Xinhua: toxic track why qualified? Relevant environmental legislative gaps | runway _ HIV news
Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, June 19-News Analysis: "poison track" warning environmental legislative gaps
Xinhua Zhang Ying Liu Shilei Peng Qian
Recently, many primary and secondary schools in the country's "poison track" keeping an eye on events are raised. Survey shows, leading to "poison the runway" event is a series of complex factors. Some schools involved have begun emergency removal of "poison track".
However, in the event of qualitative and accountability has yet to have emergency removal at the conclusion of "poison track" is not a general solution. Why this event in qualitative and faces so difficult? Many experts told Xinhua in an interview recently, said that event reflected deeper problems of environmental legislation is blank, the standard delay, if you want to completely eradicate "poison track" and the "toxic toys" and "vaccine", "milk" and other similar hazards, you must start from the legislation.
Why qualified?
Many people cannot accept the conclusion: "the poison track" test results are consistent with national standards.
Engaged in chemical research on environmental risk assessment of Chinese research Academy of environmental sciences Associate Professor Dr Yu Ruozhen told Xinhua that "poison track" a wide variety of test results, highlighting the gaps in the environmental management of toxic and hazardous chemicals legislation in China.
At the national level, toluene diisocyanate (TDI) runway is the runway of polyurethane "main force". Yu Ruozhen said that the TDI of Pu track of suspected toxic ingredients, free TDI monomer that is not completely on the eyes and respiratory tract has a serious stimulus may cause airway inflammation. But whether it is suitable for outdoor is also the current ambient air quality standards for indoor air quality standards, does not provide for free TDI concentration.
Therefore, even for school classrooms and air sampling inspection of runway "qualified", nor on air safety in those areas.
According to reports, the ambient air quality standard contains only sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, inhalable particles on 10 most common air pollutants, such as standards, only involving organic compounds pollution particulate concentrations of benzopyrene. If other toxic and harmful volatile organic pollutants into the ambient air pollution, there is no standard available. By contrast, environmental legislation better in developed countries. Such as the United States Clean Air Act lists contains 187 lists of toxic chemical substances air pollutants, "poison track" suspected "culprits" TDI in it. If the list of chemicals in the environment, relevant staff will face strict procedures.
So, the lack of legislation and standards and the lag is only exposed after the problem? Legislation could avoid the "poison track" events occur? Several experts referred to "Adaptive management", that is, laws and standards to have self-renewal ability and have a certain flexibility.
United States Vice President tangmu·jinsiboge said the University of Chicago law school, different from the more general legal provisions, specific and detailed criteria must be constantly updated and adjusted. This requires better mechanisms and management, to ensure legal certainty and consistency while ensuring a certain degree of flexibility. Related laws and standards for setting a mandatory time limit, according to social developments and new scientific discoveries and law enforcement capability make the necessary updates.
United States Erin Ryan, a law professor at Florida State University believes that environmental legislation is concerned, no conclusions on many issues, is being found with scientific progress, which requires more flexibility. In the United States in environmental legislation, United States Environmental Protection Agency is to perform "Adaptive management" concept of main body, this body will widely collect the latest information, expert opinion, review and evaluate relevant laws and standards, and changes on a regular basis.
Can "split"?
"Poison track" has not yet reached a conclusion cases partly plastic track school has started an emergency demolition of runways, in addition, there are many things involved "poison track" is in a disabled state. This expert's opinion, the "poison track" should not be simply "split", must be from the institutional level put an end to this sort of thing.
Yu Ruozhen said, should be to detect whether it was necessary to dismantle, assessment, proves follow-up corrective actions before demolition. Schools that has undertaken the demolition of runways, dismantle or need to guard against "proliferation and migration of pollutants", plastic layer on the surface of the runway after the demolition, asphalt and exposed the topsoil may also contain chemical pollutants.
She suggested that the suspect can be "poison track" involved the construction of sealed records. According to building materials contain chemicals listed a list of chemicals from environmental protection departments on the chemical composition of the listed hazard identification, as a basis for formulating relevant laws and environmental standards in the future.
Public LAN Xue, Dean, Tsinghua University believes that from a long-term perspective and apart from perfecting legislation and strengthening government regulation, it should be emphasized that corporate and social responsibility.
LAN Xue said that in terms of safety and environmental protection, enterprises must take responsibility. Enterprises on their own advantages and disadvantages, such as the environmental impact of the product are most aware, should ensure their products are harmless, this does not mean simply meet state regulations, but when enterprises in technological innovation, to ensure that the least harmful, the maximum profit. In regulatory aspects, should ensure that social forces such as customers and users for violations of State standards, harmful products are reporting channels, reports agencies to collect evidence and take legal measures.
Legislation where is the difficulty?
"Poison track" after the incident exposes lack of standards, some places have already introduced or are planning to develop local standards. Experts believe that although the revision of the standard is necessary, but it must not be too hasty, and should be coordinated by the State Department, and the scientific and professional support.
Still the case of TDI monomer, the synthetic materials in Shenzhen sports ground floor quality control standards in the provision of prefabricated rubber roll roofing, block material or rubber non-slip, fill particle limit of 200 mg/kg. Yu Ruozhen said that the TDI is a highly toxic and actually, animal experiments have shown that the compound 4-hour inhalation exposure of rats "median lethal concentration" of only 13.9ppm (1ppm for the one out of 10,000). United States, California, released in March of acute reference exposure level in the air is 2 micrograms/cubic meter, short-term exposure to this concentration will have obvious respiratory discomfort. Secure materials limited standards also require further research.
So, whether existing standards of developed countries to take "used"? Development Research Center of the State Council, Director of the Institute for resources and environment policy Takase-JI said, other industrialized countries after centuries of accumulated time is the standard, although equivalent facilitation, but China's environmental security, climate and geographical conditions of the population have their own characteristics, not copy, need to be developed independently by professional team.
Erin Ryan says, everything in China is still under development, the law still needs further improvement, standards need to refine. She was not worried about China's scientific progress, because China's scientific research has been done very well, the problem may lie in how to better integration of science and law. She said: "we have seen the determination of environmental governance in China and the number of positive cases, I believe that China can solve these problems. China's newly revised law on environmental protection has released a positive signal in that regard. ”
Responsible editor: Kun Qu SN117
Article keywords:Poison tracks
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新华社:毒跑道为何检测合格？相关环境立法空白|毒跑道_新闻资讯
新华社北京6月19日电 新闻分析：“毒跑道”警示环境立法空白
新华社记者张莹 刘石磊 彭茜
近日，发生在全国多地中小学的“毒跑道”事件引发持续关注。调查显示，导致“毒跑道”事件的是一系列复杂因素。一些涉事学校已开始紧急拆除“毒跑道”。
然而，在事件定性和责任归属尚未有结论时就紧急拆除“毒跑道”，并不是一个常规的解决方式。为何这一事件在定性及处理上面临如此大难度？多位专家近日就此接受新华社记者采访时指出，事件反映的深层次问题是相关环境立法空白、标准滞后，如果想从根本上杜绝“毒跑道”，以及“毒玩具”、“毒疫苗”、“毒奶粉”等类似隐患，必须从完善立法入手。
为何检测合格？
许多人难以接受一个结论：“毒跑道”检测结果符合国家标准。
从事化学品环境风险评估研究的中国环境科学研究院副研究员余若祯博士对新华社记者表示，“毒跑道”五花八门的检测结果，凸显了我国有毒有害化学品环境管理立法的空白。
在国内，甲苯二异氰酸酯（TDI）型聚氨酯跑道是塑胶跑道的“主力军”。余若祯说，在TDI型聚氨酯跑道的疑似毒性成分中，未反应完全的游离态TDI单体对眼睛和呼吸道具有严重的刺激作用，可能引起呼吸道炎症。但无论是适用于室外的现行《环境空气质量标准》还是《室内空气质量标准》，对游离TDI的浓度都没有规定。
因此，即使对学校教室和跑道上方的空气采样检验“合格”，也不能说明这些区域内的空气安全无毒。
据介绍，我国《环境空气质量标准》只包含二氧化硫、二氧化氮、可吸入颗粒物等10项空气中最常见污染物标准，涉及有机化合物污染的只有颗粒态苯并芘浓度一项。如果其他有毒有害的挥发性有机污染物进入环境空气造成污染，并无标准可查。相比之下，发达国家的环境立法更加完善。例如美国《清洁空气法案》列出了包含187种化学物质的有毒有害空气污染物名单，“毒跑道”疑似“元凶”TDI就列于其中。如果名单上的化学品进入环境，相关人员会面临严格的诉讼程序。
那么，立法和标准的缺失与滞后是否只能在出问题后暴露？立法能否就避免“毒跑道”事件的发生？多位专家提到“适应性管理”，即法律和标准要有自我更新能力，并具备一定灵活性。
美国芝加哥大学法学院副院长汤姆·金斯伯格说，与较笼统的法律规定不同，具体、细致的标准必须是能够经常更新和调整的。这就需要好的机制和管理，在保证法律稳定性及一致性的同时又确保一定的灵活性。为相关法律和标准设定一个强制性的审查期限，根据社会发展情况、新的科学发现以及执法能力的提升进行必要更新。
美国佛罗里达州立大学法学教授埃琳·瑞安认为，对于环境立法来说，许多问题还没有结论，是随着科学进步而被逐步发现的，这就需要更多灵活性。在美国环境立法体系中，美国国家环境保护局是执行“适应性管理”理念的主要机构，这一机构会广泛征集最新信息、咨询专家意见，审视和评估相关法律和标准，并定期提出修改建议。
能否“一拆了之”？
在对“毒跑道”处理尚未有定论的情况下，部分建有塑胶跑道的学校已开始紧急拆除跑道，此外，全国还有不少涉事“毒跑道”处于停用状态。对此专家认为，处理“毒跑道”不应简单地“一拆了之”，必须从制度层面杜绝此类事情发生。
余若祯说，应先对是否有必要拆除进行检测、评估，拆除前充分论证后续整改方案。那些已着手拆除跑道的学校，拆除过程中还需警惕“污染物迁移和扩散”，把跑道表面的塑胶层拆掉后，暴露出来的沥青和表层土同样可能含有化学污染物。
她建议，可对疑似“毒跑道”的涉事承建记录进行封存。然后根据建设用料所包含的化学物质列出一个化学品清单，由环保部门对清单上的化学品成分进行危害鉴别，作为今后制定相关法律和环保标准的依据。
清华大学公共管理学院院长薛澜认为，从长远来看，除了完善立法和加强政府监管，还应强调企业和社会的责任。
薛澜说，在安全环保方面，企业必须负起责任。企业对自己产品的环境影响等利弊最为了解，应保证自己的产品无害，这不是指产品只简单符合国家规定，而是企业在进行技术创新的时候，要保证危害最小、收益最大。在监管环节，应保证顾客和用户等社会力量对违反国家标准、有害的产品有举报渠道，举报后有部门真正去取证并采取相关法律措施。
立法难点在哪？
针对“毒跑道”事发后暴露的相关标准缺失，一些地方已经出台或正准备制定地方标准。专家认为，虽然标准的修订很必要，但也不可操之过急，应由国家部门统一协调，并以科学性和专业性作为支撑。
仍以TDI单体为例，深圳市的《合成材料运动场地面层质量控制标准》中规定它在预制橡胶卷材、块材或橡胶类防滑、填充颗粒中的限量为200毫克/千克。余若祯说，实际上TDI毒性很高，动物实验显示，这种化合物的大鼠4小时吸入暴露“半数致死浓度”仅为13.9ppm（1ppm为百万分之一）。美国加利福尼亚州今年3月发布的空气中急性参考暴露水平为2微克/立方米，短期暴露在这一浓度下就会有明显的呼吸道不适。因此安全的材料限量标准还需进一步研究。
那么，能否对发达国家现有的标准采取“拿来主义”呢？国务院发展研究中心资源与环境政策研究所所长高世楫说，其他工业化国家的标准是经过上百年的时间积累起来的，虽然等效采用很便利，但中国的环境安全，气候地理条件和人口有自己的特点，不能照搬，需要由专业化的队伍自主制定。
埃琳·瑞安教授表示，中国的一切都还在发展之中，法律也还需要进一步完善，相关标准需要细化。她不担心中国相关科学的进步，因为中国科研已经做得很好，问题可能在于如何将科学与法律更好地结合。她说：“我们已经看到了中国环境治理的决心和一些积极案例，相信中国能够很好地解决这些问题。中国新修订的《环境保护法》在这方面已经释放了积极信号。”
责任编辑：瞿崑 SN117
文章关键词： 毒跑道
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