Liangzhu Hangzhou finds world's oldest dams 1000 years earlier than Dayu

Slope called the stone dock by locals, is actually a dam site

80 years ago, the Liangzhu site on the outskirts of Hangzhou was found, since that time, Liangzhu will continue to bring the world a surprise, a large number of jade ritual objects have been excavated, giant construction site was found, then later Liangzhu city dam site. Just yesterday, reporters learned from the Zhejiang Provincial Institute of cultural relics and archaeology, the Liangzhu site and gave us a new miracle.

Field visits confirmed by experts: peripheral find of Liangzhu Hangzhou City water systems, is the earliest large water conservancy projects in China has ever known, is also dam of the world's oldest, has been 4,700-5,100 years from now than the legendary "on the traces of water Dayu" 1000 years before also. Experts suggested that the water system as soon as possible included in the Liangzhu relics protection area and into the scope of research on Liangzhu city heritage value.

As the prehistoric humans, why the Liangzhu people in the middle and late Neolithic to create so much water? What uses does it have? Reporter Ma Jiali

　　Liangzhu finds world's oldest dams

Carbon-14 testing results showed that between 4,700-5,100 years ago, belonging to the Liangzhu culture, early

Liangzhu introduced before the city perimeter water system, have to say about the project's geographical location. Good Zhu city, is located in Zhejiang Province Hangzhou City Yuhang district, bottle Yao Zhen within, the confirmed of good Zhu city peripheral water system, is located in good Zhu city of North and West, total by 11 article dam composition, these dam according to form and location of different can is divided into long di and connection two mountain of short dam, which short dam and can is divided into built Yu Valley of dam and connection plain lone Hill of low dam.

In the early 90 's, archeologists have discovered the longest--Tang shan, the site of a dam. In 2009, the site being unearthed 10 dams, and ruins of ancient city north of Tang Shan together make up a complete hydraulic system. July 2015 until January 2016, the Zhejiang Provincial Institute of cultural relics and archaeology within the Organization to the site of Tiger Hill, Lei Yue Mun Shan, Lion Rock and other formal excavation of a dam. Meanwhile, provincial archaeological and Shandong University, Nanjing University of the dam and reservoir were exploration and investigation.

"Our dam 7 carbon-14 testing the samples sent to the laboratory of Peking University, showed that between time in 4,700-5,100 years ago, belongs to the early and medium stage of Liangzhu culture. "Zhejiang Provincial Institute of cultural relics and archaeology, archaeology team leader Wang Ningyuan, a researcher at introduction.

The archaeological discoveries will rewrite the dujiangyan "only so far as the acme of ecological engineering in the world," said, but also opened a new field for hydraulic archaeological study of prehistoric.

　Liangzhu society enter the Kingdom stages

Miyagi, Wang Guocheng and perimeter, and external water systems, its value is comparable to other civilizations of the world from the same period

Introduce Wang Ningyuan, ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, water systems, multi channel and cellar for diversion, and as the world's first "detention dam" system--the Liangzhu water conservancy projects with Egypt, Mesopotamia, in sharp contrast, reflects the ancient civilizations of East and West in a different environment and climate, the "rice civilization" and "wheat culture" of different characteristics.

"It also gives the Chinese civilization was comparable to the same period Egypt, Ancient Mesopotamia's water systems. "Museum of archaeology, Peking University professors and other experts believe Sean, Liangzhu city found that peripheral water project, is an important symbol of Liangzhu civilization, Chinese civilization study provided new information. While further confirmed that the Liangzhu society has early state formation, is comparable to other civilizations of the world from the same period.

The confirmation from the water conservancy system confirmed that the Liangzhu with a complete structure of the capital city, from inside followed by Miyagi, Wang Guocheng and perimeter, and external water systems, its value is comparable to other civilizations of the world from the same period. Said Wang Ningyuan, Liangzhu city outside the works of large scale and advanced technology has been further confirmed that the Kingdom of Liangzhu society has entered the stage. Liangzhu hydraulic engineering planning horizons of the broad, high technical level, ability to mobilize strong admiration. For the ancient Liangzhu management institutions and social complexity has opened up an important perspective.

　　Experts surprised to hear technology

Sites in the dam can be short-term continuous precipitation, even against the hundred years of floods

5,000 years ago, the ancients, why are devoted to flood? This also ex-Zhu terrain itself speaks of the ancient city. One of the tianmu mountain of Zhejiang Province, rainfall, extremely easy to form a mountain torrent in the summer, and it is for this reason, Liangzhu city water through dams with high and low levels, will remain in the valleys and lowlands in water storage, lifting the threat of flooding.

Analysis showed that sites in the dam can be short-term 870 mm of continuous rainfall, layman's terms, is against the hundred years of floods in the region. Low dam is an inverted triangle of low-lying land, based on the presence of 10 m height speculation, forming an area of 8.5 square kilometers of water area.

In good Zhu city water system of part dam body key location, through "grass wrapped mud package" heap base reinforcement, that with thatched package soil formed long round of mud package, again will mud package anyway piled and into, "grass wrapped mud package" of role and modern dam using of grass bagged soil similar, can sharply increased dam body strength, is later water construction in the widely application of process.

Archaeology and water conservancy experts are surprised so far found in the ruins of this modern technology. China National Institute of cultural heritage expert yubing said Liangzhu age early, wide distribution, large scale water conservancy project, according to local conditions, local materials, advanced building technology, reflects the excellent planning, organization and management of Liangzhu society.

　History of Water Conservancy in China open

Are no longer "on the traces of water Dayu"

Open Journal of the history of Water Conservancy in China today, almost without exception, "on the traces of water Dayu" as the pioneer of Chinese water resources construction activity, but at the time but has been unable to find a trace of water facilities. In fact, this is just a legend. In 2007, ancient city of Liangzhu was discovered, researchers through long-term research surveys found the ancient city there is a peripheral connected by more than more than 10 levees mountain consisting of large water systems, for ancient water conservancy development in the world and the evolution of civilization provides a new perspective.

March 11 day, Hangzhou to has group mystery of, and is weight level of characters, they is Academy of social sciences Archaeological Institute, and China water hydropower Science Institute, 19 home research units of archaeological, and water history and the water research of experts, full three days, experts are are in field visited and research discussion, and China water history of open, also from "big Yu water" ahead of to has "good Zhu civilization".

　This evening when there is more technology than the sea meaning

Chief Scientist Li Boqian Xia-Shang-Zhou chronology project, Professor of Peking University

Liangzhu discovered 80 years, continuous progress, the project found that makes our understanding of Chinese civilization and a step forward. 3 million square meters of wangcheng, 8 million square meters outside the Guocheng area, large and complex water management systems is world-wide known functional system dating back 5,000 years of one of the most complete capital. Found is also rare in the world, in a sense, this evening when there is greater than the oceans science and technology ...

　Opened a new research field

In ice, Director of the National Institute of cultural heritage, China Institute of cultural relics

The ancient water conservancy system in civilization have been excavated in the past, such as Egypt and Mesopotamia, were built in dry regions, found in wet areas such as Jiangnan area of China hydraulic engineering may also be the first time. This system, from surveying and mapping to planning and construction are very technical. For the study of Chinese civilization, and opens up new areas.

This "first" to strengthen the protection of

Professor Gao Menghe School of Fudan University

From the expression, this represents the peak of large reactor building structure hydraulic engineering of water conservancy project, model for construction of water conservancy projects are ingenious use of natural conditions. 1000 years earlier than Yu, so we had a clearer understanding of history at that time. For this system, be sure to add protection, preparing for future excavations.

There are many details still to be discovered

Luan and practice Professor of Shandong University

The water conservancy system build time without objection, but on the functional problems, experts generally think that irrigation is unlikely, the biggest is the possibility of flood prevention and water transport, but we will further consider in detail. For example found in the excavations of warring States Tomb construction, such as construction, use, abandoned in the course of the three, has a lot of problems is still a question mark. These details more thoroughly in future to explore.

(Editors: Biao Guo UN832)
2016-03-16 01:45:05
Modern gold

杭州良渚发现世界最早水坝 比大禹治水早1000年

被当地人称作石坞的土坡，实际是水坝遗址

　　80年前，杭州城郊的良渚遗址被发现，从那时开始，良渚就不断地带给世人惊喜，大量玉礼器被发掘、巨型建筑基址被发现，再到后来的良渚古城，水坝遗址出土。就在昨天，记者从浙江省文物考古研究所了解到，良渚遗址又给我们带来了一个新的奇迹。

　　经专家实地考察确证：杭州良渚古城外围发现的水利系统，是迄今所知中国最早的大型水利工程，也是世界最早的水坝，距今已经有4700至5100年，比传说中的“大禹治水”还要早1000年。专家建议，尽快把水利系统列入良渚遗址保护范围，并纳入良渚古城申遗价值研究范围。

　　那么作为史前人类，处于新石器时代中晚期的良渚人为何要营造如此庞大的水利工程？它有什么用途？记者 马佳丽

　　良渚发现世界最早水坝

　　碳14检测结果显示，距今4700-5100年之间，属于良渚文化早中期

　　在介绍良渚古城外围水利系统之前，必须要说一下该工程所在的地理位置。良渚古城，位于浙江省杭州市余杭区瓶窑镇内，此次确证的良渚古城外围水利系统，位于良渚古城的北面和西面，共由11条堤坝组成，这些堤坝根据形态和位置的不同可分为长堤和连接两山的短坝，其中短坝又可分为建于山谷的高坝和连接平原孤丘的低坝。

　　早在上世纪90年代，考古人员就曾发现其中最长的一条水坝遗址——塘山遗址。2009年开始，10条水坝遗址陆续出土，它们与古城北面的塘山遗址共同构成了一个完整的水利系统。2015年7月至2016年1月，浙江省文物考古研究所组织对遗址范围内的老虎岭、鲤鱼山、狮子山等水坝进行正式发掘。同时，省考古所还与山东大学、南京大学联合对坝体和库区进行了勘探调查。

　　“我们把7条坝体的样本送去北京大学实验室里进行碳14检测，结果显示，时间都在距今4700-5100年之间，属于良渚文化早中期。”浙江省文物考古研究所研究员、考古领队王宁远介绍。

　　这一考古界的重大发现，将改写都江堰“世界迄今仅存的叹为观止的生态工程”之说，同时也开启了史前水利考古研究的新领域。

　　良渚社会进入王国阶段

　　宫城、王城、外郭城和外围水利系统，其价值可与同时期的其他世界文明媲美

　　王宁远介绍，古代埃及、两河流域的水利系统，多以渠道、水窖进行引水，而作为世界上最早的“拦洪水坝”系统——良渚水利工程与埃及、两河流域形成鲜明对照，体现了东西方古文明在不同环境气候下，“稻作文明”和“麦作文明”的不同特征。

　　“这也让华夏文明有了同时期堪比埃及、两河文明的水利系统。”北京大学考古文博学院教授赵辉等专家认为，良渚古城外围水利工程的发现，是良渚文明的重要标志，为中华文明的进程研究提供了新资料。同时进一步证实，良渚社会已经出现早期的国家形态，可与同时期的其他世界文明媲美。

　　该水利系统的确认证实良渚古城具有完整的都城结构，由内而外依次为宫城、王城、外郭城和外围水利系统，其价值可与同时期的其他世界文明媲美。王宁远说，良渚古城外围水利系统庞大的规模和先进的技术更进一步证实了良渚社会已进入王国阶段。良渚水利工程的规划视野之阔、技术水平之高，动员能力之强令人刮目相看。也为认识良渚古国的管理机构和社会复杂化程度开辟了重要的观察视角。

　　工艺技术让众多专家惊讶

　　遗址中的高坝可阻挡短期连续降水，甚至可抵御本地区百年一遇的洪水

　　5000年前的古人，为何就会致力于治水工程？这还得从良渚古城的自身地势说起。天目山系是浙江省的暴雨中心之一，夏季极易形成山洪，也正是因为这个原因，良渚古城的水利工程通过高、低两级水坝，将水蓄留在山谷和低地内，解除了洪水威胁。

　　分析显示，遗址中的高坝大致可以阻挡短期内870毫米的连续降水，通俗地说，就是可抵御本地区百年一遇的洪水。低坝内则是一个倒三角形的低洼地，根据现存的10米坝高推测，可形成面积达8.5平方公里的蓄水库区。

　　在良渚古城水利系统的部分坝体关键位置，通过“草裹泥包”堆垒加固，即用茅草包裹泥土形成长圆形的泥包，再将泥包横竖堆砌而成，“草裹泥包”的作用与现代堤坝使用的草袋装土类似，可大幅增加坝体强度，是后世水利工程建设中广泛应用的工艺。

　　考古和水利专家都惊讶，在年代如此久远的古遗址中发现这样现代的工艺技术。中国文化遗产研究院专家于冰说，良渚水利工程年代早、分布广、规模大，因地制宜，就地取材，建筑技术先进，体现了良渚社会高超的规划、组织和管理能力。

　　中国水利史开卷

　　不再是“大禹治水”

　　翻开现今的中国水利史志，几乎无不以“大禹治水”作为中国人水利建设活动的先驱，但当时的水利设施却早已无法寻觅踪迹。其实，这仅仅只是一个传说故事。2007年，良渚古城被发现，研究人员通过长期的研究调查，发现古城外围存在着一个由10余条堤坝连接山体构成的庞大水利系统，为世人了解古代水利发展乃至文明演进提供了崭新的视野。

　　3月11日那天，杭州来了一群神秘的、又是重量级的人物，他们是社科院考古研究所、中国水利水电科学研究院等19家科研单位的考古学、水利史及水利工程研究的专家，整整三天，专家们都在实地走访与研究讨论，而中国水利史的开卷，也从“大禹治水”提前到了“良渚文明”。

　　这比海昏侯还有更大的科技意义

　　●李伯谦 夏商周断代工程首席科学家，北京大学教授

　　良渚发掘80年以来，不断进展，这次水利工程的发现让我们对华夏文明的认识又大大向前了一步。300万平方米的王城，800万平方米的外郭城面积，庞大复杂的水利系统，这是全世界已知的距今5000年前后的功能系统保存最完整的都城之一。在世界范围也是不多见的发现，从某种意义来说，这比海昏侯还有更大的科技意义。

　　开启了全新的研究领域

　　●于冰 中国文化遗产研究院文物研究所所长

　　以往被发掘的古文明水利系统，比如埃及和两河流域，都是修筑在干旱地区的，在中国江南地带这样的潮湿地区发现这样的水利工程可能还是第一次。这个系统，从测绘到规划以及建造都是极有技术含量的。对于中华文明的研究，又开启了全新的领域。

　　对这个“最早”要加强保护

　　●高蒙河 复旦大学文博学院教授

　　从表述上来说，这个水利工程代表了大型堆筑结构水利工程的最高峰，也堪称巧妙利用天然条件修建水利工程的典范。比大禹治水还早了1000年，让我们对那个时候的历史有了更清晰的认识。对于这个系统，一定要增加保护，为未来发掘做准备。

　　有很多细节还要再发掘研究

　　●栾丰实 山东大学教授

　　这个水利系统修筑时间是没有异议的，但在功能性问题上，专家们大致觉得灌溉的可能性不大，最大的可能性是防洪和蓄水运输，但在细节上我们还是要进一步考虑。比如发掘中发现的战国墓的建造，比如建造、使用、废弃这三个过程中，有很多问题现在还是问号。在未来要就这些细节进一步彻底发掘。

(责任编辑：郭彪 UN832)
2016-03-16 01:45:05
现代金报