China world's strictest labeling system ensure the safety of genetically modified transgenic | ID | right | _ news

Evaluation, technology, identified a three-pronged –

GM safety valve, China was

Reporter bin Xu

"China's GMO detection accuracy of 0.1%, that is to say if 1000 corn was mixed in a genetically modified corn can be tested. "Recently, with the science and technology daily journalist when talking about GM safety, Vice President of China Agricultural University, Institute of food huangkunlun this figure of speech.

GM security has captured the Chinese sensitive nerves. By separating and the modified gene into the genome of organisms, organisms genetic traits of transgenic technology better, also brought to safety by a succession of controversies.

"At present, transgenic research on major projects, 25% is made for biosafety, the proportion is the highest in all the major research and development programmes. "Wan Jianmin of academician at the Chinese Academy of engineering, China has set up the GM national security monitoring systems, security services and platforms, cultivate a group of technical personnel, capable of ensuring the safety of industrialization of genetically modified products.

Our security assessment err, Yan Zhi Yan

"Any new technology applications might be at risk. GM, people familiar with cross-breeding techniques as well. "Said Lin Min, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of agricultural sciences, Biotechnology Institute, in all kinds of biological breeding technology, so far only for transgenic technology to build the system's security system, which is enough to overcome and avoid the potential risks of gene transfer technology.

GM safety management, integration with the developed countries in China more than 10 years ago. In 1993, the State Science and Technology Commission to develop genetic biotechnology regulatory guidance document. In 1996, the Ministry of agriculture formally implemented the agricultural genetic engineering safety regulations. On May 23, 2001, the State Council promulgated the regulations on administration of agricultural genetically modified organism safety. "This indicates that China's research on administration of agricultural genetically modified organism safety test extends to the production, processing, management and import/export link. "Lin Min said.

Application of GM technologies pose a potential risk related to ecological environment safety, human and animal safety and other aspects of the problem, so GM safety assessment includes evaluation of food safety and environmental safety assessment, food safety evaluation include nutrition, toxicology and allergenicity evaluation of content.

"In 2009, the transgenic rice resistant to insect pests GM safety certificate issued by the State Department of agriculture. Before that, China had for the safety evaluation of transgenic rice for 11 years. "Huang Dafang, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of agricultural sciences, Biotechnology Institute said, wary of safety evaluation of transgenic rice in China.

"According to international standards of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, in evaluating pest-resistant crops, toxicology tests require big rat 90 day feeding and oral acute toxicity test. But outside these tests, also increased the international Codex Alimentarius Commission standards did not require three-generation reproduction testing, chronic toxicity and teratogenicity tests. "Huang Dafang said that biologically speaking, equivalent to 90 days of 70 people in mice 9 years on food safety of genetically modified rice in China experiment has exceeded actual requirements. "And China's GMO safety certificates are valid for 6 years, you can identify potential risks in a timely manner. ”

"At GM, we have an excellent product, and even advanced in transgenic rice research and development, but still cannot launch the product, which is that Government departments to strictly control of risk. "Institute of genetics and developmental biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences researcher Zhu Zhen said.

Figures show a similar trend. As of 2012, accepted a total of 192 research and development unit of the Ministry of agriculture biosecurity applications 1525, eventually only of transgenic insect-resistant cotton, BT rice and Phytase maize, virus-resistant papaya 7 kinds of crops, such as issuance of agricultural genetically modified organism safety certificates, and eventually enter the commercial production of the crop only genetically modified cotton and papayas. "The original disparity between security applications and get certificate number, as well as a strict safety assessment of genetically modified organisms in China program. "Lin Min said.

　Technology to ensure that our independent, controllable, leader in the

Strict management of transgenic programs at the same time, constantly improve the level of science and technology become the safeguard of safety of genetically modified organisms.

In 2008, China began to implement a new GMO varieties to cultivate major science and technology implementation. Substantial funding for biosafety of genetically modified organisms. Last ten years, new method designed and environmental safety assessment of transgenic technology in China 69, food safety evaluation of new methods for feed 30, testing new methods of monitoring techniques on 95, developing technical standards and procedures of safety assessment of genetically modified organisms 3, genetically modified organism testing technical standards 89 developed standards 25. These technologies, standards, and procedures form a high precision, high flux GMO safety and high efficiency technology of evaluation and monitoring systems, and has applied to industries such as agro-forestry, QC national GMO regulation, improved biosecurity capacity in China.

"Major projects supported by simulated gastrointestinal digestion stability, GMO protein and microbial protein expression analysis, the findings could help scientists in vitro human body, human body can digest protein gene expression in transgenic crops. As evaluation of GM crops is toxic or potential allergenicity of scientific data, which has been developed as the national standard, which is also the world's first standard. "Huangkunlun said, in the field of safety of genetically modified organisms in China a lot of work with originality, to ensure that our independent, controllable, leading in this field.

"The United States has prepared without China's approval of a genetically modified insect resistant maize exports to China, was found to result in the customs, here is GM key research and development of technology. "Wan Jianmin said bio-security monitoring technology to enhance protection of bio-security in China, and also make the break through technical barriers of developed countries in terms of safety management of genetically modified settings.

As of 2015, 42 GM testing agencies have already adopted "2+1" certification, to form a fully functional, management of agricultural genetically modified organism safety detection system. Application of existing technology, genetically modified ingredients, environmental safety, food safety for the entire security testing, monitoring, and evaluation.

　World's strictest identification system to ensure that the right

"Genetically modified crops in China compulsory identification method is used, is only for qualitative identification of countries in the world, that is, as long as products containing genetically modified ingredients must be identified. "Lin Min said.

According to the provisions of the measures for the management of agriculture transgenic biological mark, all included in the list of agriculture transgenic biological mark and for sales of agricultural genetically modified organisms must be identified; was not identified and not identified by the regulation, may not be imported or sold.

Genetically modified products identify systems in other countries of the world are divided into "voluntary identity" and "mandatory sign" in two ways. Such as the United States, and Canada and Argentina and other countries to take GM identity management for voluntary policies. Identity management for European Union countries and China's coercive policies. "But in the EU countries, GMO content in products only above a threshold of 0.9% required identification. In Japan this threshold was set at 5%. "Lin Min said.

"Our GMO testing standards far below Japan, the European Union and other countries and regions the threshold for GMO identification, in other words, identity management, China is the most restrictive countries in the world. "Huangkunlun said.

Biosafety management of GM technology policy depends on your idea and industry trends. Security management policies, including the GMO labeling system is often cited as market and technology barriers.

"In recent years, international biosafety management being relaxed. Although controversial, some mainstream scientists continue to believe that part of the exogenous genes in gene-editing technologies not covered, management does not need to be so strict. "Huang Dafang said," a United States Department of agriculture officials, United States in the GMO regulatory aspects will have a new policy. With a focus on genome editing also regulatory and approval for new technologies, new policies are being developed. United States of approved transgenic rapeseed can be put on the market, which needs to pay more attention to the momentum. "(Manuscript source: Science Daily)

Responsible editor: Zheng Hanxing

Article keywords:
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中国采取全球最严标识制度确保转基因知情权|转基因|标识|安全_新闻资讯

　　评价、技术、标识三管齐下——

　　转基因安全阀门，中国把得很严

　　本报记者 徐 玢

　　“我国对转基因成分检测的精度可达到0.1%，也就是说如果1000颗玉米中混杂了一颗转基因玉米都能被检验出来。”近日，在与科技日报记者谈到转基因安全时，中国农业大学食品学院副院长黄昆仑打了这个比方。

　　转基因安全一直牵动着国人敏感的神经。通过将人工分离和修饰过的基因导入生物体基因组中，转基因技术带来更优的生物体遗传性状，也带来对其安全性的连绵争议。

　　“目前，我国转基因重大专项中有25%的经费用于研究生物安全，这个比例在所有的重大研发计划中是最高的。”在中国工程院院士万建民看来，我国已经建立了转基因国家安全监管体系、安全服务体系和平台，培养了一批掌握技术的人才队伍，有能力确保转基因产品产业化的安全。

　　我国的安全评价慎之又慎、严之又严

　　“任何新技术的应用都可能存在风险。转基因技术如此，人们熟悉的杂交育种技术也是如此。”中国农业科学院生物技术研究所研究员林敏说，在各类生物育种技术中，迄今只针对转基因技术建立了系统的安全体系，这足以克服和避免应用转基因技术带来的潜在风险。

　　在转基因安全管理方面，我国早在10多年前就与发达国家接轨。1993年，国家科委制定基因生物安全管理的指导性文件。1996年，农业部正式实施《农业基因工程安全管理办法》。2001年5月23日，国务院又颁布了《农业转基因生物安全管理条例》。“这标志着我国将农业转基因生物安全管理从研究试验延伸到生产、加工、经营和进出口各环节。”林敏说。

　　应用转基因技术带来的潜在风险涉及生态环境安全、人畜安全等多方面的问题，因此转基因安全性评价包括食用安全性评价和环境安全评价，其中食用安全性评价主要包括营养学、毒理学和致敏性评价等内容。

　　“2009年，转基因抗虫水稻获得国家农业部颁发的转基因安全证书。在此之前，我国已对该品种转基因水稻进行了长达11年的安全性评价。”中国农业科学院生物技术研究所研究员黄大昉说，我国对转基因水稻的安全评价慎之又慎。

　　“根据国际食品法典委员会标准，在评价抗虫作物时毒理学试验只要求做大鼠90天喂养和口服急性毒性试验。但我国在这些试验以外，还增加了国际食品法典委员会标准中没有要求的三代繁殖试验、慢性毒性试验和致畸试验。”黄大昉说，从生物学上来说，小鼠的90天相当于70岁人的9年时间，我国对转基因水稻食用安全的试验已经超出实际要求。“而且我国转基因安全证书的有效期为6年，可以及时甄别潜在风险。”

　　“在转基因方面，我们有过硬的产品，在转基因水稻研发方面甚至是领先的，但还不能推出产品，这就在于政府部门对风险的严格把控。”中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所研究员朱桢说。

　　数字说明了同样的趋势。截至2012年，农业部共受理了192家研发单位的生物安全申请1525项，最终仅对转基因抗虫棉花、抗虫水稻、植酸酶玉米、抗病毒木瓜等7种作物发放农业转基因生物安全证书，而最终真正进入商品化生产的作物只有转基因棉花和木瓜。“最初安全申请与最终获得安全证书之间的悬殊数量，也说明了我国转基因安全评价程序的严格。”林敏说。

　　技术确保我国在该领域自主、可控、领先

　　严格转基因管理程序的同时，不断提升的科技水平成为转基因生物安全的又一道保障。

　　2008年，我国开始实施转基因生物新品种培育科技重大专项实施。大量经费被用于转基因生物安全。近十年来，我国共研制转基因环境安全评价技术新方法69项，食用饲用安全评价技术新方法30项，检测监测技术新方法95项，制定转基因生物安全评价技术标准和规程3项，转基因生物检测技术标准89项，研制标准物质25种。这些技术、标准、规程形成了高精度、高通量和高效率转基因生物安全评价和检测监测的技术体系，并已应用到农林、质检等行业国家转基因产品监管中，大幅度提高了我国生物安全保障能力。

　　“在重大专项支持下的模拟胃肠道消化稳定性、转基因生物蛋白与微生物蛋白表达分析等研究成果可以帮助科学家在体外模拟人体、分析人体是否可以消化转基因作物中目的基因表达的蛋白质。作为评价转基因作物是否存在毒性或潜在致敏性的科学数据，这些成果已经制定为国家标准，这也是世界上首次制定的标准。”黄昆仑说，我国在转基因生物安全领域的很多工作具有独创性，确保我国在该领域自主、可控、领先。

　　“美国曾经准备把没有经过我国批准的一种转基因抗虫玉米出口到中国，结果在海关被查出来了，这里用的就是转基因重大专项研发的技术。”万建民说，生物安全检测监测技术的提升保障了我国生物安全，也使我国突破了发达国家在转基因安全管理方面设置的技术壁垒。

　　截至2015年，已有42个转基因检测机构通过“2+1”认证，形成了功能完善、管理规范的农业转基因生物安全检测体系。应用已有技术，可对转基因产品成分、环境安全、食用安全进行全程安全检测、监测、评价。

　　全球最严标识制度确保知情权

　　“我国在转基因作物方面采用了强制性标识方法，是世界上唯一进行定性标识的国家，即只要产品中含有转基因成分就必须标识。”林敏说。

　　根据我国《农业转基因生物标识管理办法》规定，凡列入农业转基因生物标识目录并用于销售的农业转基因生物，必须进行标识；未标识和不按规定标识的，不得进口或销售。

　　世界其他国家的转基因产品标识制度分为“自愿标识”和“强制性标识”两种。例如美国、加拿大以及阿根廷等国家采取转基因自愿标识管理政策。欧盟国家与我国一样采取强制性标识管理政策。“但在欧盟国家，相关产品中转基因成分的含量只有高于0.9%这一阈值时才需标识。在日本这一阈值被定为5%。”林敏说。

　　“我国制定的转基因成分检测标准远低于日本、欧盟等国家地区转基因成分标识的阈值，也就是说在标识管理上，我国是世界上最严格的国家。”黄昆仑说。

　　生物安全管理理念决定着转基因技术政策以及产业的走向。包括转基因生物标识制度在内的安全管理政策常被作为抢占市场和技术制高点的壁垒。

　　“近年来，国际方面在生物技术安全管理上有所松动。虽然有争议，但一些主流科学家仍认为，一部分基因编辑技术没有涉及到外源基因，管理不需要那么严格。”黄大昉说，“一位美国农业部官员透露，美国在转基因监管方面将有新政策出台。以基因组编辑为重点的新技术是否还要监管和审批，正在制定相关新政策。美国的转基因油菜等已通过审批可以投放市场，这种发展的势头需要引起高度重视。”（稿件来源：科技日报）

责任编辑：郑汉星

文章关键词：
转基因 标识 安全

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