"The East is red, first" top ten digital satellite secrets _ news

Original title: [Dark Reading of new Beijing] "dongfanghong first" top ten digital satellite mystery

46 years ago, "Red Sun......" the song spread around the world by satellite, this song is sent back to Earth from space? Dongfanghong first before the launch, France, and Japan's first satellite blasted off the near accident suddenly doesn't work, and they have any problems? China's first satellite dongfanghong first fate, broke what problem? Comprehensive development of China's first satellite dongfanghong first hard documentary adhere to aerospace dream aired on Qianlong started 24th, the film is divided into two sets, which aired last April 24, Qianlong, and the second was 25th.

Photo shows workers are developing "first dongfanghong" satellite

China Beijing Shenzhou aerospace cultural and creative media production of a limited liability company stick to the dream of spaceflight to the historical background of the development of China's space industry, restore when using image data of dongfanghong first difficult development process. Film also specially invited country developed a Yuan-hsun Sun jiadong, Wang Xiji, academician of as well as some more than 10 participants, in oral way lets the audience feel the true history of dongfanghong first.

According to the documentary, stick to the dream of spaceflight, Qianlong net reporter from 10 little-known figures, opened China's first satellite dongfanghong first launch behind the arduous process of development.

"The first dongfanghong" satellite

　　Why after 12 years of exploration?

First satellite dongfanghong is 21:35 on April 24, 1970, China's first man-made satellite, the satellite launching project time span is relatively large. First satellite dongfanghong was first formally introduced in 1958, code named "581" project. This also means that the first satellite dongfanghong project took a total of 12 years, has experienced many problems and challenges, including missile technology not mature satellite cannot be God as well as economic difficulties and was stranded for a long time.

　　200 million Yuan investment in the GDP accounts for how much?

In order to develop first satellite dongfanghong, allocated funds for 200 million yuan in China. At the time, is not a small number, you know, in 1958, China's GDP was more than 130 billion yuan, namely satellite research and development investment in GDP accounted for more than a year, 1/650, in the proportion of one-year revenue will be higher. Scientists involved in the research, which reflects the central emphasis on satellites, providing scientists with huge pressure and responsibility is huge.

　　42-day crucial meeting "651 meeting" meaning what?

Because of missile technology is not mature cannot be God, technical difficulties, China's first satellite program has repeatedly stalled, in early 1965, Qian xuesen proposed development China suspends satellite should be re-launched and listed in the national task was shared by the Chinese leaders. Central Government has mobilized the nation's scientific elite, 42 days of meetings convened to discuss development of satellites, this means "651". This means that China's first satellite dongfanghong first put on the agenda again.

　　173 kilograms of "weight" is determined?

The end of 1967, Central 1th satellite programme was finalized, stipulates that the satellite is not less than 150 kilograms (eventually identified as 173 kilograms), with a long first launched, and officially named dongfanghong first. Eventually, the satellite is not only fully meet the design requirements, and quality than 4 States before launching the 1th satellite quality combined to exceed the 29.8 kg. United States 1th satellite only 8.2 kg, China's first man-made Earth satellite than the United States first satellite weighs 165 kilograms.

In a way that, at the time under the condition of science and technology, more and more functions, the technical requirements contained in the corresponding higher.

However, due to specific historical conditions, dongfanghong first were asked to design more fat. Because at Red first, satellite Shang also carry music red, red first, satellite was requirements let General radio directly listening to to red first, satellite advertised of Red music, this on need in satellite Shang installation power transmitter, but that will makes satellite of weight over 1 tons, this for at China rocket of carries capacity for is not feasible of, this a programme eventually was rejected.

　　Running time 8 days more than the design working life?

According to the documentary, because chemical limited battery life, dongfanghong first running for 28 days, than the design working life of more than 20 days to 8 days.

First satellite dongfanghong heaven, making China become the former Soviet Union, United States, and France and Japan zhihou, 5th completely successfully launched satellites on their own country. The star is not only fully meet the design requirements, and quality than 4 States before launching the 1th satellite quality combined to exceed the 29.8 kg. Meanwhile, satellite tracking methods, signal transmission and satellite temperature control system and other technical fields, also exceeded the 1th satellite level in these countries.

There was can testify, Japan's first satellite days later on, around the globe and only 6 laps is unable to work in less than one day. Observations indicate that, by February 2009, the dongfanghong first is still running.

　　40 seconds of music come from?

"Go on, captivated, watching could see and hear" is the first satellite dongfanghong General requirements, including "hear" is a specific historical circumstances, first satellite dongfanghong will carry the music launch of the East, and play the national mass. Chose high reliability and long working life sweet, small power consumption, music loud techno music selected was a 40-second piece of the East.

Today, there are still a lot of people to this memory. In fact, people at that time did not hear directly first satellite dongfanghong back sound, but by dongfanghong first emission signal, large ground stations receive, through the national radio broadcast approach to achieving. So, after the launch, people across the country heard the music of the East is the stations of the satellite signal.

　　Why are designed as triple-level relay delivery?

Dongfanghong first mentioned, we must mention the long March rocket, first. Because of our satellites of the initial problem is not God. Development began in 1965, long first, on April 24, 1970, China's first man-made Earth satellite--Dong Fang Hong first successfully sent into space. Long first was developed for launching China's first satellite dongfanghong first three-stage rocket. Its first rocket was a mature technology, and then adapt them for launching satellites, the third with solid fuel as propellant.

It is the third pole of solid rocket "last mile" strong push, dongfanghong first fast speed, achieving orbited the Earth.

　　Extremely cold and Hot 100 degree turn off the how to break?

Even after France, and Japan has launched a satellite, but it appeared the two satellites of the "space" syndrome. In the near-Earth space, satellite towards the side of the Sun the temperature often reached more than 100 degrees, and satellites back to a negative side of the Sun the temperature is often more than 100 degrees, and because of this, France, and Japan satellite to bear this extremely hot and extremely cold environments, quickly does not work. However, our satellite temperature control system for continuous improvement, and ultimately not only exceeded the intended working life, after long-term operation in space.

　　Profile why designed 72?

First satellite dongfanghong only 1 meter in diameter, in order to make "visible" technicians designed satellite into a sphere made up of 72 facets, when one of the aims is to make the satellite in orbit and will glitter when it spins up, due to the different angle, will have a glowing effect, so that it is easier to observe on the ground.

　　3 meter big aprons is going on?

In fact, despite the 72, but was too far away, people on earth are very difficult to observe first satellite dongfanghong, how can "visible" satellite, which developers are at a loss.

But, in most helpless of Shi, once development personnel to Beijing a mall Shi is has has accident found, that is development personnel inadvertently see has a put telescopic, so development personnel on according to folding umbrella of principle do has a special material of "big apron", launches of when first not put it release,, God yihou again blow big, let it can open rose to 3 meters more, so comes greatly improve has observation degrees, people in Earth Shang on can accordingly saw red first, satellite. (Text/Qianlong net reporter Liu Debing)

Source: Qianlong

Responsible editor: Li Liangliang

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“东方红一号”卫星的十大数字奥秘_新闻资讯

　　原标题：[深读新北京]“东方红一号”卫星的十大数字奥秘

　　46年前，“东方红太阳升……”的歌声由卫星传遍世界，这段歌声是怎么从太空传回地球的？在东方红一号发 射前，法国、日本的首颗卫星升空不久突然意外无法正常运转了，它们出现了什么问题？我国的首颗卫星东方红一号命运如何、又突破了哪些难题？全面呈现我国首 颗人造地球卫星东方红一号艰辛研制过程的纪录片《坚守航天梦》于24日在千龙网首发播出，该片共分上下两集，其中上集已于4月24日在千龙网播出，下集已 于25日播出。

图为工人正在研发“东方红一号”卫星

　　由北京神舟航天文化创意传媒有限责任公司出品的《坚守航天梦》以中国航天事业发展的真实历史为背景，用影像资料还原当年东方红一号的艰辛研制过程。影片还特意邀请了国家两弹一星元勋孙家栋、王希季院士以及十余位亲历者，以口述的方式让观众感受东方红一号最真实的历史。

　　根据纪录片《坚守航天梦》，千龙网记者从10个鲜为人知的数字中，揭开中国首颗卫星东方红一号发射背后艰辛的研制过程。

图为“东方红一号”卫星

　　缘何历经12年探索？

　　东方红一号卫星是1970年4月24日21时35分发射的中国的第一颗人造卫星，但是这颗卫星发射工程的时间跨度比较大。东方红一号卫星最早是在 1958年正式提出，代号为“581”工程。这也意味着东方红一号卫星工程总共花费12年时间，其间经历了重重难题的考验，包括导弹技术不成熟无法将卫星 送上天以及经济困难等，并一度长期搁浅。

　　2亿元投入在GDP中占比多少？

　　为了研发东方红一号卫星，我国拨出经费为2亿元。这在当时，可不是个小数字，要知道，在1958年，中国GDP只有1300多亿元，即卫星研发投入 在一年的GDP占比中为1/650，在一年的财政收入中占比会更高。当时参与研制的科学家表示，这体现了中央对研制卫星的重视，让科学家们倍感压力巨大、 责任巨大。

　　42天的关键会议“651会议”意味着什么？

　　正是因为导弹技术不成熟无法上天等技术难题，中国的第一颗人造卫星计划一再搁浅， 1965年初，钱学森等建议中国暂停研制的人造地球卫星应该重新 上马并列入国家任务，得到了我国有关领导人赞同。中央调集了全国的科学精英，召开42天会议商讨研制卫星，这即是“651会议”。这意味着中国的第一颗人 造卫星东方红一号再度提上议事日程。

　　173千克的“体重”是怎么确定的？

　　1967年底，中央最后审定了中国第1颗人造地球卫星的方案，规定该卫星不小于150千克（最终确定为173千克），用长征一号运载火箭发射，并正 式命名为东方红一号。最终，该卫星不仅全部达到了设计要求，而且质量比前4个国家发射的第1颗卫星质量总和还要超出29.8千克。美国的第1颗卫星只有 8.2千克，我国首颗人造地球卫星比美国第一颗卫星重165千克。

　　某种程度上说，在当时的科技条件下，卫星越重，功能越多，所蕴含的技术要求相应更高。

　　不过，由于当时特定的历史条件，东方红一号一度被要求设计得更胖更重。因为当时东方红一号卫星上还携带乐曲《东方红》，东方红一号卫星被要求让普通 收音机直接收听到东方红一号卫星播发的《东方红》乐音，这就需要在卫星上安装大功率发射机，但那将使卫星的重量超过1吨，这对于当时中国火箭的运载能力来 说是不可行的，这一方案最终被否决。

　　正常运行时间为何比设计工作寿命多8天？

　　根据纪录片，因为化学电池寿命有限，东方红一号正常运行28天，比其设计工作寿命20天还多8天。

　　东方红一号卫星的上天，使中国成为继前苏联、美国、法国和日本之后，第5个完全依靠自己的力量成功发射卫星的国家。该星不仅全部达到了设计要求，而 且质量比前4个国家发射的第1颗卫星质量总和还要超出29.8千克。同时，在卫星的跟踪手段、信号传输形式和星上温控系统等技术领域，也都超过了上述国家 第1颗卫星的水平。

　　有一点可以作证的是，日本的第一颗人造卫星上天后，仅仅绕着地球转了6圈即不到一天就无法工作了。而观测表明，到2009年2月，东方红一号还在运行。

　　40秒钟的乐曲是怎么来的？

　　“上得去、抓得住、看得见、听得到”是对东方红一号卫星的总体要求，其中的“听得到”是在当时特定历史环境下，东方红一号卫星将携带音乐《东方红》 升空，并对全国群众进行播放。最终选择了可靠性高、工作寿命长、消耗功率小、乐音悦耳嘹亮的电子音乐，所选择的是《东方红》一段40秒的乐曲。

　　时至今日，还是有很多人对此记忆犹新。实际上，当时的人们并没有直接听到东方红一号卫星发回来的声音，而是由东方红一号发射信号，由大型地面站接 收，再通过中央人民广播电台转播的办法来实现。所以，在卫星发射上去后，全国人民听到的《东方红》乐音都是经广播电台转播的卫星信号。

　　为何要设计成三级接力运载？

　　提到东方红一号，就不得不提长征一号火箭。因为我国人造卫星最初遇到的难题，就是无法上天。长征一号于1965年开始研制，1970年4月24日， 将中国第一颗人造地球卫星——东方红一号成功送入太空。长征一号是为发射我国第一颗人造地球卫星东方红一号而研制的三级运载火箭。它的一、二级火箭采用当 时的成熟技术，并为发射卫星做了适应性修改，第三级以固体燃料为推进剂。

　　正是第三极固体火箭在“最后一公里”的有力一推，将东方红一号提速到第一宇宙速度，实现绕地飞行。

　　100度极冷极热关是怎么突破的？

　　尽管此前法国、日本先后发射了人造卫星，但这两颗卫星都出现了“太空综合症”。在近地球的太空中，卫星面朝太阳的一面温度常常高达100多度，而卫 星背对太阳的一面温度常常为负100多度，正因为如此，法国、日本的卫星承受不了这种极冷极热的环境，很快都无法正常工作了。不过，我国的卫星不断改进温 控系统，最终不仅超出了预定工作寿命，之后还长期在太空运转。

　　外形为何设计成72面？

　　东方红一号卫星直径只有1米，为了使地面“看得见”，技术人员把卫星外形设计成由72面体组成的一个球体，目的之一是使卫星在轨运行时能闪光，当它自转起来以后，由于角度不同，就会产生一闪一闪的效果，这样在地面就比较容易观测。

　　3米多的大围裙是怎么回事？

　　事实上，尽管自带72变，但由于距离太远，人们在地球上还是很难观测到东方红一号卫星，而如何能让地面“看得见”卫星，对此研发人员也是一筹莫展。

　　不过，在最无可奈何之时，一次研发人员到北京一家商场时却有了意外发现，那就是研发人员无意中看到了一把折叠伞，于是研发人员就根据折叠雨伞的原理 做了一个特殊材质的“大围裙”，发射的时候先不把它放开，等上天以后再吹大，让它能撑开涨到3米多，如此一来大大提高了观测度，人们在地球上就可以据此看 见东方红一号卫星。（文/千龙网记者 刘德炳）

　　来源：千龙网

责任编辑：李亮亮

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