CPPCC: services sector will have a good upside | job | venture _ news

CPPCC National Committee member, President of the Chinese Academy of personnel science original Wujiang. Xinhua News Agency, information

High-end interview

2016 said in the Government work report, this year's College graduates in China will be as high as 7.65 million. This figure is a record for a calendar year to the number of graduates the most economy coupled with increasing downward pressure this year will become "the most difficult job in the history"? The CPPCC, President of the Chinese Academy of personnel science original said Wujiang South-an exclusive interview with Xinhua, college student employment pressure this year is the largest ever, but there is still a lot of space, this space mainly in production and consumer services. "As a general rule at the employment situation looks at half a year later, so I thought I might feel more pressure in the first half and will have a better in the second half. "Wu said service employment in 2016, and for some time in the future to have a good upside.

　Employment

Maximum space for employment in the service sector

South: jobs where this year?

Wujiang: employment services is the biggest increase last year, for example. 13.12 million jobs last year instead of the main contribution, but three. Second higher contribution rate for employment in services produced about 20%, and promotion of employment services was even more robust in the future. Thirteen-Five period with technology, and new industry, and new industry State of speed up growth, services layered and personalized will more obviously, productive services employment capacity will increased, including development, and information, and technology, and human resources, and logistics, and financial, and advisory, intelligence intensive field employment needs strong; and life related of modern services of development momentum also is good, including e-commerce, and community service, and domestic service, and health service, and pension service, field led employment ascendant. Should these says are more suitable for college students ' employment and new service sector wages are relatively high, even though some live services, such as e-commerce, social welfare, pension, health and other services, and employment is also very useful, need to change their concept of employment.

South: state what the policy should be? Currently still inadequate in promoting employment?

Wujiang: policy needs to be in place now. For now, big city better, relatively high rates of entrepreneurship, employment, such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Hangzhou and Chengdu are good. I think future policy to be able to tilt more to the West, second-tier cities. And employment policy and the coordination of macroeconomic policies, industrial policy needs to promote more job creation. Countries supporting the employment policy and entrepreneurship support policy, vocational training needs specific precision landing.

In addition, the company also had not been functioning well. Now depends on the Government's public services, more job fairs, information dissemination is the personnel Exchange Center in the Office of the Government. This pattern needs to be converted: gradually from the Government-run job fair to enterprise search, Enterprise Search service, to the market. Docking with the marketing services more accurately. But it also has a docking friction process on both sides of supply and demand, now human resources service industry is still relatively weak, also need policy support and market development. Especially mobile Internet service industry has the potential to provide more convenient and efficient service.

I think the path of entrepreneurship is very wide. The entrepreneurial way in the future to the grass-roots level, to move down to small cities, the following opportunities are many. Government to college students to third-tier cities, and to the grass-roots level to provide policy guidance.

　　Talk about entrepreneurship

Students for entrepreneurship in technology innovation

South: in the case of downward pressure, entrepreneurship is becoming more and more difficult, to to support the business of the Government?

Wu: venture itself is spelled out instead of up, true business success is on his own, not by the Government or by parents. It could only provide an environment of fair competition, the most important thing is not against a particular group how to how to foster entrepreneurship and innovation. But for these groups to create an environment for fair competition and more liberal. Fair competition can be inspiring, fail to be able to go in the long run. Innovation and enterprise policy should focus on creating the environment, not so much the stress which some people, or which group, which one industry.

Of course, some industrial policy support, there will be some difficulties that he needs Government support groups. Such as families, such as students ' current stressful time. But the policy is only a supporting role. Business market, it's a law. Entrepreneurial Government, even up, it will fail.

South: now a lot of people think that the middle class and students are "dying" thing rather than a job in peace. Do you support students to go into business?

Wu: I am supportive of. Although there may be a lack of natural conditions. Both in China and abroad, undertaking many are college students, the most successful examples such as Bill Gates, Steve jobs, Zuckerberg, poly-America's best CEO in China Chen Ou co-founder Yang Mingping, super class, and so on. All successful entrepreneurs have a dying process, not a narrow escape he could not venture a success, entrepreneurship is an ordeal. In fact many college students need such a process and experience, because in the process, he might be, take exercise and growth. That is not the experience of failure, how can there be successful? Once twice three times gradually pulled out his rule gradually in the course of business, suffering in the process, find his partner and positioning.

South: you think what's good for business?

Wu: I am in favour of entrepreneurship, but I only support conscious business college student, rather than blindly follow the trend of business students. Which means you can have spiritual preparation and technical preparation, you can see the opportunity to not grasping the point of death. Chances are that few people are prepared, not for most people who haven't already, although opportunities are fair, but you're not ready and you have no chance. Entrepreneurial students, is to have a mental preparation and technical preparation, also someone relationships communication capabilities, access to financing, not with a single cavity blood in support.

Entrepreneurial skills is because of community needs to be able to start, I hope that not only venture and lack of innovation. Present business failure are mainly there is no technological innovation and business model innovation. College students ' pioneering work is not create early or late, but don't you have innovative ideas and innovative technology, whether your skills and originality. Steve jobs, Bill Gates, never graduated from college to business, not because they are talented, but because they mastered a technology at University, sees an opportunity. So indeed for many people, there is no opportunity, or it is not a startup.

　On the transfer

Without the popularity of robot panic

South: industrial robots have been more and more into the enterprise, and also faced economic downturn, some fear will cause a lot of people out of work, what do you think about this?

Wujiang: using a bot is not to say that no man is said to need people who do not understand technology. Turns out, many new industries should say creating jobs. Electrical contractor driving job, new energy rise also boosted employment. During the industrial revolution, many workers is the destruction of the machine, the result is machines to free them from the suffering of physical labor, they have more time to learn, invent and rest. After substitution of the machine, will bring some labor to reduce problems, but this is definitely not a bad thing. We invented the machine in the past, put the cart into a car today for a robot to become an extension of the talents of our workers, mental work will become the mainstream of employment in the future. To this end, there will be a lot of new intelligence-intensive industry calls for college students, space is still very great.

In fact, that two manufacturing employment decreased. Conversely, as long as it is the second production in decline, demand is increasing from three services increased. Machine change machines are where you come from? Be developed, manufacturing machine requires a large number of research and development team, development team will be a large number of service personnel. Actually means on demand will reduce production of two, but soon will increase demand for three, for example, research and development, finance, information, logistics, and so on.

Is the service economy in the future, so we should focus on service industries. As we're looking at agriculture, agricultural population into the city, in fact, is a transfer, a transfer to the second. Now faces two to three transfers all over the world. More and more people are working in the service industry in the future. We just said research and development research and development has a large number of support staff, there are many life-support staff. So this demand will increase significantly.

South: in the process of clearing capacity of such problems may also occur.

Wu: that's it. This process must be a conversion process is a process of elimination capacity, need to be reduced, there is no doubt that some people to transfer. Transfer process must be to implement a placement policy of the Government, to help train and realize re-employment, which we have largely done for 20 years, has a mature experience. Used to be a synergism of now, attrition is actually a conversion or transfer of, including transfer to the Midwest. In this way, large numbers of workers will no longer get into the East. So actually rely on the industry to attract people to make money why don't you go?

South: the transfer process will be great pressure on the country's employment?

Wu: in this process, I feel that we should not make a fuss. Now included are changes in the definition of employment. What is the job? Part time counted as employment? One person, how gang counted as employment? Freelancers are counted as employed? To form a fixed employment relationship? So now the employment elasticity is growing, the key is how to find the right job. High quality employment is very important. So in these areas is indeed facing some new problem. This is a universal problem. About 1.8 billion people around the world, and indeed there will be a change of employment pattern in the future.

Economic development must be synchronized by employment, and without employment there is no consumption. But the progress of science and technology have a robot will not affect the overall employment, we should not fear this problem, development of our service industry is very big. Now we only just more than half of the tertiary industry, developed countries are 70% and 80%, so there is still a lot of room to grow. But this depends on the overall labor productivity increase, such as labour productivity improved after the robots, create greater value, service demands are even greater.

　　Tan Guo exam

Test temperature is a regular phenomenon

South: from 2002 to 60,000 people may attempt to 2014 of 1.52 million people, participate in the civil service "exam" surge in number year after year, but state test enrollment is on the decline in nearly two years. This "civil service" decline, reflecting the trends in employment and on the flow of talent?

Wujiang: cool exam is a regular phenomenon, it is a rational choice. If it is not suitable for civil service, even if you pass the written examination on the interview may not be able to, and will not necessarily be able to do better in the future. Gang optional, so we said, people are the most important. Register for the size of the civil service, should gradually reach a rational proportion. Each country is like this.

South: reasonable percentage is?

Wu: in General, the ratio of candidates to positions around 10:1 can. Of course, also associated with the economic situation is good, more bad economic situation, more candidates. The better the economic situation, with fewer people.

I think that civil servants are not one of the best posts, nor should we put the best people into civil service posts should be up to the front line, the State is also the Guide. So instead of saying we elect the best people into the civil service, but the most suitable candidates in the civil service. Cool exam also reflected other opportunities offered by society, we also have other opportunities, such as innovation, entrepreneurship. After these opportunities, civil service exam nature is cool.

South: lots of posts in the civil service entrance examination in recent years emphasized grass-roots work experience, more grass-roots posts to recruit graduates, how to look at this change?

Wu: this change may not be from the point of view of employment, is a reform of the civil service recruitment system itself. Went into Office when civil servants from college students, proved most inappropriate, nor with the growth of talent. So the hiring of civil servants are no longer just a piece of paper, and must experience as a pre-requisite. Especially but also selection system added to purposeful with talents from the grass-roots units in the selection. It also reflects the country's orientation. This guide is the law of respecting talents, talent growth pattern is: fastest-growing should be grass-roots work experience at the grass-roots after exercise.

Interview: the South reporter Wu Xuan intern Wang Yidi

Responsible editor: Mao Minmin SN184

Article keywords:
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政协委员：服务业就业将有很好上升空间|就业|创业_新闻资讯

全国政协委员、中国人事科学研究院原院长吴江。 新华社资料图

　　高端访谈

　　2016年政府工作报告中透露，今年我国高校毕业生将高达765万人。这一数字创下了历年来毕业生人数之最，加 上经济下行压力加大，今年是否会成“史上最难就业季”？全国政协委员、中国人事科学研究院原院长吴江接受南都记者专访时表示，今年大学生就业的压力确实是 有史以来最大的，但仍有很大的空间，这个空间主要存在于生产和生活性服务业。“一般来说看就业情况是看半年以后，所以我想上半年可能感觉到压力比较大，下 半年会有一个好转。”吴江表示，服务业的就业将在2016年以及今后的一段时间内有一个很好的上升空间。

　　谈就业

　　就业最大空间在服务业

　　南都：今年就业空间在哪里？

　　吴 江：比如说去年就业增幅最大的是服务业。去年1312万的就业主要贡献不是二产，而是三产。服务业对就业的贡献率高出二产大约20%，今后服务业对就业的 拉动能力会更强劲。十三五时期随着新技术、新产业、新业态的加快成长，服务业分层和个性化将更加明显，生产性服务业就业容量将加大，包括研发、信息、科 技、人力资源、物流、金融、咨询等智力密集型领域就业需求旺盛；与生活相关的现代服务业的发展势头也很好，包括电子商务、社区服务、家政服务、健康服务、 养老服务等领域带动就业方兴未艾。这些应该说都比较适合大学生就业，而且新型服务业工资水平也比较高，即使一些生活型服务业，如电商、社工、养老、健康等 服务业，大学生就业同样大有用武之地，需转变就业观念。

　　南都：国家还应该有怎样的政策？目前在促进就业方面还有哪些不足？

　　吴 江：现在政策还需要进一步到位。从目前来看，大城市比较好，创业率、就业率都比较高，比如北京、上海、广州、南京、杭州、成都都不错。我想今后政策要能够 更多地向西部、二线城市倾斜。同时就业政策和宏观经济政策、产业政策还需协调推进，更多地创造就业岗位。国家出台的扶持大学生就业政策、创业扶持政策、职 业培训工作都需要具体精准落地。

　　另外，企业还没有很好发挥作用。现在基本还是靠政府的公共服务机构，更多的招聘会、信息发布是政府 的人才交流中心在办。这个模式需要转换：逐步从政府举办的招聘会向企业猎头、企业人才搜寻服务转换，向市场走。与市场化服务对接起来就更精准。但这也有一 个供需双方对接摩擦过程，现在人力资源服务业还比较弱，也需要政策扶持和市场培育。特别是移动互联网上的服务业态很有潜力，可以提供更加便捷高效的服务。

　　我想大学生创业的路子很宽。今后的创业路子要向基层，要向中小城市下移，下面机会还是很多的。政府要对这些大学生向三线城市、向基层来进行政策引导。

　　谈创业

　　有技术能创新的大学生才适合创业

　　南都：在经济下行压力加大的情况下，创业也变得越来越难，政府应该从哪些方面对创业进行扶持？

　　吴 江：创业本身是拼出来的，而不是扶起来的，真正创业成功与否是靠他自己，不是靠政府或者靠爹妈。政府只能提供一个公平竞争的环境，最重要的不是针对某个特 殊群体怎么去扶植怎么去创业创新。而是给这些群体创造一个公平竞争和比较宽松的环境。公平竞争才可以激发斗志，允许失败才能够走得长远。创新创业政策要着 眼于打造环境，不要过分地去强调哪一部分人，或是哪一个群体，哪一个行业。

　　当然，会有些产业政策的扶持，也会有一些相对需要政府扶持的困难群体。比如困难家庭，比如大学生当前压力比较大的时候。但这些政策只是一个帮扶的作用。创业靠市场，这是个定律。创业靠政府，即使扶起来，它也会失败。

　　南都：现在很多人都认为中产阶级和大学生创业都是“九死一生”的事，不如安安心心找份工作。你是否支持大学生去创业？

　　吴 江：我是持支持态度的。尽管会有一些先天条件不足。无论是中国还是国外，创业的很多都是大学生，最成功的典型如盖茨、乔布斯、扎克伯克，中国也有聚美优品 的CEO陈鸥、超级课堂的联合创始人杨明平等。所有成功的创业者都有一个九死一生的过程，不九死一生他不可能创业成功，创业就是一个磨难。实际上很多大学 生是需要这样一个过程和经历，因为在这样的过程中，他才可能会锻炼成长。也就是说没有失败的经验，怎么会有成功？一次两次三次逐步地摸出规律来，逐步在创 业的过程中，磨难的过程中，找到他的伙伴和定位。

　　南都：你认为什么样的大学生适合创业？

　　吴江：我是赞成大学 生创业，但我只是支持可以自觉创业的大学生，而不是盲目跟风创业的大学生。也就是说你能够有精神准备和技术准备，你能够看到机会来了，不抓不行了。机会是 给少数有准备的人的，不是给多数没准备的人的，虽然机会是公平的，但你要是没准备你就没机会。对于创业的大学生来说，就是要有精神的准备和技术的准备，还 有人脉关系的沟通能力，能获得融资等，不能单凭一腔热血在撑。

　　创业就是因为有社会需要的一技之长才去创业，我的希望就是不能只有创 业而缺乏创新。目前失败的创业主要也是没有技术创新和商业模式创新。所以大学生的创业不在于你创得早还是晚，而在于你到底有没有创新的想法和创新的技术， 有没有你的一技之长和独到之处。乔布斯、盖茨，大学没毕业就去创业，不是因为他们是天才，而是因为他们在大学期间掌握了一门技术，看到了机会。所以确实对 很多人来说没有找到机会，或者他现在还不适合创业。

　　谈转岗

　　不用恐慌机器人的普及

　　南都：工业机器人已经越来越多地走进了企业，而且目前又遇到经济下行，有人担心会造成很多人失业，对此你怎么看？

　　吴 江：使用机器人不是说用不着人，是说用不着不懂技术的人。事实证明，很多新兴产业应该说都能吸纳就业。电商兴起拉动了就业，新能源兴起也拉动了就业。一次 工业革命时期，许多工人是破坏机器的，结果是机器使他们摆脱了体力劳作的痛苦，他们有了更多的时间学习、发明和休息。尽管机器换人以后，会带来一些用工减 少的问题，但这绝对不是坏事。过去我们发明机器，把马车改造成了汽车，今天同样可以让机器人成为我们工人聪明才智的延伸，将来脑力劳动必将成为就业的主 流。为此，会有很多智能密集型的新型产业呼唤着大学生，空间还很大。

　　实际上，就是二产制造业相对来说用工在减少。但反过来说，只要 是二产在减少，三产的需求就在增加，服务业就在增加。比如说机器换人，机器是哪里来的？是研发出来的，制造机器就需要大批的研发队伍，研发队伍就要大批的 服务人员。实际上就意味着对二产的人才需求会减少，但很快对三产的人才会加大需求，比如说做研发的，做金融的，做信息的，做物流的等等。

　　未 来是服务业经济，所以我们应该着眼于服务业。就像我们现在看农业，农业人口都进城了，实际上就是个转移过程，是一产向二产转移。现在面临着二产向三产转 移，全世界都是这样。都是将来从事服务业的人越来越多了。刚才我们说搞研发，搞研发就有大量的辅助人员，还有很多是生活型辅助人员。所以这方面的需求会大 量增加。

　　南都：在出清产能的过程中可能也会出现这样的问题。

　　吴江：那是。这个过程肯定是个转换过程，就是一 个淘汰产能的过程，需要减员，毫无疑问，一部分人要转岗。转岗过程中政府一定要去实施安置政策，进行帮扶，进行培训，实现再就业，这个我们已经大体上做了 20年了，有很成熟的经验了。过去是减员增效，现在减员实际上是一个转产和转移的问题，包括像向中西部转移。这样，大量劳动力就不用再进到东部了。所以实 际上是要靠事业来吸引人，有钱赚你干吗不去？

　　南都：这个转岗的过程是否会对我国的就业造成很大压力？

　　吴江： 在这个过程中，我觉得不用大惊小怪。现在包括就业的定义都在发生变化。什么是就业？兼职算不算就业？一人多岗算不算就业？自由职业者算不算就业？非得要形 成固定的雇佣关系吗？所以现在就业弹性越来越大，关键是怎么找到适合自己的好工作。高质量就业很重要。所以在这些方面确实是面临着一些新的问题。这个是全 世界都有的问题。全世界有正式工作的大概就18亿人，今后确实会有一个就业方式的转变。

　　经济发展必须靠就业同步，没有就业就没有消 费。但科技进步有了机器人不会影响整体就业，我们不应该恐慌这个问题，我们的服务业发展空间非常大。现在我们的第三产业才刚过半，发达国家都达到70%到 80%了，所以还有很大的增长空间。但是这个取决于整体的劳动生产力提高，比如用了机器人之后劳动生产力提高，创造价值更大，服务的需求也就更多了。

　　谈国考

　　国考降温是规律性现象

　　南都：从2002年6万人的报考到2014年152万人，参加公务员“国考”的人数年年激增，但近两年国考报名人数却在下降。这种“公务员热”的减退，反映了就业和人才流动上什么趋势？

　　吴江：国考降温也是一个规律性现象，是大家的理性选择。如果是不适合做公务员，即使笔试过关了面试也不一定能上，而且将来也不一定能做得好。所以我们说因岗择人是最重要的。报考公务员的人数，应该逐步达到一个理性的比例。各个国家都是这样的。

　　南都：合理的比例是多少？

　　吴江：一般来说，报考人数与岗位的比为10：1左右就可以了。当然，还与经济情况好不好有关，经济情况越不好，报考的人越多。经济形势越好，报的人越少。

　　我 认为，公务员不是一个最好的岗位，我们也不应该把最好的人才都放到公务员岗位上去，应该放到生产一线上去，国家也是这个导向。所以不是说我们选最优秀的人 才进公务员，而是把最合适的人选在公务员队伍。国考降温也反映现在社会上提供的其他机会多了，大家还有一些其他的机会，像创新、创业。这些机会多了以后， 公务员考试自然就降温了。

　　南都：近年公务员的招考中很多岗位都强调基层工作经验，招收应届毕业生的也多是基层岗位，如何看待这一变化？

　　吴 江：这种变化不一定是从就业的角度，是公务员录用制度本身的一项改革。大学生一毕业就进机关当公务员，实践证明多数不合适，也不符合人才成长规律。所以公 务员的录用不再只是一张考卷了，必须把工作经验作为必备条件。特别是还要有遴选制度做补充，要有目的有计划从基层单位的优秀人才中遴选。这也反映了整个国 家的一个导向。这个导向就是尊重人才成长规律，人才成长规律就是：成长最快的应该是有基层工作经验的，在基层经过锻炼的。

　　采写：南都记者 吴璇 实习生 王旖荻

责任编辑：茅敏敏 SN184

文章关键词：
就业 创业

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