Artisan spirits? Made in China learn the Switzerland "Apprentice" spirit-Chinese manufacturing, artisan spirits-IT information
Due to the continuing financial crisis, full crash and increasingly scary unemployment rate, again all over the world come to view the economic structure, basically agreed: entities should be emphasized.
So, Germany launched the industry 4.0 concepts, tried to restructure the entire manufacturing chain; United States rely on leading in 10 of the world's science and technology, powerful brand capability, prepare all industrial Internet connection; China is catching up. After all, we have the largest consumption market, maximize productivity, and most diligent manufacturing employees, made in China, 2025 Plan less than industrial 4.0 and Internet penetration is high but represent China's determination to develop manufacturing.
Manufacturing industry is hot again, looking around, manufacturing industries, where there is too much to learn from. United States, and Germany natural need not repeat here, they always lead the trend of world manufacturing. Japan made some decline, heritage lives on. By contrast, Switzerland made is not so bright. But by reading the relevant literature, know that Switzerland made secret, instead, the author is of the view that Switzerland made in China more valuable, particularly in a system formed, most worth learning from.
Born in vocational education in Switzerland manufacturing
Switzerland made to the world of images is unique in that he does not like the United States manufacturing output of 20 international brands, nor like Japan manufacturing output of 20 sets of field management practices, not made in China, eyes closed and open them to 20K iPhone, but it has already established a high quality image. In particular, mechanical watches, was synonymous with the accurate, reliable and beautiful. So, dealers around a simple pricing strategy: Watch the price of Switzerland completed is proportional to the number of processes in the territory. In other words, passing through Switzerland watches in the territory will be coated with a layer of gold.
Boring-often rely on high quality manufacturing process, is the best embodiment of dedication and perseverance. In fact, understanding Switzerland manufacturing and education are clear, they are tempered out high quality, mainly due to the whole nation to "skills" of worship, and their education is successful.
Most countries in the world, higher education is considered to be one of the necessary conditions for elite, a respected, aesthetic is always higher than that of the master carpenter or Baker. But Switzerland's idea is different. They will not be depressed because of low education and skills can also be respected in the community, receiving a salary high enough.
In fact, the 75% of Switzerland in junior high school students after graduation, will choose the vocational education, in their most energetic, and curiosity the most important age to explore their own interests and potential. In addition, the provision is not the so-called School of vocational education, but some of the more high quality enterprise, may not be big business, but it must be a good business. In theory, the enterprises will provide apprentice jobs, are considered to be very promising business.
Throughout the period of apprenticeship staff to explore personal interests, in-depth understanding of business law, through the model of apprenticeship, which was given to a number of manufacturing secrets passed down intact, and establishing the concept of lifelong learning careers. Relatively speaking, enterprises providing apprenticeship positions do not suffer, on the one hand be able to absorb the creativity of young people, familiar with the characteristics of a new generation of employees; it can also effectively spread their culture, social identity.
Apprenticeship if run properly, it is a win-win thing. Vocational education the success of Switzerland has an unmatched popular manufacturing base, as Brazil soccer, United States basketball and table tennis in China, can always emerging talent, and is given in good faith. In addition, Switzerland's apprentice and businesses have less anxiety. Perhaps it is this calm, focused mind and the worship of artisan skill, they spend time tempered high quality.
Made in China learn the Switzerland of "the apprentice" spirit
Outlet of Chinese manufacturing is currently undergoing restructuring, very likely to limp on the future competition. One very important reason is that we are short of technical personnel in high precision. Compared to Germany's industrial 4.0 and the United States Internet industry, made in China, most of the learning is Switzerland's "the apprentice" spirit. The past 30 years, made in China, relying on industrious hands created one miracle after another, provides a steady flow of nutrients to the world, but has also paid a heavy price. Pollution aside, economic anomalies aside, most of the complaints are the current manufacturing delays the growth of a generation.
A magazine describing the East Coast manufacturing company employee, wrote: "probably only spent 2 hours on these young people saw their life line is like a perpetual, never stopped running at night is the hardest thing, looking down at the table after only 5 minutes at a time ... ... Employees working in this State, not the apprentice, but the machines or tools.
In fact, Chinese popular manufacturing mode, engineers will break down a complex process into dozens of even hundreds of steps, so that each employee is responsible for the task becomes very simple, simple to just loosen a screw, put a sticker, or simply iPhone carry a box in the warehouse ... ... In this mode of manufacture, employees only need 3 days to check posts, adapt to the working environment, the most difficult problem is not technology, but the emotional interpretation of managers.
Customer is God, made in China, really in the practical interpretation of this sentence. In order to reach the demand, made in China, often at any cost, including location, material, and the staff of the youth, especially the employees of SMEs.
I have a friend, served in a large manufacturing company in Southeast, he said admiringly: "in order to ensure stable production and the engineer of the company, detailing a variety of terms, with repair and maintenance equipment workshop environment maintenance is everything but no one any of the checklist is used to ' maintain employees '. ”
To needs for oriented no problem, problem is market needs, always unpredictable of, coupled with, enterprise managers common of decision errors, often to enterprise brings huge of risk, and these risk end eventually will passed on to grass-roots employees body: in a paragraph crazy of years in the, East coast of employees often in night at 12 o'clock was wake, rubbing rubbing sleep zhihou, from warehouse in pull equipment, and frame line, debugging, and production, in one fell swoop, most important of task is put just sent came of phone design drawings into products, To participate in the next morning at the MWC in Barcelona, so nervous and in good order.
Why did no one complaining customer drawings to late, they just push the limits, and lust after this "look, such a difficult task, I can fix" of pleasure. But the fact is, customers drawings to late, because he drank too much, but he is God.
Employees in the manufacturing sector such as religious obsession, so assumed the risk of nearly everything: when market demand, needs of the employees working 25 hours a day, and market downturn, they have to find a new way out. In this state of extreme instability, is very difficult to have a chance to acquire the skills of employees, they always anxious, always frightened, they are always helpless at the bottom. ”
Now, the candidates complained they could not find a good job, companies complained that they don't have the right people, cannot help but ask, actually where our vocational education?
In fact, in a truly healthy society, employees can sell through mental and physical strength to purchase appropriate remuneration, and to be able to find the path to upward mobility. China education pour than transformation vocational education, in University zhiqian even more early to mining students of career potential; enterprise is is with complained good employees hard to find, loyalty degrees not high, pour than thinking school enterprises cooperation, even opened Enterprise University, put enterprise needs, and career requirements ahead of taught to students, like earlier told they, workplace in of English, not care syntax, 46 level help also is unlikely to, key is to will said, can understand can......
In short, made in China with a strong production capacity, but also the entire training system, only the future.
工匠精神？中国制造最该学习瑞士“学徒精神” - 中国制造,工匠精神 - IT资讯
由于连续的金融危机、琳琅满目的股灾以及越来越惊悚的失业率，世界各国重新开始审视经济结构，基本达成一致：应该重视实体产业了。
于是，德国推出了工业4.0概念，试图重组整个制造业产业链；美国则依托于领先世界10年的科技，强大的品牌输出能力，编制了连接一切的工业互联网；中国也不甘示弱。毕竟，我们手里有最大的消费市场、最大的产值，以及最勤奋的制造员工，中国制造2025规划虽然不及工业4.0和工业互联网的普及率高，但却代表着中国发展制造业的决心。
制造业正重新火爆，环顾各国的制造业，有太多值得借鉴的地方。美国、德国自然不用赘述，他们一直引领着世界制造的潮流。日本制造有些没落，底蕴犹在。相比之下，瑞士制造显得不是那么耀眼。但通过阅读相关文献，知晓一些瑞士制造的秘密之后，笔者反倒是认为，瑞士制造之于中国更有参考价值，尤其是在人才体系建制方面，最值得借鉴。
在职业教育中诞生的瑞士制造
瑞士制造给世界的形象非常独特，他不像美国制造动辄输出20个国际品牌，也不像日本制造动辄输出20套现场管理办法，更不会像中国制造，眼睛一闭一睁就能输出20K的苹果手机，但它早已人们心中建立起高品质的形象。尤其是机械手表，简直是准确、可靠和精美的代名词。以至于，经销商中流传着一套简单的定价策略：手表的价格同瑞士境内完成的工序数量成正比。也就是说，但凡路过瑞士境内的手表，都会镀上一层金。
高品质常常依托于枯燥的制造流程，也是执著和毅力的最佳体现。事实上，了解瑞士制造和教育的人都清楚，他们之所以能淬炼出高品质，主要得益于整个民族对“技能”的崇拜，而且他们的职业教育也非常成功。
世界上大多数的国家，高学历被认为是成为精英、受人尊重的必要条件之一，硕士的审美性总要高于木匠或者面点师。但瑞士人的观念却有所不同。他们不会因学历低而郁闷，有一技之长同样能在社会上获得尊重，领取足够高的薪水。
事实上，75%的瑞士学生在初中毕业之后，会选择职业教育，在他们精力最旺盛，好奇心最重的年纪去探索个人的兴趣和潜质。此外，提供职业教育的并不是所谓的学校，而是一些比较优质的企业，不一定是大企业，但一定是好的企业。理论上讲，但凡能提供学徒岗位的企业，都会被认为是非常具有前景的企业。
在整个学徒期间，员工可以探索个人兴趣，深入了解企业的运行规律，通过师徒相授的模式把一些制造业的秘密完整地传承下来，同时，树立终身学习的职业理念。相对来讲，企业提供学徒岗位并不吃亏，一方面可以吸纳年轻人的创意，熟知新一代员工的特点；另一方面也能有效地把自己的企业文化传播开来，取得社会认同感。
学徒制如果运营得当，绝对是一件双赢的事儿。职业教育的成功让瑞士有了无与伦比的民众制造基础，正如巴西的足球、美国的篮球以及中国的乒乓球，能永远不断地涌现出人才，甚至是天赋秉义的大才。此外，瑞士的学徒和企业都比较没有焦虑情绪。或许，正是这种平和、专注的心态，以及对工匠技艺的崇拜，他们才舍得花时间淬炼出高品质。
中国制造最该学习瑞士的“学徒”精神
中国制造正处于转型的风口，非常有可能瘫软在未来的竞争中。其中一个非常重要的原因就是，我们缺乏高精专的技术人才。相比于德国的工业4.0和美国的工业互联网，中国制造最该学习的应该是瑞士的“学徒”精神。过去30年，中国制造依靠勤劳的双手创造了一个又一个的奇迹，给世界提供了源源不断的养料，但也因此付出了沉重的代价。抛开环境污染、经济畸形不谈，最该控诉地还是现行制造模式耽误了一代人的成长。
某杂志在描述东部沿海制造企业员工时，写到：“这些年轻人大概只用2个小时就望见了自己的一生，流水线好像一个永动机，永远不会停止转动；上夜班是最难熬的事儿，每次低头看表都只过了5分钟……员工在这种状态下工作，不是学徒，而是机器或者叫做工具。
事实上，中国比较流行的制造模式下，工程师会把一个复杂的操作流程分解成几十个甚至上百个步骤，这样每一个员工负责的任务就会变得非常简单，简单到只是拧一颗螺丝、贴一张贴纸，或者仅仅是把一箱子iPhone搬运到仓库里……在这种制造模式下，员工仅仅需要3天就能考核上岗，适应工作环境，最大的难点不是操作技术，而是管理者的情绪解读。
客户是上帝，中国制造真心在用实践诠释着这句话。为了达成需求，中国制造常常不惜一切代价，包括场地、物料，以及员工的青春，特别是一些中小企业的员工。
笔者有一位朋友，任职于东南沿海一家大型制造企业，他羡慕地说道：“为了确保生产稳定，企业里的工程师，详细列出了各种条款，以维修、保养设备；车间的环境维护也是事无巨细，但却没有人任何一个checklist是用来‘保养员工’的。”
以需求为导向没有问题，问题是市场需求，总是变幻莫测的，加之，企业管理者常见的决策失误，常常给企业带来巨大的风险，而这些风险到头来最终都会转嫁到基层员工身上：在一段段疯狂的岁月中，东部沿海的员工常常在夜里12点被叫醒，揉揉睡眼之后，从仓库里拉出设备、架线，调试、生产，一气呵成，最重要的任务就是把刚刚送过来的手机设计图纸变成产品，以参加第二天早上在巴萨罗那举行的MWC，生产如此紧张而又井井有条。
没有人抱怨客户为什么图纸给晚了，他们只是持续挑战极限，而且贪恋这种“看，这么难的任务，我都能搞定”的快感。但背后的事实是，客户之所以图纸给晚了，是因为他喝多了，但他是上帝。
制造业的员工如宗教般迷恋，于是承担了几乎一切的风险：市场需求旺盛时，员工需求每天工作25个小时，而市场需求低迷时，他们又不得不寻找新的出路。在这种极度不稳定的状态下，员工是很难有机会掌握一技之长的，他们会永远焦虑、永远惊恐，他们永远是无奈的最底层。”
现在，应聘者抱怨找不到好工作，企业却抱怨招不到合适的人才，不禁要问，我们的职业教育究竟去哪儿了？
事实上，真正健康的社会中，员工可以通过出卖智力和体力来换取相应的劳动报酬，且要能找到向上流动的路径。中国教育倒不如转型职业教育，在大学之前甚至更早来挖掘学生的职业潜力；企业则是与其抱怨好员工难找，忠诚度不高，倒不如思考校企合作，甚至开办企业大学，把企业需求、职业要求提前传授给学生，比如早点告诉他们，职场里的英文，不care语法，四六级帮助也不大，关键是要会说，能听懂即可……
总之，中国制造在具有强大的批量生产能力之后，更要考虑整个人才培养体系，唯此方有未来。