Three years County 81 officials to commit suicide

According to incomplete statistics, from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2015, mainland China media reported at least 81 cases of suicides by officials.

Officials had special responsibility for social development, explore their psychological causes for suicide is significant. According to the torque of the suicide theory, when the individual is unable to give up when any one of the two conflicting factors, will experience psychological distress, this is the "torque" that is "uncoordinated." It includes different values, aspirations and reality of conflict conflict between relative poverty, to deal with the crisis, relative deprivation or lack of skills, and so on. Psychological pain and frustration of individuals will be forced to make a choice, extreme may relieve torque through suicide.

In fact, the official suicide unable to bear the psychological conflicts, there are also officials in many hearts.

"Official" and "citizen" role conflict: a two-faced

An important impact of modernization of public administration is, "employees of the public administration is not only citizens, is also a member of the citizens". On one hand, officials in public power, the allocation of public resources, a role that demands the officials to act in conformity with the administrative code of ethics. Meanwhile, in the private sector, officials are also "citizens", but also in the private sphere of "economic man", ethical culture by a private guide.

If the private and public spheres is not clear, two roles of conflict will be more obvious. In Chinese culture, the "official" this occupation is usually given higher moral meaning, official culture is also made of the traditional official people have a superiority complex. But people are not so high, so some officials often say that "leading people" to justify their misconduct. The conflict between the two roles will enable officials to produce "public private" impulse, people also have high expectations on the official morality, officials in both role conflict for a long time will have a psychological coping mechanism has the potential to become "on both sides".

Medical studies have found that as the individual grew older, conflicting values may cause more pressure on individuals, and was significantly correlated with suicidal intent. In other words, if the term is in "public person" and "economic man" two values in conflict, and after it has been internalized, would produce inconsistent pressure.

　Loyalty to the public interest, or "interests of a specific organization"?

"Official" and "citizen" duality of roles can create conflicting obligations, officials not only are "public servants", or a specific organization "civil service", which is susceptible to a specific organization. When an organization-specific interests in conflict with public interest, facing this pressure is coordinating officials will have a conflict. Government benefits problems and conflicts arising in the civil service collective corruption are part of this.

Government departments of interest refers to deviate public interest in government departments in implementing the policy orientation, use of public power for personal or small group interests of the minority, and sector to maximize the benefits, even the legal characteristics. These government officials could face the ethical conflict of loyalty to the interests of the two, don't stress when the pressure reaches certain degree could lead officials to commit suicide.

Collective corruption means all or part of an administrative member of the Government, splitting the profits League formed, using political power at his disposal, powers complement each other, thereby pocketing, corruption in the discipline. Collective corruption in institutions, minority groups formed close-knit groups together to seek illegal interests, or crowd out against corrupt officials. If justice officials in the group, will be faced with a choice of public benefit or corrupt conflicts of interest of the group, two options will make his pain, select all, accepted by conscience and torture; choose loyalty to the public interest, will be rolled out by collective corruption, lack of coordinated pressure leads.

One in provincial organ served of at level officials wrote to media said, "in some democratic atmosphere not thick, and rule of law during its, and dive rules prevailed of official field, many officials had have trepidation, fear work appeared what slip, was led rebuked, and was colleagues caught handles, and was organization ' salad '; some officials and boss Zhijian formed has actually of personal attachment relationship, put large mind with in please led above, physical and mental furniture struggling. ”

One county-level city Party Secretary, said, "the higher requirements for cadres and ordinary people to official expectations gap is too big, are important causes of psychological stress, susceptible to depression officials. "These are such conflicts to bring official pressure.

Public powerful personal "vulnerable" to the psychological imbalance

"Relative deprivation" mainly through comparison with other reference groups, perceived value and they do contribute a disproportionate, the resulting imbalance.

Chinese officials in the minds of ordinary people with public power, prominent social "group", but the survey by the people's Forum, 45.1% leaders consider themselves "vulnerable groups". Officials of the weaker sense is actually "relative deprivation", is an official with some successful businessmen or power led within the system as a reference sample of the psychological imbalance.

Structural changes in the role of Chinese society since reform and opening up, so quite a few officials to produce the "relative deprivation", which led to seek compensation, abuses led to corrupt practices. There are many corrupt officials have such a statement in the confession, he holds power, you can call the tens of millions of works, however, wages are only thousands of Yuan, while those contracted projects seek their own work and the owner of big spenders, lavish lifestyle, social elite themselves, how could it not their high standard of living. This is typical of relative deprivation. Research has shown that relative deprivation is strong individuals are more likely to be involved in group behavior. Serious criminal acts can lead to anger and, until the suicides.

Negative incentives

Officials feel strongly in these conflicts did not stress this is just psychological tests, but officials also faced multiple conflicts, coupled with some bad incentives, prone to extreme events. Such as network supervision officials faced public scrutiny and questioning another example under high-pressure anti-corruption situation, due to our lack of perfection and integrity of the civil service ethics law and mechanisms for conflict prevention of conflicts of interests and responsibility, officials at the many temptations and pressures between the anti-corruption situation, often in psychological contradictions and imbalances, prone to severe psychological crisis. If there is no timely guidance and adequate coping skills, suicide becomes a certain freedom of choice.

(Editors: Pan Yi burn UN657)
2016-05-12 20:06:44
Integrated

三年间中国大陆81名官员自杀

　　据不完全统计，2013年1月1日至2015年12月31日之间，中国大陆境内媒体至少报道了81例官员自杀事件。

　　官员对社会发展负有特殊责任，探究他们自杀的心理原因具有重要意义。根据自杀的扭力理论可知，当个体无法放弃两个冲突因素中的任何一个时，就会体验到心理痛苦，这就是“扭力”即“不协调的压力”。它包括不同价值观的冲突、愿望与现实之间的冲突、相对剥夺或相对贫困、应对危机技能的缺乏等。心理的痛苦和沮丧会迫使个体做出选择，极端的可能会通过自杀缓解扭力。

　　事实上，自杀官员不能承受的这些心理冲突，同样存在于很多在任官员的内心深处。

　　“官员”与“公民”的角色冲突：变成两面人

　　现代化对公共行政的一个重要影响是，“公共行政人员既是公民的雇员，又是公民中的一员”。一方面，官员掌握着公共权力，分配公共资源，这个角色要求官员行为符合行政道德规范。同时，在私人领域，官员也是“公民”，在私人领域也是“经济人”，行为受私人伦理文化指引。

　　如果公私领域不明确，两种角色冲突就会比较明显。在中国文化中，“官员”这一职业通常被赋予较高的道德含义，传统的官本位文化也使官员相对民众有着优越感。但对民众要求就没那么高，因此，一些官员常说“领导也是人嘛”，来为自己的不当行为开脱。这两种角色的冲突会使官员产生“公权私用”的冲动，也会让民众对官员道德产生较高期望，长期处在这两种角色冲突中的官员会产生心理应对机制，有可能变成“两面人”。

　　医学研究发现，随着个体年龄的增长，相互冲突的价值观可能在个体身上造成更大的压力，并与自杀意向呈显著相关。也就是说，如果长期处于“公共人”和“经济人”两种价值取向冲突中，且被内化后，就会产生不协调的压力。

　　忠诚于公共利益，还是“特定组织利益”？

　　“官员”与“公民”角色的二重性会产生冲突性义务，官员不仅是“公仆”，还是某一特定组织的“公务员”，后者容易受制于特定组织。当特定组织利益与公共利益发生冲突时，面临这种冲突的官员就会产生不协调的压力。比如政府部门利益化问题和公务员集体腐败问题中出现的冲突就属于此。

　　政府部门利益化，是指政府部门在执行政策中偏离公共利益导向，利用公共权力谋取少数人或小团体利益的倾向，并呈现出部门利益最大化，甚至法制化的特征。处于这些政府部门的官员就可能面临着忠诚于两种利益的伦理冲突，产生不协调压力，当这些压力达到特定程度，就可能导致官员自杀。

　　集体腐败是指政府某个行政机构的全部或者部分成员，形成分利同盟，利用所掌握的政治权力，实现权力互补，从而进行中饱私囊，违法乱纪的腐败行为。在集体腐败的机构里，少数官员群体会形成关系紧密的小组织，共同谋取非法利益，甚至会排挤对付一些清廉的官员。如果有正义感的官员处于这样的集体中，就会面临选择公共利益还是腐败集团利益的冲突，两种选择都会让他痛苦，选择同流合污，会接受良心的谴责和拷问；选择忠诚于公共利益，会被腐败集体碾压出局，不协调的压力就会产生。

　　一名在省级机关供职的处级官员写信给媒体说，“在一些民主氛围不浓、法治不彰、潜规则盛行的地方官场，不少官员过得诚惶诚恐，生怕工作出现什么闪失，被领导斥责、被同事抓把柄、被组织‘凉拌’；有的官员与上司之间形成了事实上的人身依附关系，把大量心思用在取悦领导上面，身心俱疲。”

　　一名县级市市委书记则透露，“上级对干部的要求和老百姓对官员的期待差距太大，是官员心理压力大、容易抑郁的重要原因。”这些就是此类冲突给官员带来的压力。

　　公权强大，个人“弱势”致心理失衡

　　“相对剥夺感”主要表现为人们通过与其他参照群体比较，感知到自己所得价值与所做的贡献不成比例，产生的失衡心理。

　　中国官员在普通人心中是拥有公共权力的、地位显赫的社会“强势群体”，但《人民论坛》调查显示，45.1%的党政干部自认“弱势群体”。官员的这种弱势感其实就是“相对剥夺感”，是官员以一些成功商人或体制内强权领导等为参照样本所产生的心理不平衡。

　　改革开放以来中国社会发生的结构性角色地位变动，使相当一部分官员产生这种“相对剥夺感”，由此而引发了寻求补偿、滥用特权导致腐败的行为。有很多贪官在悔过书中有这样的表述，自己握有权力，可以调用数千万工程款，可是工资却只有几千元，而那些承包工程求自己办事的老板却出手阔绰，生活奢靡，自己也是社会精英，怎么生活水平就没有他们高呢。这就是典型的相对剥夺心理。研究表明，相对剥夺感强的个体更有可能参与群体性行为。严重的会导致愤怒情绪和犯罪行为，直至发生自杀事件。

　　不利的外部诱因

　　官员在上述冲突中体会到强烈的不协调压力，这只是心理层面的考验，但如果官员同时面临多重冲突，加上一些不利的外部诱因，就容易引发极端事件。比如网络监督的兴起使官员面临着社会公众的审视和质疑；再比如在高压反腐的态势下，由于我国缺乏完善和健全的公务员道德法和防止利益冲突、责任冲突的机制，官员在众多诱惑和高压的反腐态势之间，常常处在心理矛盾和失衡之中，容易产生严重的心理危机。如果没有及时疏导和足够的应对技能，自杀就成了某种解脱的选择。

(责任编辑：潘奕燃 UN657)
2016-05-12 20:06:44
综合