Only a generation of future pension
Today, China's one-child generation has grown up, and families are rendered as "421" structure. "Two-child" policy was launched, a "422" family, couple on the face of the old under little pressure even greater. The CPPCC, Democratic Progressive Chairman of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Chen Zili noted in this case, "'421' first is the economic burden for the family. City official has a pension for the elderly, their economic pressure is far from rural old people, it's a dual system of endowment insurance problem ".
"The key is in after the loss of ability of daily life of the elderly. "Chen Zili said. At present, China's health worry, over 70% of the elderly suffering from chronic diseases, and fail half lost to nearly 40 million elderly, Alzheimer's patients is about 9 million.
National CPPCC member and Zhang Shiping, Deputy Director of the social and Legal Affairs of the CPPCC National Committee said that China's aging population situation, explosive growth of an ageing population. 2015 222 million of people over the age of 60, 16.1% of the total population in 2025 is expected to exceed 300 million. In addition, empty nest, increase of oldest-old, empty-nesters has exceeded 100 million, 80 people aged up to 24 million, especially to highlight the problem of the elderly in rural areas. Meanwhile, with the imbalance in the population structure, ageing and population of intertwined.
Zhang Shiping referred data, China's total fertility rate is about 1.5, below the middle and high income countries, pension issues have become "421" family concerns. Worrying is, Zhang Shiping found that under such pressure, China also faces inadequate, old before it grows rich, including policy measures is being fragmented, and service systems are not sound enough, lagging development of old-age industry and so on.
"Nursing home or bed relatively little, costs are higher, medical services are not in place. "Chen Zili said that older people do not want to live in nursing homes is one of the reasons that many nursing homes are not a health care system through, led to many elderly people in a nursing home to see a doctor, going to the hospital. Not only inconvenient, for losing their ability to take care of the elderly, it is almost impossible.
In addition to economic pressures and pension institutions, town and rural elderly are spiritual emptiness of the elderly. Urban young people, many children displaced from their homes, not lack of money but a lack of companionship; for the rural elderly, unlike young people use their smart phones video call, while children are also facing economic pressure, time, housing, they spend less and less time with their children.
Next to Chen Zili, a relative facing "more boring" situation. The old man lived to be 90 years old, but 70 years old friends died, 80 years old friends died, until at the age of 90, his wife died, miserable, only relatives to visit from time to time.
Zhang Shiping says: "peak acceleration of ageing will probably change the situation of our country's economy, the impact of current social security system, affecting the sustainable development of national economy, become a new basic national conditions and economic and social development cannot be avoided major challenges, international people's livelihood and the long-term nature of public security, the relationship between overall and strategic issues. Therefore, we should actively respond to the ageing of the population, strengthen top-level design, through a comprehensive system of policy intervention, the adverse impact of population ageing on economic and social development to a minimum. ”
Chen Zili family is typical "421" family, sons overseas gambling, have married and had children. He and his wife do not consider going abroad to live with son, going to live after the old homes, and children are the greatest problems "meet less and easy children". Chen Zili, they should change their concepts, with children also tired. Is the rural community of people gathered together in the past, four generations can be achieved. Social mobility now, old and young, in a quandary with, young people also want independent young space.
Zhang Shiping suggested that countries should actively respond to population ageing, strengthen top-level design, through a comprehensive system of policy intervention, the adverse impact of population ageing on economic and social development to a minimum. This includes pension plans into national planning, clear system tasks such as construction, industrial development and implementation steps; improve the legal system, strengthening the construction of basic systems and energetically develop the health service, health management services; improving old-age service system, increase the supply of service; accelerated developing aging industry, explore the market potential to the full.
"Now the pension problem, if only by family or have more children to adjust population structure could not solve, and community is to provide a complete service. "Chen Zili said.
(Editors: Hao Long UN654)
2016-03-16 05:58:15
China Youth online-China Youth daily
独生一代未来如何养老
如今，中国的独生子女一代已经长大，家庭多呈现为“421”结构。“二孩”政策出台后，出现“422”的家庭，夫妇两人面对上有老下有小的压力更大。全国政协委员、民进广西壮族自治区主委陈自力就注意到了这种情况，“‘421’家庭首先面临的就是经济压力。城里有正式工作的老人拥有养老保险，他们的经济压力远没有农村老人大，这涉及到养老保险双轨制的问题”。
“关键是在老年人失去生活自理能力之后。”陈自力说。目前中国的老人健康状况堪忧，70%以上老人患有慢性病，失能半失能的老人近4000万，老年痴呆患者约900万。
全国政协委员、全国政协社会和法制委员会副主任张世平提到，我国人口老龄化形势严峻，老龄人口爆发式增长。2015年60岁以上老人2.22亿，占总人口16.1%，2025年预计突破3亿。此外，空巢、高龄老人增多，空巢老人已超1亿，80岁以上老人达2400万，尤以农村老人问题突出。同时，伴随着人口结构失衡，老龄化与少子化交织。
张世平提到一个数据，目前我国总和生育率约1.5，低于中等和高收入国家，养老问题已成为众多“421”家庭的隐忧。令人担忧的是，张世平发现，这种压力下，我国还面临着应对不足，未富先老的状况，包括政策措施碎片化，服务体系不够健全，养老产业发展滞后等问题。
“养老院还是床位比较少，费用比较高，医疗服务不到位。”陈自力提到，老年人不愿意住养老院的原因之一是，很多养老院并没有和医疗体系打通，导致很多老年人在养老院想要看病，还要再去医院。不仅不方便，对失去自理能力的老人来说几乎不可能。
除了经济和养老机构方面的压力之外，城里老人和农村老人都存在精神空虚的问题。对于城市老人来说，不少孩子背井离乡，不缺钱但是缺少陪伴；对农村留守老人而言，他们不像年轻人会使用智能手机视频通话，同时孩子也面临着经济、时间、住房压力，他们和孩子相处的时间越来越少。
在陈自力身边，一位亲戚就面临“越活越烦”的情况。这位老人虽然活到了90岁的高龄，但是70岁的时候朋友过世了一批，80岁的时候朋友又过世了一批，等到90岁的时候，老伴也过世了，晚景凄凉，只有亲戚们不时去看望。
张世平表示：“老龄化高峰期的加速到来将可能改变我国经济运行的状况，冲击现行社会保障体系，影响国民经济可持续发展，成为新的基本国情和经济社会发展不可回避的重大挑战，成为关系国际民生和国家长治久安的长期性、全局性、战略性问题。为此，要积极应对人口老龄化问题，切实加强顶层设计，通过全面系统持续的政策干预，将人口老龄化对经济社会发展的不利影响降到最低。”
陈自力的家庭就是典型的“421”家庭，儿子在国外读博，已经结婚生子。他和老伴不考虑去国外和儿子一起生活，打算老了以后住养老院，最大的问题是和孩子“见面少了，容易想孩子”。陈自力觉得，老年人也要转变观念，跟着孩子也累。过去是人们聚集在一起的农村社会，可以实现四世同堂。现在社会流动性强，老人和年轻人在一起有很多矛盾，年轻人也希望有独立的年轻空间。
张世平建议，国家要积极应对人口老龄化问题，切实加强顶层设计，通过全面系统持续的政策干预，将人口老龄化对经济社会发展的不利影响降到最低。这包括将养老计划其纳入国家规划，明确提出体系建设、产业发展等目标任务和实施步骤；健全法律法规体系，加强基本制度建设；大力发展健康养老，推行健康管理服务；完善养老服务体系，增加服务供给；加速发展老龄产业，充分开拓市场潜力。
“现在的养老问题，如果仅仅靠家庭或多生孩子来调整人口结构是解决不了的，社会要提供完整的养老服务。”陈自力说。
(责任编辑：郝龙 UN654)
2016-03-16 05:58:15
中青在线-中国青年报