Detailed explanation of SpaceX rockets, Thomas g more than a CEO-Thomas g, SpaceX-IT information

Over four years, Mr MASKEY was one step away from their Star Trek dreams. Musk in 2001 identified human interstellar immigration, especially settlement goals of Mars. Now 15 years past, seemingly impossible idea is slowly becomes reality.

Musk in 2001 to sell Paypal received large sums of money and investment later founded SpaceX and Tesla. But SpaceX's development process, many people have mistaken for a musk is throw money at something, to capacity as CEO of investors. Has even been said that SpaceX can completely rely on NASA successfully exported large numbers of talented people for SpaceX, in fact, this is a fallacy. SpaceX undeniably many NASA engineers for the Falcons have made an outstanding contribution to the success of the 9th, but you can't think that Edison invented the electric light was his assistant credit. Musk of SpaceX titles other than the CEO, as well as a title is the Cheif Designer (Chief Designer). Therefore Falcon 9th musk masterpiece and there is nothing wrong with and musk I think so. At present, most of the coverage of the musk is focusing on Tesla, and for development of SpaceX is rarely heard. This article will explain the history of Gdansk to build rockets, x of cattle as well as detailed under Falcon 9th place.

Recycling rockets? Musk's whimsical

A lot of people are sniffy about heroism, from small to large left the collective you also tell us nothing. But throughout history, some critical node really is the one who played a decisive role. Or Nobel prizes don't have to be awarded to individuals, given annually to a team of scientists we need not argue.

Falcon 9th at the design level is masterpiece of musk, SpaceX's history might be called the history of musk to build rockets . Musk has said, "I know every detail of my rockets, as well as all the past. I can tell you tell the surface material of the heat treatment process, where change, why did we choose this material, even forging technologies. ”

Perhaps someone will ask why Mr MASKEY know how to build a rocket, musk's answer is reading, "I haven't worked at Boeing or Lockheed or Boeing. But I know in physics and engineering sense how things work. "SpaceX's colleagues also said musk learning ability and no one can, IQ is enigmatic. Musk has spent 2 years mastered the design principles of the rocket .

Back in 2001, musk presented sent and conceptual project of experimental greenhouse on Mars landing, namely moisturizing gel will dehydrate seeds and transported to Mars, let the plants grow in the Martian soil, prepare for landing a man. To sit in the musk in early 2002, after all, a career cannot rely. So went to Moscow, with Russia the Kosmotras international aerospace companies to buy 3 Intercontinental ballistic missile used for experiments. Yes, musk to build rockets also played "arms Merchant" role. May be due to missiles are too expensive (a modified from missiles to rocket to $ 8 million), and rockets as consumables cannot be reused which makes musk realize that they can build their own rockets can start a company, and these will be able to reuse. According to his calculations, the construction of a market price of raw material prices only when the rocket rocket 3%. Thus, SpaceX was founded.

Large quantities of musk has the same ambitions Rocket engineer, including, of course, NASA engineers were called to them. But like most important founding SpaceX engineers present propulsion systems Vice President Tom Mueller told NASA didn't half dime. Rapid development of NASA downsizing not SpaceX can cause. If NASA layoffs, Boeing and luomake is waiting to accept these Rocket engineer. Not to mention there are so many private rocket company, owned by Bezos. If a simple success SpaceX for NASA's help, well, you feel that your musk difference only inferior birth.

Said Mr MASKEY every business, is in the fight against an industry, this is the real deal. Set up Paypal has hit the banking system, establishing SpaceX company make the aeronautical industry shuffle, Tesla is completely subverting the United States automobile industry.

Detailed Falcon 9th

Saturday morning Falcon 9th successful landing platform at sea, the author specifically looking for information on Falcon Nineth. Results show that all Chinese are generalities. So, I prepared for the first time to introduce more Falcon 9th, after all, this is the first commercial reusable rocket.

1. the Dragon spacecraft

Dragon spacecraft is a free to control the flight of the spacecraft can transport cargo and a manned flight. Dragon spacecraft in 2012, become the first commercial spacecraft, for cargo transportation and return safely to Earth from the international space station. It is also currently the world's only spacecraft that can carry large amounts of cargo back to Earth. At present, the Dragon spacecraft is mainly used for cargo transportation, but it was designed from the outset for manned flight. In accordance with the United States space agency agreement, SpaceX company is improved for the manned flight of Dragon-type spacecraft. Dragon style craft's first manned flight test is expected to be carried out in the 2-3.

-Dragon spacecraft support in addition to rising support for Dragon spacecraft cargo space also contains storage without pressure. Supporting design of riveted aluminum structure, 2.8 meters high and wide and 3.66 metres. Support is also provided with radiators, cooling capacity is 3-kilowatt. Support fairing Shell installed a solar array can generate more than 500-kilowatt power. Power to charge the Dragon spacecraft. Front support but when the Dragon spacecraft into Earth's atmosphere and solar panels will be abandoned.

2. Falcon 9th, two-stage rocket

Falcon 9th, two-stage rocket powered by a single Merlin vacuum engine, similar to the rocket's first-stage engine, but modifying the part design for vacuum flight. All Merlin engines designed and manufactured by SpaceX completed. Engine burn time about six minutes, and according to needs to be closed and restarted several times. SpaceX's Merlin vacuum engine, has the world's highest vacuum specific impulse (ISP), vacuum specific impulse of 348 sec, more than all the world all the liquid oxygen/kerosene rocket engine.

3. Falcon Nineth stage

Falcon 9th grade subjects covered by aluminum-lithium alloy, by the addition of lithium materials aluminum than stronger but lighter. Below the epidermis is a large storage tank made of aluminum dome cover, used to store liquid oxygen and rocket grade kerosene (RP-1) engine propellant. Tank dome and fully customized by the SpaceX company SpaceX company friction stir welding machine manufacture, this is by far the most powerful and most reliable welding technology.

After ignition, flight safety valve system to ensure that all of the engines are the thrust rockets are held after the performance. Then, in the presence of more than five Boeing 747 's reasoning, the rocket will fly into space at very high specific impulse. Unlike aircraft, the thrust is proportional to the actual altitude of the rocket. Falcon 9th more than 1.5 million pounds of thrust at sea level, but in the vacuum of 1.7 million pounds.

4. the landing leg

This should be falcons with conventional rockets, 9th most in different places. Landing leg of the first-stage rocket is the rocket landing an important part of the Earth. Four bracket made of aluminum alloy and the United States the most advanced carbon-fiber. Landing leg of symmetrically placed around the base of the rocket, landed in the rocket can give the rockets a lot of cushioning.

5. rocket engine

Falcon 9th entirely SpaceX Merlin engines used in the company's internal development and manufacturing, the propellant for liquid oxygen and rocket grade kerosene. A single Merlin engine thrust sea level reached 756,000 cattle (170000 pound), the reasoning of the atmosphere up to 825,000 cattle (￡ 185500). Merlin engine thrust to weight ratio of more than 150, the Merlin engine was ever built in the world's most efficient booster engines, while still ensuring the structure and thermal safety coefficient required to carry astronauts.

Falcon 9th is at present only in the case of partial engine failure threw rockets that can fly. Falcon 9th you can lose up to a maximum of two Merlin engines, but can still be done. Nine of the first-stage rocket engine from the Apollo program, is Saturn's first and fifth Saturn rocket designed an improved version of the.

Structure of the nine Merlin engines used 8 loop 1, before improved 3x3 engine arrangement. This institution called Octaweb can support eight engines metal structure around a central engine. This structure simplifies the design and Assembly of engine parts, simplifies the manufacturing process.

China shoulders heavy responsibilities

Finally said that China's rocket technology. Actually, China's rocket technology is not weak, rocket engine technology is still a problem, of course. At present, China's most advanced rocket engines is a 120 ton liquid oxygen-kerosene engine YF-100 and hydrogen-oxygen engine YF-77. YF-100 's commissioning in 2012 has been declared complete, as to when the formal use of the current wait. YF-100 vacuum a maximum thrust of 1.34 million cattle, a vacuum specific impulse of about 330 seconds. Lox/kerosene engine area is not bad.

But by far the most advanced rocket engines begin using hydrogen and oxygen fuel. And when it comes to hydrogen-oxygen engine, this is the war of China's rocket engine, got up early and catch a late set. 70, China began the development of hydrogen-oxygen rocket engine, but the 2001 high thrust hydrogen-oxygen engine projects before they are approved. But the 2007 technical bottlenecks, four times of the test results is not ideal. Until 2012, the long fifth core level using YF-77 until the successful research and development. But from the force said YF-77 only 50 tons of thrust. Japan developed the h-II rocket for the first level of LE-7 hydrogen-oxygen fueled engines, thrust exceeds 100 tons.

As for China's rocket research and development, I think how much Russia big brother constraints. Many technical heritage in Russia, YF-100 and Russia's RD-120 there are similarities. Of course, I don't expect privatization of China Aerospace, but when it comes to financial investment, because immigrants dream of Mars is not an American patent.

SpaceX火箭详解，马斯克并不仅仅是个CEO - 马斯克,SpaceX - IT资讯

耗时四年，马斯克终于离自己的星际旅行梦想更近一步。马斯克2001年定出了让人类星际移民，特别是定居火星的目标。如今15年过去，看似不可能想法正慢慢变为现实。

马斯克2001年卖出Paypal时获得了大笔资金，于是创立了SpaceX并投资了后来的特斯拉。不过有关SpaceX的发展历程，很多人都误认为是马斯克是花钱了事，以投资人身份出任CEO而已。甚至还有人表示SpaceX能成功完全都是靠NASA为SpaceX输出了大量人才，其实这基本是谬论一条。不可否认SpaceX众多的NASA工程师为猎鹰9号的成功做出了卓越贡献，但是你不能认为爱迪生发明电灯都是他助手的功劳吧。马斯克在SpaceX的头衔除了CEO之外，还有一个头衔就是Cheif Designer（首席设计师）。所以说猎鹰9号是马斯克的杰作并没有什么不妥，而且这事马斯克本人也是这么认为的。目前，大多数对马斯克的报道都是集中于特斯拉，而对于SpaceX的发展历程则鲜有耳闻。本文就将讲述一下马斯克造火箭的那些历史，以及详解下猎鹰9号的牛X之处。

回收火箭？马斯克的异想天开

很多人都对英雄主义嗤之以鼻，从小到大的教育也都告诉我们离开了集体你什么也不是。但是纵观历史，某些关键节点真就是那某一个人起了决定性作用。要不然诺贝尔奖也不用非要颁给个人了，每年颁给一个科学家团队大家也不用争了。

而猎鹰9号在设计层面基本算是马斯克的杰作，SpaceX的历史可以说就是马斯克造火箭的历史。马斯克曾经如是说，“我知道我的火箭的每一个细节，以及所有过去。我可以告诉你告诉表面材料的热处理过程，哪里发生了变化，我们为什么选择这种材料，甚至是锻造技术。”

也许有人要问马斯克为什么知道怎么造火箭，马斯克自己的回答是看书，“我没有在波音或波音或洛克希德工作过。但我明白东西在物理及工程意义上是如何工作的。”而SpaceX的同事也都表示，马斯克学习能力无人能及，智商高深莫测。反正马斯克花了2年时间基本掌握了火箭的设计原理。

早在2001年，马斯克就提出了发送和让火星实验温室安全着陆的概念性项目，也就是将脱水的种子和保湿凝胶运送到火星，让这些植物在火星土壤生长，为人类登陆做准备。而到了2002年初马斯克就坐不住了，毕竟干事业不能光靠想。所以跑到莫斯科，欲跟俄罗斯的Kosmotras国际宇航公司购买3颗洲际弹道导弹用来进行实验。是的，马斯克为了造火箭还扮演过“军火商”的角色。可能是由于导弹实在太贵（一个从导弹修改来的火箭要800万美元），而且火箭作为消耗品不能重复使用这一点使马斯克意识到自己可以可以开公司造自己的火箭，而这些火箭将可以重新使用。根据他的计算，建造一个火箭的原材料价格只有当时火箭市场价格的百分之三。于是，SpaceX成立了。

接着大批跟马斯克有着同样志向的火箭工程师，当然也包括NASA的工程师被招至麾下。但比如SpaceX最重要的创始工程师现在的推进系统副总裁Tom Mueller就跟NASA没有半毛钱关系。所以NASA缩编并不是SpaceX能如此迅猛发展的原因。如果NASA裁员，波音和洛马可是一直在等着接受这些火箭工程师。更不用说还有那么多私人火箭公司，比如说贝索斯旗下那个。如果简单把SpaceX的成功归结于NASA的帮助，好吧，那你是不是觉得你跟马斯克的区别也只差出生地而已。

话说马斯克每一次创业都是在对抗一个行业，这才是真正了不起的。建立Paypal打击了银行系统，建立SpaceX公司让整个航空工业洗牌，特斯拉则彻底颠覆了美国汽车业。

详解猎鹰9号

周六凌晨猎鹰9号成功在海上平台着陆，笔者当时特意找了一下猎鹰九号的相关资料。结果发现所有的中文资料都是泛泛而谈。于是，笔者准备首次来为猎鹰9号做个详细介绍，毕竟这是人类第一款可以商用的可回收式火箭。

1.龙式飞船

龙式飞船是一个可以自由控制飞行的飞船，可以运输货物并进行载人飞行。龙式飞船在2012年成为历史上第一个商用宇宙飞船，为国际空间站提供货物运输并安全返回地球。这也是目前世界上唯一可以携带大量货物返回地球的航天器。目前，龙式飞船主要用于货物运输，但从一开始就被设计用于载人飞行。根据与美国航天局的协议，SpaceX公司正在为载人飞行对龙式飞船进行改进。龙式飞船的首次载人飞行试验预计将在2 - 3年内进行。

龙式飞船的支撑段除了用来在上升过程中支持龙式飞船还包含了存储无压力货物的空间。支撑段的设计为铆接铝合金结构，高2.8米和宽3.66米。支撑段还设有散热器，散热能力为3千瓦。而支撑段整流罩外壳安装有太阳能电池阵列，可以产生超过500千瓦电能。这些电能可以为龙式飞船进行充电。不过当龙式飞船进入地球大气层前支撑段和太阳能电池板都会被抛弃。

2.猎鹰9号二级火箭

猎鹰9号的二级火箭由单一Merlin真空发动机提供动力，与火箭的第一级发动机相似，但为真空飞行修改了部分设计。所有的Merlin引擎的设计和制造都由SpaceX公司完成。发动机的设计燃烧时间约六分钟，并可根据需要被关闭并重启多次。SpaceX公司的Merlin真空引擎，具有世界上最高的真空比冲（ISP），真空比冲达到348秒，超过所有的目前世界上所有的液氧/煤油发动机。

3.猎鹰九号一级火箭主体

猎鹰9号一级火箭主体由铝锂合金覆盖，通过加入锂元素使材料变得比铝更强韧但却更轻。表皮下面是一个大型储罐由铝制圆顶覆盖，用来存储液氧和火箭级煤油（RP-1）发动机的推进剂。储罐和圆顶完全由SpaceX公司利用SpaceX公司定制的搅拌摩擦焊接机制造，这是目前现有的最强大和最可靠的焊接制造技术。

点火后，飞行安全阀系统保证所有的发动机都具备全推力性能后才会释放火箭。然后，在超过五个波音747的推理的作用下，火箭会以很高比冲飞向太空。不同于飞机，火箭的推力与实际海拔成正比。猎鹰9号在海平面的推力超过150万磅，但在真空中则达到170万磅。

4.着陆支架

这应该是猎鹰9号与常规火箭最不同的地方。第一级火箭的着陆支架是火箭软着陆地球的重要部件。四条支架采用铝合金与美国最先进的碳纤维制成。着陆支架在火箭基部周围对称地放置，在火箭降落时可以给予火箭极大的缓冲作用。

5.火箭引擎

猎鹰9号采用的Merlin引擎完全由SpaceX公司内部开发和制造，推进剂为液态氧和火箭级煤油。单个Merlin引擎海平面推力达到756千牛（170000磅），大气层推理达到825千牛（185500英镑）。Merlin引擎推力重量比超过150，使得Merlin引擎是世界上有史以来建造的最有效率的助推发动机，同时仍能保证携带宇航员所需的结构和热安全系数。

目前猎鹰9号是唯一在部分发动机输出失效的情况下扔有能力飞行的火箭。猎鹰9号至多可以失去多达两个Merlin引擎，但仍可完成使命。第一级火箭的九个引擎架构来自阿波罗计划，是土星一号和土星五号火箭所采用设计的改进版本。

九个Merlin引擎采用8环1的结构，改进了之前的3×3引擎安排。这种机构被称之为Octaweb是可以支撑八个发动机围绕一个中心发动机的金属结构。这种结构简化了发动机部分的设计和组装，简化了制造工艺。

中国航天任重道远

最后说说我国的火箭技术吧。其实我国的火箭技术本身并不弱，当然火箭发动机技术还是个问题。目前，我国最先进的火箭发动机是120吨级液氧煤油发动机YF-100和氢氧发动机YF-77。YF-100的试车2012年已经宣告完成，至于何时正式使用目前还要等待。YF-100的真空最大推力为1340千牛，真空比冲约330秒。在液氧煤油发动机领域算是不错的。

但是其实目前最先进的火箭发动机都开始采用氢氧燃料。而说到氢氧发动机，这真是中国火箭发动机之殇，起了个大早，赶了个晚集。中国70年代就开始研发氢氧发动机，但2001年大推力氢氧发动机的项目才获批复。但是2007年却遭遇技术瓶颈，先后四次试车结果不理想。直到2012年，长征五号芯级采用的YF-77才告研发成功。但是从推力上说，YF-77的推力只有50吨。而拿日本自主研发的H-II火箭的第一级LE-7氢氧燃料发动机来说，推力已经超过100吨。

至于中国火箭的研发，笔者觉得多少受到了俄罗斯老大哥的掣肘。很多技术都传承于俄罗斯，YF-100跟俄罗斯的RD-120发动机多有相似。当然，笔者不奢望中国航天民营化，但是也许到了财政加大投入的时候了，因为火星移民的梦想并不是美国人的专利。