)、银行(4家)、通讯电信(4家)、 医药(2家)等行业都有投资，中国企业的投资方向正在向服务业不断延伸。
其中，通讯行业表现不俗。2004年2月，中兴通讯和越南铁路总公司就建设越南铁路通信网项目签订框架协议，这是中国通信设备制造企业首次大规模进入越南市场。2010年8月，华为在越南的第一个样品展示店开张；截至当年5月，华为在越南市场销售的移动宽频设备已逾1亿个。
中国银联股份有限公司(2005年)、中国工商银行股份有限公司河内分行(2009年)、交通银行股份有限公司胡志明市分行(2011年)、中国农业银行河内代表处(2012年)，近年来也先后开始在越南开展金融服务业务。这为中资企业在越南的贷款需求、信贷支持，提供了跨境金融服务。
越南劳资纠纷频现，越南工会称“工人好群聚起哄”
不过，有多位企业主在接受《中国经济周刊》采访时表示，越南的劳资关系其实一直都很紧张，这并不仅限于中资企业。
根据越南中央经济管理研究院2010年3月完成的调查报告，越南政府规定的最低工资标准比市场工资水平低20%，比东南亚地区其他国家低40%，只能够满足工人生活需要的 60%～65%。在这种情况下，越南的物价却不断上涨，2010年CPI增幅高达20%。2013年，越南通货膨胀有所缓解，CPI为十年来最低，增幅为6.04%。但是CPI增幅高于GDP增幅一个百分点。
2008年金融危机爆发以后，一些外资撤离，越南经济长期不好，一直没有复苏，老百姓对政府怨声载道。
据媒体报道，由于工资低，有些工人因生活压力而偷窃公司财物，这样的恶劣现象屡禁不止，难以防范，给企业造成较大困扰。而此问题因涉及个人自尊，极为敏感，处理不当极容易导致劳资冲突。
早在2007年8月，隶属于越南总工会的越南工人和工会研究院公布的《外资企业劳动关系的调查报告》指出，“在发生劳资纠纷时，他们(工人)易于盲动，不计后果，不为企业着想，随去随来，随时生事，好群聚起哄。”
这种劳资冲突造成的罢工经常出现。根据越南总工会2010年3月发表的劳资关系报告，从1995年到2010年，越南共发生工人罢工近4000起，呈现逐年增长的特点。这些罢工72%发生在外资企业，80%的罢工集中在南方重点经济区，而越南南方恰是此次越南打砸抢烧暴力活动最先爆发的地区。
专家称：“越南国家风险级别或被上调”
国际知名管理咨询公司Strategy&(原博斯公司)高级顾问单小虎告诉《中国经济周刊》：他们服务的企业中就有在越南投资的中国企业，此次事件后客户大多要求作出风险分析报告，特别是对于投资建厂的项目，一般会选择在中国出口信用保险公司(下称“中信保”)投保来降低海外投资可能存在的风险。
“所有走出去的对外投资都会有风险，而且风险还处于时时变动的动态过程之中。中信保2005年发布了首份《国家风险分析报告》，将国家风险分为1~9级，9级为风险最大的国家，其中，越南、菲律宾等的评级为6,属于风险中等的国家。此次越南事件后，在最新的国家风险分析报告中有可能会上调越南的风险级别。”单小虎说，越南事件后，中国企业海外投资首先要注意持续跟踪风险；第二做好本地化风险管理，要把本地员工请进来，甚至要和当地政府捆绑，和当地政府以及中国驻当地使馆紧密联系，不孤立和隔绝自己，保持沟通畅通。
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