Dr North: back IQ micro-circle of friends-friends, rumors, app-IT information
"App on my parents, their circle of students read and share all day is pseudoscience, rumor and chicken soup for the soul. Black does not discuss. ”
"Getting the Internet, MOM told me not to eat eggs today and tell me not to eat fish, last home is scared to eat. She loved how the bullshit. ”
"Back up ring intelligence. ”
……
These veteran but young netizens complained, was "invalid information" flooding the Internet phenomenon.
Rumor is the most common information that is not valid, it is generally as follows:
Qingdao original Germany concession of sewers in the efficient use of a hundred years later, some parts need to be replaced, but the company no longer exists. Urban construction company employees around parts of the company, then Germany-related companies to send them an email, saying that under Germany Enterprise construction standard, in the aging parts within 3 meters, spare parts store should be able to find a small warehouse. Urban construction company based on this tip, small warehouse was found in a sewer, filled with cloth wrap spare parts still look like new.
This kind of rumor to cater to people's stereotype (in this case "de perfect after sale"), aimed at people generally experience blind spots (few have experience in replacement of sewer parts), make up sensational stories to entice readers spread.
So probably pseudoscience:
Foods with g: shrimp and crab cream and fruit to eat. Shrimp, crab and other foods containing pentavalent arsenic compounds, if food with fruits that contain vitamin c, and arsenic will be changed into trivalent arsenic, which is highly toxic "arsenic", harm is very great. Long-term consumption can lead to poisoning the body, immune decline.
Slightly different from such rumors, it aimed at the public's knowledge of blind spots, induce fear, forming communication.
Chicken soup for the soul of such invalid information for the audience's logical flaws and emotional needs.
A college student asked: "I graduated from Beijing with his girlfriend, money, can't afford to buy a House can only be rented, friends ask us to dinner, then we are sorry, old family meal, no money to return. My salary is low in Beijing, have nothing, you say what I do now? ”
A chicken soup for the expert replied: "first, how many students do you want to stay in Beijing did not leave, but you have formal work in Beijing and, secondly, do you have a girlfriend to help each other; and, third, so many people invite you to dinner, your popularity is very good. You have so much, and why you have nothing? ”
This reply to play a meaningless set of logic games, effective information to zero. In addition to comforting for the time being to the point useless, does not solve the questioner's real problems (financial difficulties).
These rumours, pseudoscience, chicken soup for the soul, consisting of information that is not valid, why would flood the network? Since effective information needs to be rigorous cross-examination after the fact, rigorous reasoning and thinking, their number is limited. Manufacturing information that is not valid and no cost. So, in an era of everyone to speak, invalid information will far exceed the amount of growth and effective information. The explosion, the first is the explosion of spam.
A user-created information site, younger people may be of high quality, but with the influx of users, increases the amount to discuss environment tend to deteriorate. Older users tend to sigh complaining: site level is low.
Low level? Referring to what level? --Manufacturing and filter the information level.
Pictured above is typical of the large-scale dissemination of information in a simplified version of the Web site. Due to the total amount of information enormous, only after the source filter to reach the audience. In the Internet age, in addition to traditional media such as television, radio, newspapers, direct participation of users and opinion leaders have begun publication with the filter media has become an important source of information.
Information source in the diagram, black for "sources" when they were disseminating information, preferences, and dissemination for the first, did not distinguish or inability to distinguish the authenticity of information, some are deliberate disinformation; white for "clean source", they judge the authenticity of the information before the dissemination of, and have the ability. Despite online rumors accounted for the vast majority, but various sources filtering, when reaching everyone, its proportion has been greatly reduced.
Honest and provide first-hand information of the parties concerned, serious media and journalists, have certain knowledge breadth of opinion leaders and reliable personality, professional ability and neutral scientific research only in the field of professional speaking, is a common source of clean. Although in the real world, information sources are not so clear-cut. Experience knowledge of defects, defect, thinking ability, prejudice, politics, emotions, interests, all contribute to a clean source and dissemination of pollution information, clean source due to chance but rumor and sources provide information that is in all likelihood will be a rumor. Because of the lack of recognition of the latter with the ability to filter information, invalid information in the network, will be faithfully reflected in the information flow on.
Some opinion leaders and the media, interest, character, discipline, poor thinking, systems security, have the potential to become a source of pollution. However, in General, they suffer from information baptism and eliminated, on the whole is still better than the average user. Ordinary users due to the knowledge and experience of defects to determine information true or false weaker, are more likely to become a source of pollution, app rumours in the circle of friends is much higher than the Twitter stream.
Lost is the most vulnerable of the older generation, their average education level is low, experienced a long period of lack of information. Because of the information-hungry, they can pass the time story with relish, did not mind is made up. Invalid information has a greater degree of tolerance--"in case it is really" "go round and inoffensive". When you pay attention to all the elders of your circle of friends, often received rumours of mass every day, sometimes dozens of articles where no one is really in a row.
These sources are not illiterate, many of them have good professional skills, there are even titles such as professors and scholars. However, specialized in a few narrow areas, cannot hide their defects in most fields of knowledge and thinking. More importantly, they lack understanding of Internet opinion. Don't know who is the manufacture of information, what is the purpose, what is the common method, the most important reason for this is that they become a source of pollution.
北大博士：退
微信朋友圈保智商 - 朋友圈,谣言,
微信 - IT资讯
“我父母也上微信了，他们那同学圈子没法看，整天分享的都是伪科学、谣言和心灵鸡汤。拉黑不商量。”
“自从学会上网以后，妈妈今天告诉我不能吃鸡蛋，明天告诉我不能吃鱼，最后家里啥都不敢吃。她怎么就那么爱信那些胡扯呢。”
“退圈保智商。”
……
这些资深却年轻的网民们抱怨的，是“无效信息”在网络上泛滥的现象。
生活谣言是最常见的无效信息，它一般是这样的：
青岛原德国租界的下水道在高效率地使用了百余年后，一些零件需要更换，但当年的公司早已不复存在。城建公司的员工四处寻觅配件公司，后来一家德国的相关企业给他们发来一封电子邮件，说根据德国企业的施工标准，在老化零件周边3米范围内，应该可以找到存放备件的小仓库。城建公司根据这个提示，在下水道里找到了小仓库，里面全是用油布包好的备用件，依旧光亮如新。
这类谣言迎合人们的刻板印象（本例为“德制品售后完美”），瞄准人们普遍的经验盲点（几乎无人具备更换下水道零件的经验），编造耸人听闻的故事，诱使读者传播。
伪科学也大抵如此：
食物相克：虾蟹类忌与水果同吃。虾、蟹等食物中含有五价砷化合物，如果与含有维生素C的水果同食，会令砷发生变化，转化成三价砷，也就是剧毒的“砒霜”，危害甚大。长期食用，会导致人体中毒，免疫下降。
与生活类谣言略有不同，它瞄准公众的知识盲点，诱发其恐惧心理，形成传播。
心灵鸡汤这类无效信息则针对听众的逻辑缺陷和情感需要。
一位大学生问：“我和女朋友毕业留京，没钱，买不起房子只能租，朋友老叫我们吃饭，后来我们都不好意思了，老吃人家的饭，没钱回请。我在北京的薪水很低，一无所有，你说我现在该如何是好？”
某鸡汤专家答：“第一，你有多少同学想要留京没留下，可你在北京有正式工作；第二，你有个相濡以沫的女朋友；第三，那么多人请你吃饭，说明你人缘挺好。你拥有这么多，凭什么说你一无所有呢？”
这个回复玩了一套无意义的逻辑游戏，有效信息量为零。除了给点暂时的心灵安慰以外毫无用处，并不能解决提问者的真实问题（财政困境）。
这些以谣言、伪科学、心灵鸡汤构成的无效信息，为什么会充斥网络呢？因为有效信息需要严格质证后的事实、严谨的推理与思考，它们的数量是有限的。而制造无效信息并没有成本。所以，在一个人人都可以发言的时代，无效信息的增长量将远远超过有效信息。信息爆炸，首先是垃圾信息的爆炸。
一个用户创造信息的网站，人少时质量可能很高，但随着网民涌入，信息量增大，讨论环境往往逐渐恶化。老用户们往往叹气抱怨：站点水平被拉低了。
水平低？指的是哪方面的水平？——制造和过滤信息的水平。
上图是典型的大型网站中信息传播情况的简化版本。由于信息总量极大，只有经过传播源过滤，才能到达受众。在网络时代，除电视、广播、报刊等传统媒体外，用户与意见领袖也开始直接参与发布与筛选舆论，成为重要的信息传播源。
图中的信息源，黑色为“污染源”，它们传播信息时，以喜好和传播量为先，并不分辨或无力分辨信息的真伪，有些则故意造谣；白色为“清洁源”，它们在传播前会判断信息真伪，且具备相应的能力。尽管网络上的谣言占绝大多数，但有各类清洁源过滤，在到达每个人眼前时，其比例已经大大降低了。
诚实提供第一手材料的当事人、严肃媒体及相关记者、有一定知识广度且人格可靠的意见领袖、有专业能力且仅在专业领域发言的中立科学研究者，是常见的清洁源。虽然在现实社会中，信息源并不那么泾渭分明。经验缺陷、知识缺陷、思维能力、偏见、政治立场、情绪、利益，都可能导致清洁源制造和传播污染信息，但清洁源只是偶然传谣，而污染源提供的信息则十有八九都会是谣言。由于后者缺乏识别与筛选信息的能力，网络中的无效信息比例，将如实地反应在其信息流上。
部分意见领袖和媒体，因利益、品格、自律、思维能力、制度保障等欠佳，有可能会成为污染源。然而，一般来说，他们饱受信息洗礼和淘汰，总体上依然好于普通用户。普通用户因知识与经验缺陷，判断信息真伪的能力较弱，更易成为污染源，因此微信朋友圈里谣言比例远高于微博信息流。
最易迷失的是老一辈，他们平均受教育程度低，经历过长期的信息匮乏。由于信息饥渴，他们对各类能消磨时间的故事津津有味，并不介意是否编造。对无效信息有着更大的容忍程度——“万一是真的呢”“转一转又不害人”。当你关注一众长辈的朋友圈时，往往每天都会接收海量的谣言，有时连续几十条里没一条是真的。
这些污染源并非文盲，他们很多具备不错的专业技能，甚至有教授学者等头衔。然而，专精少量狭窄领域，并不能掩盖他们在绝大部分领域中的知识和思维缺陷。更重要的是，他们严重缺乏对网络舆论的了解。不知道信息的制造者是谁，目的是什么，常见手段又是什么，这是他们成为污染源的最重要原因。