Bonobos are sex maniac? Scientists for its name-Gorilla-IT sex information

April 1, Beijing time, according to the United Kingdom broadcasting company (BBC) website reported that Bonobos (Pan paniscus) is often seen as a smaller version of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), their small size often referred to as a feature. However in practice between these two Primate the size difference is not so big--the weight differences of only a few kilograms, and this difference in size is not the most interesting difference between the two.

The "form" of the bonobos

In 1995, the Netherlands primatologist Frans? de Waal (Frans de Waal) wrote in the journal Scientific American article says: "the bonobos ′ type ′. "He wrote:" Bonobo has long legs and small head, narrow shoulders than chimpanzees, they are even more slender. ”

Typical of the bonobos have red lips, small ears and a unique "hairstyle", Frans? de Waal describes it as "slender, long black hair neatly to the side apart, very attractive", and sometimes they combed their hair can be observed.

But this kind of "temperament" appearance is not the bonobos and chimpanzees show different main reasons. More important difference is that the two species of fauna in the body, female status.

In the 70 ′s of last century, Japan primatologist long to and Varna is the first recorded the bonobos one scientist for female members of the Group core. Unlike chimpanzees are completely different, in chimpanzee groups, females were in large part of the time social exclusion of marginalized groups.

During sex, bonobos-missionary position is the most frequently used face to face

Unusual sexual behavior

Meanwhile, long to and Varna also observed many unusual sexual behaviour.

He published in 1980 in a paper in the journal of human evolution, and Varna long to record: "in face-to-face sexual positions, for example, began as a female bonobos approach a female bonobos and staring at the other b′s face. Both female bonobos will then hugged each other and rhythmically repeated friction between genitals. Such behavior usually lasts less than 20 seconds, but sometimes even more than 1 minute. ”

When male and female bonobos mate, long to and Varna recorded, in the case of some 1/3, both using the missionary position, and in some cases, long to and Varna have observed female bonobos mate with males who have different, sometimes with an underage male and male bonobos have sex is still in infancy.

United Kingdom Zhanna·Kelei, University of Birmingham (Zanna Clay) noted that: "these are the facts, but the public read too much for this type of behaviour is gradually formed the impression many people, that′s what bonobos seem to mate all day long, as if they are sex addicts. "Craig has been committed to the observation and study of bonobos in the wild.

Truth is more subtle. Clay points out that bonobos mating frequency and not many people consider less frequent, she said: "from the perspective of breeding, mating frequency of bonobos and chimpanzees compared to and in order to display exceptions. ”

That Bonobos are doing? Yes, you want it to be

By contrast, rubbing and touching the genitals of the Bonobo groups are common, but generally occurs only in certain very specific cases, often listed will not be classified as sex.

Clay says: "people think they′re just take delight in this, but this may not be true, may be associated with this kind of behavior is more uncertain social situation. "In 2014, Craig and Frans? de Waal, was published in the journal behavioral research results.

For example, when Bonobo groups arrived in a new tree for food, when among group members who are eligible to pick the best quality fruit to produce tensions. Clay said: "given the circumstances, frequently arise between groups of female bonobos rub each other genital behavior, which can relieve the tension of the competition. Once the tension subsided gradually, and they can even feed each other, along with each other very well. ”

Female bonobos often use this approach to ease tensions between the two rival ethnic groups, so as to avoid the common chimpanzee groups that intense brutal "tribal war". But all this does not mean that Bonobos are not offensive.

Babies, Bonobo′s mother will help them adapt to community life

Female-dominated society

Craig points out that: "one of the reasons they are rubbing genital is ease battles or conflicts provoked tensions. "This is more obvious in the Zoo. In artificially created environment, female bonobos feel looks more dominant than in the wild. So they feel in the "dominant" female bonobos often showing violence against male bonobos.

Clay says: "many male Bonobo chimpanzees in the Zoo are injured. There is a male Bonobo even found the front end of the penis was bitten off by female bonobos. This and believe that they are fairly modest did not match the traditional view. ”

Although apparently bonobos is a female dominated society, but male bonobos social role has sometimes been underestimated. If a dominant female bonobos give birth to a "son", so the Cubs would benefit because of the high social status of one′s mother. So you can observe some male Bonobo′s position in the group is higher than some of the lower-level female bonobos.

In 2010, the researchers found that female bonobos mother helps her son to get close and get more opportunities to mate with willing females bonobos. Eventually, the male bonobos also developed some similar sexual behaviors, and female bonobos friction genitalia are similar to each other. Long to and Varna have observed between male bonobos rub anus, will mimic the movements of sexual intercourse between males, masturbation, and even sometimes erect penis between the "bayonet".

By comparison, bonobos seem to be more peaceful than chimpanzees, less violence

New species of geographic isolation?

No one could determine why bonobos chimpanzees there is a huge difference between, especially after the year 2012. This year, researchers on the gene sequencing results show two types of primates, both kinds of primates is less than 1 million years ago before splitting up with each other on the evolutionary tree.

However, in Africa′s bonobos chimpanzee′s findings suggest that the distribution of the Congo River which may play an important role. If you sit in a boat along the Congo River to the Atlantic Ocean on rafts floated down, you′ll find the right shore of the River in the Congo are chimpanzees, and bonobos are distributed on the left bank of the river.

剛 history, ancient city had architect from Varna to long, who is now Japan a professor at Kyoto University. In 2015, the ancient 剛, history professor and his colleagues wrote in the journal evolutionary anthropology presented a theory, in the Congo River some 34 million years ago when it was first formed, all the apes lived on the right bank of the Congo River. Sedimentology indicate that approximately 1 million years ago, the water level of the River in the Congo there have been significantly reduced, and during this time there may be some groups of apes arrive after crossing the left bank of the Congo River.

So for the next 1 million years, because reproductive isolation, on both sides of the apes begins along different evolutionary path of evolution, and formed what we now see Bonobo and chimpanzee species.

剛, ancient city history professor said: "the Group of bonobos, females in estrus also appears unlikely to insemination period and seeks mate with males. Unlike chimpanzees is quite different, relatively limited number of females within the latter group, but it can be used after the differentiation between these two groups a few genetic changes to explain. ”

With a large number of females in heat and simultaneously seeking male sex between male competition for partners has become less and less, until eventually society dominant females and vice versa. All this is the result of evolution naturally occurring.

倭黑猩猩都是性爱狂？科学家为其正名 - 猩猩,性爱 - IT资讯

北京时间4月1日消息，据英国广播公司(BBC)网站报道，倭黑猩猩(Pan paniscus)常常被视作是缩小版的黑猩猩(Pan troglodytes)，它们较小的体型常常被作为一种识别特征。然而实际上这两种灵长类动物之间的体型差异其实并没有那么大——体重的差异仅有几公斤而已，而且这种体型上的差异也并非这两者最有趣的区别。

“有型”的倭黑猩猩

在1995年，荷兰灵长类动物学家弗朗斯?德瓦尔(Frans de Waal)在《科学美国人》杂志上撰写的文章中称：“倭黑猩猩更加‘有型’。”他写道：“倭黑猩猩拥有长长的四肢和较小的头部，肩膀较窄，相比黑猩猩，它们的体型显得更加修长。”

典型的倭黑猩猩拥有红色的嘴唇，小小的耳朵和独特的“发式”，弗朗斯?德瓦尔将其描述为“纤细的长长黑发整齐地向两侧分开，十分具有吸引力”，有时候还能观察到它们梳理自己头发的动作。

但这种“更显气质”的外表还并非是让倭黑猩猩与黑猩猩相比显出不同的主要原因。更重要的区别在于这两种动物群体内，雌性的地位高低。

在上世纪70年代，日本灵长类动物学家加納隆至是世界上最早记录下倭黑猩猩群体内雌性成员核心地位现象的科学家之一。这一点与黑猩猩群体完全不同，在黑猩猩群体中，雌性在很大一部分时间里是被排斥在社会边缘的群体。

在做爱时，倭黑猩猩最常采用的体位是面对面的传教士式

不同寻常的性行为

与此同时，加納隆至还观察到许多不同寻常的性行为。

他1980年发表在《人类进化杂志》上的论文中，加納隆至记录道：“以面对面的性交体位为例，一开始是一只雌性倭黑猩猩A主动接近并盯着另一只雌性倭黑猩猩B的脸部看。随后这两只雌性倭黑猩猩会相互拥抱并有节奏地重复摩擦双方的生殖器。这样的行为一般持续不到20秒，但有时候甚至会超过1分钟。”

而当雄性和雌性倭黑猩猩发生交配时，加納隆至记录道，在大约1/3的案例中，双方采用的是传教士体位，而在部分案例中，加納隆至还观察到雌性倭黑猩猩与不同的雄性交配，甚至有时候会与未成年的雄性乃至尚处于婴儿时期的雄性倭黑猩猩发生性行为。

英国伯明翰大学的詹纳·克雷(Zanna Clay)指出：“以上这些都是事实，但公众对于这类行为的过分解读则逐渐让很多人形成了这样一种印象，那就是倭黑猩猩似乎整天都在交配，仿佛它们都是性瘾者一样。”克雷多年来一直致力于在野外对倭黑猩猩的观察和研究。

事实则显得更加微妙。克雷指出，倭黑猩猩的交配频率并没有很多人所认为的那么频繁，她说：“从繁殖角度来看，倭黑猩猩的交配频率和黑猩猩相比并为显出异常。”

这只倭黑猩猩正在做什么？没错，就是你想的那样

相比之下，倭黑猩猩群体中摩擦和触碰生殖器的行为非常常见，但一般只出现在某些非常特定的场合之下，常常并不会被归入性行为之列。

克雷表示：“人们认为它们只不过是以此为乐，但这可能并非事实，与这种行为更有关联的可能是不确定性的社会处境。”在2014年，克雷与弗朗斯?德瓦尔一起，在《行为学》杂志上发表了相关研究结果。

举例来说，当倭黑猩猩群体抵达一棵新的大树开始觅食，此时群体成员之间就会为究竟谁才有资格摘取那些品质最佳的果实产生紧张关系。克雷表示：“在这样的情况下，群体中的雌性倭黑猩猩之间会频繁发生相互摩擦对方生殖器的行为，这种行为能缓解这种竞争关系带来的紧张情绪。而一旦这种紧张情绪逐渐平息下来，它们甚至可以相互喂食，彼此之间的相处是十分融洽的。”

雌性倭黑猩猩还常常会用这种做法来缓解两个敌对族群之间的紧张关系，从而避免像黑猩猩群体中常见的那种激烈残酷的“部落战争”。但这一切也并非意味着倭黑猩猩就不具备攻击性。

倭黑猩猩的母亲会帮助它们的幼崽适应群体生活

雌性统治的社会

克雷指出：“它们相互之间摩擦生殖器的原因之一便是缓解战斗或冲突之后激起的紧张情绪。”这种情况在动物园中表现地更为明显。在人工创设的环境中，雌性倭黑猩猩感觉自己相比在野外环境下显得更具有统治地位。于是这些自我感觉处于“绝对统治地位”的雌性倭黑猩猩常常会表现出对雄性倭黑猩猩的暴力行为。

克雷表示：“动物园里的很多雄性倭黑猩猩身上都多少带伤。有一只雄性倭黑猩猩甚至被发现阴茎的前端被雌性倭黑猩猩咬掉了。这种情况和认为它们相当温和传统观点并不相符。”

尽管很显然倭黑猩猩是一个由雌性占据主导地位的社会，但雄性倭黑猩猩的社会作用有时候也被人们低估了。如果一只占据主导地位的雌性倭黑猩猩生下了一个“儿子”，那么这只幼崽将因为自己母亲的崇高社会地位而获益。因此你可以观察到有些雄性倭黑猩猩在群体中的地位就要比一部分等级较低的雌性倭黑猩猩更高一些。

在2010年，研究人员发现雌性倭黑猩猩母亲会帮助自己的儿子去接近并获得更多机会与发情的雌性倭黑猩猩交配。最终，雄性倭黑猩猩也会发展出某些类似性行为的行为，这与雌性倭黑猩猩相互之间摩擦生殖器的现象非常类似。加納隆至曾经观察到雄性倭黑猩猩之间互相摩擦肛门、雄性之间还会做出模仿性交的动作、自慰，甚至有时候还会用勃起的阴茎相互之间“拼刺刀”。

相比之下，倭黑猩猩似乎比黑猩猩更加平和，不那么暴力

地理隔绝产生的新物种？

没有人能够确定为何倭黑猩猩会与黑猩猩之间存在如此巨大的差异，尤其是在2012年之后。这一年，研究人员对这两类灵长类动物的基因测序结果显示，这两种灵长类是在不到100万年前才从进化树上彼此分化开来的。

不过，在全非洲境内开展的针对倭黑猩猩以及黑猩猩分布情况的调查结果暗示刚果河在其中可能扮演了重要角色。如果你坐在一艘木排上顺着刚果河向着大西洋漂流而下，你会发现在刚果河的右侧岸边都是黑猩猩，而在河的左岸则分布着倭黑猩猩。

古市剛史曾经师从加納隆至，他现在已经是日本京都大学的一名教授。2015年，古市剛史教授和他的同事们在《进化人类学》杂志上撰文提出一项理论，认为在大约3400万年前刚果河最初形成时，所有的猿类当时都生活在刚果河的右岸。但沉积学研究表明，在大约100万年前，刚果河的水位曾经出现显著降低，在此期间可能有一部分的猿类群体过河后抵达了刚果河的左岸。

于是在接下来的100万年时间里，由于生殖隔离，两岸的猿类便开始沿着各自不同的进化路径演化下去，各自形成了今天我们所见到的倭黑猩猩和黑猩猩两个物种。

古市剛史教授表示：“在倭黑猩猩群体中，雌性即便在不可能受孕成功的时期也会出现发情并寻求与雄性的交配。这一点与黑猩猩相当不同，后者群体内的雌性交配数量相对有限，但这完全可以用这两大群体之间分化之后少量基因发生改变来解释。”

随着大量雌性同时处于发情期并寻求雄性发生性行为，雄性之间争夺性伴侣的竞争变得越来越少，直到最终雌性反过来占据了社会的主导地位。这一切都是演化过程中自然出现的结果。