China is facing a pension dilemma Governments how to meet the challenges of ageing
Side is a rapidly growing elderly population, while the net reduction of the working-age population, China is facing unprecedented retirement dilemma. The China social investigation report portrays a picture: world's largest aging populations are in different forms and through their old age. Illness, loneliness, service, economic pressure are all factors that affect the quality of life in their old age.
The China social investigation report by Renmin University Institute of Gerontology investigation completed jointly with the data center and Renmin University of China. Include individual characteristics, health status, economic situation, participation of older, pension, pension arrangements and other aspects of resources. 28 provinces and cities nationwide 11,511 elderly people were surveyed.
Investigations revealed that about three-fourths of elderly people suffering from chronic diseases, high blood pressure, heart disease, cervical and lumbar disease is the most common of several chronic diseases.
Chinese women's life expectancy was 77.4 years, five years higher than that of men. General concept that women are living longer, are healthier than men. In fact, surveys show, in both rural and urban, both mild disability or severe disability, the proportion of women is higher than men's. Also are fighting the "female man" struck a warning, pay attention to health is necessary from now on.
Surveys show that good education can help mitigate cognitive aging. Low cognitive scores education group falling inflection point occurred in 65-69, higher education group in 80-84. In addition, as education levels rise, depression scores decreased.
Urban-rural differences in all aspects of life of the elderly is clear, especially in terms of economic income. An old age pension, for example, civil servants retired gold 3174.69 Yuan a month on average, urban workers ' basic old-age pension was 2400.22 Yuan, basic pension 1387.2 Yuan for urban residents, rural social old-age insurance to 141.21. Rural social pension insurance institutions pension is 22.5 times times the average.
From a housing perspective, 85% of the elderly more than a House, 78% a, 6% have two, 1% more than three sets. Although urban and rural differences still exist on the target, higher homeownership rate for senior citizens in rural areas, but the gap compared with the pension gap is not wide. 87.75% of the urban elderly housing, and 79.97% of the rural elderly people own their own homes. Noteworthy is that urban housing prices is much higher than in rural areas. Which makes elderly property differences appear greater discrepancies.
Because of more and more small scale, family pension has been very weakened, social service system construction is vital for China's response to the pension woes. Survey, seniors demand for community services is very big, but really enjoy the pension services are very limited, the situation in rural areas is particularly prominent.
According to some estimates, by 2050, the proportion of China's elderly population will exceed 30%. Old-age challenge will be how to deal with the future Government, society, families and individuals cannot escape the question.
(Editors: Zhang Zhongjun UN662)
2016-03-17 16:21:47
First financial daily
中国正面临养老困局 政府该如何迎接老龄化挑战
一边是迅速增加的老年人口，一边是持续净减少的劳动年龄人口，中国正面临着前所未有的养老困局。《中国老年社会追踪调查报告》就刻画了这样一幅图画：世界最大的老龄群体正在以不同形式度过他们的老年。疾病、孤独、服务缺失、经济压力都是影响他们老年生活质量的因素。
《中国老年社会追踪调查报告》由中国人民大学老年学研究所和中国人民大学中国调查与数据中心联合完成。调查包括老年人个体特征、健康状况、经济状况、老年参与、养老资源、养老安排等六个方面。全国28个省市的11511位老人接受了调查。
调查显示，约有四分之三的老人自报患有慢性疾病，高血压、心脏病、颈腰椎病是最常见的几项慢性病。
中国女性的预期寿命为77.4岁，比男性高五岁。一般观念认为女性寿命更长，比男性更健康。实际上，调查显示，无论是在农村还是在城市，无论是轻度失能还是严重失能，女性的比例都高于男性。这也给正在拼搏的“女汉子”们敲了一记警钟，注重健康有必要从现在开始。
调查表明，良好的受教育情况有助于缓解认知老化的情况。低教育组认知得分下降的拐点发生在65-69岁，高教育组则发生在80-84岁。此外，随着受教育水平的上升，老年人抑郁得分逐渐下降。
城乡差别在老年人生活的各个方面清楚显示，尤其是在经济收入上。以养老金为例，机关事业单位离退休金平均每月3174.69元，城镇职工基本养老金为2400.22元，城镇居民基本养老金为1387.2元，农村社会养老保险金为141.21元。其中机关事业单位离退休金是农村社会养老保险金平均水平的22.5倍。
从住房上来看，85%的老年人有一套以上房子，其中78%有一套，6%有两套，1%有三套以上。尽管这一指标上仍然存在城乡差异，城市老年人的住房拥有率高于农村，但是差距与养老金差距相比并不算悬殊。87.75%的城市老人拥有住房，而79.97%的农村老年人拥有自己的住房。值得关注的是，城市房屋的价格远远高于农村。这就使得城乡老年人的财产差距出现更加巨大的差异。
由于规模越来越小型化，家庭养老功能已经非常弱化，社会养老服务体系的建设对于中国应对养老困局至关重要。调查显示，老年人虽然对社区养老服务的需求很大，但是真正享受到的养老服务却非常有限，农村这一状况尤为突出。
根据预测，到2050年，中国老年人占总人口比例将超过30%。如何应付养老挑战将是未来政府、社会、家庭和个人无法逃避的问题。
(责任编辑：张忠军 UN662)
2016-03-17 16:21:47
第一财经日报