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The author:(作者)qqpublished in(发表于) 2014/6/7 11:32:03 Substitution solve the employment difficulties of the machine in some enterprises， alleged or affecting employment
Reporter Bai Tianliang
Zhejiang 5 plans to invest 500 billion yuan to implement "machine change" project, Dongguan encourage encounter "recruitment" corporate "machine substitutions" ... ... Many people worry that such an approach would affect employment.
China is the most populous country, workforce first, employment is always a priority. Machine replacement, increased productivity and automation level, but will this conflict with steady employment? Driven by technological advances, innovation is the development direction in the future, but its relationship with employment and what kind of? This reporter interviewed.
Hiring difficult, and expensive, some companies "substitute of the machine"
--Local area mainly because no one used machines replace human, have a negative effect on the employment
Why the machine suddenly changed to warm up?
"The difficulties in recruitment, hiring expensive, machines replaced. "-Many business owners expressed the idea.
Zhejiang Yun as soon as textile companies last year purchased 4 automatic perforation machines, each worker can replace 10 piercing. Business leaders said it was forced out of the way. Increasingly high labor costs on the one hand, it is rising every year, on the other hand want to hire skilled workers less and less easy, simply invest in machines and frozen recruitment worries.
Introduction of machine, reduce labor, not only in the manufacturing sector, also spread to the service sector.
Hegu and fast food, with hundreds of stores throughout the country. "Before every shop has to have 2-3 dishwasher, 2000 Yuan a month is fixed now dishwasher, hourly workers and is very unstable, so most are equipped with a dishwasher, a one-time solution. "His comrades in charge of the company, said in Beijing.
"Substitute of recent machines in the eastern coastal areas, mostly in the employment measures taken in response to the pressure. "Department of human resources and social security, said Zheng Dongliang, Director of the Institute of labor science.
Zheng Dongliang, "said substitute of the machine" is a popular saying, refers to technological advances and equipment upgrades in the process of reducing the use of labour. This situation has continued, especially in the manufacturing sector, combined with a widespread adoption of new technologies and new equipment, automation levels increase, unit production value the amount of labor used by industries has been on the decline. Just most of the time this process was gradual, no particular cause for concern.
Evaluation of Zhejiang, Guangdong and other places in the near future appears to be machine change would affect employment, what is key is to look at its causes. "Mainly because no one used machines replace human, will not have any negative impact on employment because their backgrounds are labor tensions. ”
He said that supply-demand situation in the labour market is changing in China. Workforce remains high, but the working-age population fell began to emerge after the peak labor demand is no longer relative to the beginning of the century "unlimited supplies". Survey of 100 cities nationwide, asking rate (jobs/job search number) 1.11 per cent in the first quarter of this year, 111 jobs corresponding to 100 applicants, total contradiction is not the first issues in the areas of employment, structural tensions rise to contradictions. Changes in the supply-demand situation led to rising labor costs, rural workers ' average wage increase in each of the past three years at more than 10%. This is particularly prominent in the economically developed eastern coastal region. For example, Zhejiang, Guangdong and other places, its manufacturing and labor-intensive industries, long relied on migrant labor. As the Midwest's economic rise, an increasing number of labour found no need to go too far from home to find work and have good wages and benefits, more inclined to travel employment. And high cost of living in economically developed regions, only pay higher wages are likely to attract a sufficient number of migrant labor. "Substitute of Zhejiang, Guangdong and other recent machines, is the result of hiring difficult and expensive interwoven. "Zheng Dongliang said.
Zhejiang Provincial Committee through a letter of last year surveys also confirm that. , 567 for 30 industrial enterprises in Zhejiang machines replaced the special survey carried out by 75.7% Enterprise "high labor costs" as machines replaced the primary reason, 38.1% said the substitute of the machine "the urgent need", 61.5% of the enterprise change through the machine at least reduced 10% employees.
China Academy of social sciences researcher Chen Yao, said results from the employment difficulty of substitution does not affect the employment of the machine, but due to production could be sustained, could lead their upstream and downstream industries running and growing in size, conducive to employment.
Technological progress on employment are not necessarily impact
--High-tech industry development on the employment effects of duality, while technological advances will make the jobs number reduced, on the one hand industrial upgrading would bring growth, expanding employment opportunities
Eastern region "machine change" does not have a negative impact on employment, but this trend will spread quickly in a short period? Especially with the industrial transformation and upgrading, innovation-driven strategy implementation, will ultimately affect employment?
"Machines and weapons at the moment changed, much less rapid spread across the country. "Chen Yao said. He said that machines replaced the first is cost. Machine replacement in some cities along the coast, due to labor costs growth to higher levels, levels, enterprises after accounting for discovery and introduction of machine production costs considerably. "The machine is the cost, and it's not being as low cost, not including alternative artificial devices, often involve more equipment to improve or update, even covering the entire production process of renovation, one-time investment is quite high. ”
It is understood that in Zhejiang and other places, in the face of recruitment to stronger investment in machines, mostly funds for medium to large enterprises, small business recruitment difficulty may be greater, but also wanted to introduce the machines facing financial difficulties. Survey of the Zhejiang Provincial Committee through a letter, 53.4% of the companies surveyed believe that only increase the intensity of incentives of the Government will only consider machine replaced, due mainly to large machines replaced one-time investment, long period of cost recovery, enterprises cannot afford the existing resources.
Chen Yao also stressed that the machines have restrictions also changed. Not all manufacturing industries, all processes can be replaced through the machine, and even textile production automation to quickly improve in recent years, many links are machine can do or can't do. "Machine change only partially link alternative. ”
Introducing machines, replacing part of the artificial, but has the potential to generate new demand for labour. "For instance, used a robot or robot, take on a portion of the pipeline in the past labour work, but new equipment operation, maintenance, and need people to do, to derive a new demand for labor may be few in number, but the quality of employment will increase. "Chen Yao said.
Human resources and Social Security Department has revealed that substitution does not currently have a large machine appeared.
In the long run, technological progress is a mainstream, high-tech industries will take up more shares, how big is the impact on employment? Institute of labor science undertook Dr Bao Chunlei on "innovation-driven effects on employment" research topic, he says, just investigate the impact of technological progress on the number of jobs exists, and sidelines the labor situation, but focused on the relationship between industrial development and employment as a whole, it is not necessarily the case. Theory research and empirical research are indicates that, high-tech industry development on employment number of effects has II heavy sexual, while will due to technology progress makes employment number reduced, on the high-tech industry of employment elastic in throughout manufacturing in the residing in forefront, industry upgrade itself will brings more high of output growth, thereby guarantee has employment increased, also will enhanced industry between of associated sexual, makes industry Division refinement, derivative out new of industry and employment post. "Should not be simply concluded that technological progress and industrial upgrading would bring higher unemployment. ”
Driven by innovation and employment promotion, interaction
--Organic composition of capital increase is an indication of social progress. Stable employment, you want the high-tech industry development in conjunction with other industry, attention to the service sector does not ignore industrial
Promoting employment is the Government's responsibility, but absorb the subject of employment--an enterprise whose purpose is to make more money. "Regardless of the type of enterprise in the development process, the gradual introduction of more new technology, new machines, which are the basic principles of economic development, shows that organic composition of capital increases. "Chen Yao said. He stressed that the organic composition of capital increase is an indication of social progress, along with the rising price of labor cost pressures to the Organization, of course, but from society as a whole, it is important for workers to share the fruits of economic growth, an improved standard of living. "Employment promotion, the key is to encourage entrepreneurship, to absorb employment enterprises with more support, technology and labour in the development of spontaneous interaction, monitoring would have been enough, no need for human intervention. ”
Zheng Dongliang believes that technological progress and industrial upgrading have both positive and negative effects on employment, the key is to choose a suitable path of development and effective employment policies. "Our country faces enormous employment pressures, driven by innovation and industrial upgrading of the urgent tasks facing, should aim in the course of industrial adjustment and upgrading in the future, making it interact with the benign employment down through a win-win situation. ”
Interactive how to achieve? Said Zheng Dongliang, there are three areas of focus. First of all, promoting the coordinated development of high-tech industry and other industries. With economies in transition, on many occasions stressed the need to focus on developing and fostering strategic emerging industries, this does not mean health service delivery insufficiency of other industries. Overall quality of labor force in our country is not high, the structural contradiction, labor is not sufficient, now playing a lead role of high-tech industry, while focusing on development of increased job content industries, traditional industries such as manufacturing industry, and vigorously developing the tertiary industry, and so on.
Secondly, vocational training to adapt to the industry. To strengthen the vocational skill development, formed cover all labour, vocational skills training system continued throughout his career, labour effectively meet rapidly changing industry needs in a timely manner.
Finally, to fully establish unemployment warning mechanism. Substitute of the machine as long as it is within a short time of massive, total will not have much impact on employment, need to guard against attack, and focus on the strong impact of technological change on employment. "The Government should do the monitoring, vibe, as soon as possible, and take timely measures. ”
Zheng Dongliang believes that current at pick up the pace driven by innovation and industrial upgrading in many places, concern two trends in this process. For one thing, companies promoting industrial upgrading, machines replaced spontaneously without too much intervention, but does the Government sell to financial support and other means to promote "machine replacement" is open to discussion.
Secondly, when it comes to promoting employment, many people think is to vigorously develop the service sector. Service sector employment has a strong leading role, but development of the service sector to a large extent rely on secondary industries. Total amount of China's labor force, industry cannot be ignored at any time.
(Original title: "machine change" would affect employment (eye on people's livelihood))
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