Yangtze River Ecology by shipping pollution years "drinking" water 360 million tons

A busy port in Jiangsu, the broad river, boat dock or dragging black smoke rolled through the River, the pungent, river view under the hefengliri are pale.

These scenes, is a microcosm of the Yangtze River shipping pollution. Booming Yangtze River shipping provides great support for economic and social development at the same time, ship emissions, accidents, sewage and garbage vertical and stirring heavy metal sludge, "four major pollution source" has become increasingly prominent.

Experts believe that liability is unknown, monitoring system, emergency response and environmental supply system lag, making shipping in the construction of ecological civilization in the Yangtze River a short Board, recommendations from a regulatory and supply sides with green building Yangtze River shipping.

"Four major pollution source" threatening ecological

The economic reference newspaper investigation was informed that at present, the Yangtze River shipping "four major pollution source" has become increasingly prominent, serious threats to the ecological environment in the Yangtze basin.

First, the burning heavy oil exhaust fumes. In Yichang, Hubei province monitored last year found that areas of gezhouba shiplock, because the ship is burning of low-grade diesel, relevant pollution factors compared with the city of 8% to 10%.

Ministry data show that inland waterway vessels 60% distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin, most of which use bunker fuel, smog became important sources of pollution along the Yangtze River.

Second, the sudden pollution of the accident. According to the Yangtze River Water Conservancy Committee said the Yangtze River weather, a strong wind can make the ship out one or two kilometers, collision accidents easily occur. The "Twelve-Five" period, an annual average of 3 large sudden water pollution of the Yangtze River.

Reporters learned from the maritime sector in Jiangsu Province, a case study of Jiangsu section of Yangtze River in 2001, the transport of dangerous goods of 5052 tons by 2015 to reach 150 million tons, while the water intake of the area has 83, once major pollution spill delays after emergency treatment, the consequences would be unthinkable.

Third, the marine dumping of sewage. NPC Deputy Chang Chiung said the ship sewage treatment plants are expensive, ships and docks of untreated sewage more vertical problem. According to some of the basic unit Maritime Affairs Department officials, although State regulations from January 1, 2016, Su Gan and subsidies on many ships launched sewage treatment facilities, sewage vertical problems continue despite repeated prohibitions.

Studies suggest that there are about 200,000 vessels sail on the Yangtze River, oily wastewater, sewage produced each year up to 360 million tons, garbage 75,000 tons, if not contain vertical pose a serious threat to the water environment.

The four, stir heavy metal bottom sediments. Xiangjiang River is the largest river in Hunan and one of major tributaries of the Yangtze, and heavy metals such as mercury, lead, arsenic is so polluted rivers. An expert engaged in related fields in Hunan province found that sediment containing heavy metal pollution from vessels propellers churn to degradation in the environment, including all kinds of creatures that human neural, excretion, movement, reproductive system damage. Many of the mainstream of the Yangtze River basin and tributaries of the river bottom sediment heavy metal pollution problems, shipping is the biggest cause of the contaminated sediments.

　Governance weakness highlighted

Many industry insiders pointed out, because of shipping pollution regulation and governance capacity is clearly insufficient and inadequate supply of environmentally friendly products, green shipping system lag.

First of all, blank pollution control law, liability is unknown. NPC Deputy Lu Xiulu believes that transportation Department recently announced that the Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta, Bohai (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei) marine emissions control areas programme, involving traffic management on the supply of fuel, water, ports and ships combined with main responsibility is not clear and smooth.

A maritime officials said inland shipping emissions, sewage and garbage disposal, although departments clearly defined, but there is no strict legal provisions, in practice, many regions into the river pollution prevention of ships and port facilities, no mandatory requirements. Inland legal system applicable in Jiangsu section of the Yangtze River, the Shanghai section of the Yangtze River maritime law applicable, resulting in Jiangsu marine pollutant emission standards under the Huangpu River.

Secondly, emergency support lags, precise regulation fails. CPPCC, China Diving Association, said Song Jiahui, Director of salvage industry, inland waterway vessels less economic strength, disposal and pollution accidents, such as environmental remediation, rely heavily on local government. In recent years, made a lot of emergency capacity-building along the Yangtze River, Jiangsu section 4 national oil spill equipment depot was built, with some equipment, but capacity-building is not enough.

Hohai University Professor Wang yigang said the bull management of Yangtze River Channel regulation and shipping management couldn't keep up with the rapid development of the shipping industry, the construction of ship management as the core, making the waste gas, sewage and oil spill risk for precise process control system-wide responsibilities.

Again, lack of environmentally friendly products, interdepartmental collaborative deficiency. Power supply company in Taicang in Jiangsu province said Jiang Yongping, General Manager, Taicang port has high voltage transmission success of shore power project, and ship the FBI has not yet officially started, especially not to mount the high pressure in the upper reaches, such as shore power boat.

Taicang says Xue Jianjun, Deputy Director of marine and shore currents in some areas remains unstable and outlet standards are not unified, "domestic and foreign ship owners are more worried about shore power, hull wires burned out." Some owners have said, many conditions of supply does not have a supply of low-sulphur fuel, many ports are still unable to supply low sulphur fuel at competitive prices.

Insiders pointed out that at present insufficient effective supply of high-end green ship, bad money drives out good money, it's fairly common. Many grass-roots officials, as shore power, supply of low sulphur oil and environmental protection of shipping vessels involved, environmental protection, transport, maritime, shipping and many other sectors, lack of synergy between departments, it is difficult to open the market for green energy and environmental products.

　Strengthen supervision both duocuo

Industry people recommends, should be from developed specification, and made environmental ship, and supply green can, and strengthened regulatory aspects, build Yangtze River shipping "green belt", including speed up amendment and promotion mandatory technology standard and specification; introduced industry support policy, to ship type standardization upgrade ship green technology; speed up public service to Terminal and ship of extends; strengthening water Shang law enforcement search-and-rescue protection efforts, for ecological sensitive district implementation Department province double management,.

You Xigui, Director of the Office of transportation proposals, Hubei Province, Yangtze River Valley should be integration of the existing inland waterway vessels equipment configuration, pollutant emissions and energy consumption standards, unified as a mandatory inspection, according to the development stage and the dynamic adjustment of marine technology. Exploration in key ecological protection zones set up marine emissions control areas, control of sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide emissions from ships.

Jiangsu provincial Maritime Bureau officials believe that cities along the Yangtze River basin population density, high sensitivity to environmental resources, recommends that the inland waterway vessels on the Yangtze River in Nanjing the following, used above the harbour pollution prevention standards.

Jiangsu Bureau and other experts suggested that the appropriate law enforcement ships scrapped more than serviceable, encourage energy saving ship conversion conversion, strict restrictions on new substandard ships annually standardized shipping tonnage accounts for the whole basin scale to use objective to ensure that average gross tonnage of ships 2000 DWT of pollutant emissions.

Jiang Yongping, proposed, to promote the cities along the Yangtze River to change "public service not water, do not enter" tradition, through the establishment of ports and terminals a waste transfer station and sewage collection devices to reduce shipping pollution. To use peremptory norms, measures to promote the construction of Wharf replacement, increase the intensity of low-sulfur oil supply, promoting LNG powered ship pilot conversion and related industry standards, industry regulation and development basis.

But people in the industry think, preferably from the national level to promote the local establishment of marine pollution emergency response system, clear pollution accident emergency system, organizational structure, mechanism and funding. Serious heavy metal pollution in the Yangtze River, hazardous chemicals transportation-intensive and ecologically sensitive area of centralized drinking water source, bar linkage design area, law enforcement Ministry of dual management, optimized on the rivers and lakes, such as law enforcement, watershed protection, search and rescue resources.

(Editors: Biao Guo UN832)
2016-07-07 01:58:19
Integrated

长江生态遭航运污染严重 年“喝”污水3.6亿吨

　　在江苏一个繁忙的港口，宽阔的江面上，几艘船拖着滚滚黑烟停靠或驶过江面，所到之处气味刺鼻，和风丽日下的江景都为之失色。

　　上述景象，是长江航运环境污染的一个缩影。蓬勃兴起的长江航运在为经济社会发展提供巨大支撑的同时，船舶尾气排放、突发事故、污水和垃圾直排及搅动重金属底泥等“四大污源”问题日益凸显。

　　专家认为，责任主体不明、监管制度、应急能力和环保供应体系建设滞后，使航运成为长江生态文明建设中的短板，建议从监管和供给两端发力打造长江绿色航运。

　　“四大污源”威胁生态

　　《经济参考报》记者多方调研获悉，目前，长江航运“四大污源”日益凸显，对长江流域生态环境带来严重威胁。

　　其一，燃烧重油排放的尾气。湖北宜昌市去年监测发现，葛洲坝两个船闸区，因为不少船舶烧的是劣质柴油，相关污染因子同比市内高8%至10%。

　　环保部数据显示，内河船舶60%分布在长江流域中下游地区，其中大部分使用船用燃料油，尾气成为沿江城市重要污染源。

　　其二，遇事故发生的突发污染。据长江水利委员会透露，长江江面天气变幻莫测，一场大风就能使船舶移出一两公里，船只相撞事故很容易发生。“十二五”期间，长江平均每年发生3起较大突发性水污染事件。

　　记者从江苏海事部门了解到，以长江江苏段为例，2001年危险货物运输量为5052吨，至2015年达到1.5亿吨，而这片区域有取水口83个，一旦发生较大污染泄漏事故后不能及时应急处置，后果不堪设想。

　　其三，船舶倾倒的生活污水。全国人大代表张琼表示，由于船舶污水处理装置价格昂贵，船舶和码头未经处理的生活污水直排问题比较多。据一些基层海事部门官员透露，虽然国家规定从2016年1月1日起，苏赣等地对不少船舶上马污水处理设施实施补贴，但污水直排问题依然屡禁不绝。

　　相关研究认为，长江上有约20万条船舶常年运营，每年产生的含油废水、生活污水达3.6亿吨，生活垃圾7.5万吨，如不遏制直排将对水环境构成严重威胁。

　　其四，船底搅动重金属底泥。湘江是湖南最大河流和长江主要支流之一，也是汞、铅、砷等重金属污染非常严重的河流。湖南一位从事相关领域研究的专家发现，含有重金属的底泥被船只螺旋桨搅动产生的污染在环境中难以降解，对包括人类在内的各类生物神经、排泄、运动、生殖等系统造成损害。而长江流域干流和支流很多河段都有底泥重金属污染问题，航运则是底泥污染的最大诱因。

　　监管治理短板凸显

　　不少业内人士一针见血地指出，由于航运污染监管和治理能力都明显不足，且环保产品供给不足，绿色航运的体系建设滞后。

　　首先，控污法律空白，责任主体不明。全国人大代表鲁修禄认为，交通运输部近期出台《珠三角、长三角、环渤海（京津冀）水域船舶排放控制区实施方案》，但涉及燃油供应、水上交通管理、港口和船舶配合等相关主体的责任并未明确和理顺。

　　一位海事干部说，内河航运尾气、污水和垃圾的排放，虽有部门明确规定，但由于没有严格法律规定，实际操作中，不少区域对进江的船舶和码头的防污染设施建设，没有强制要求。如长江江苏段适用内河法律体系，长江上海段适用海上法律，结果导致江苏船舶污染物排放标准低于黄浦江。

　　其次，应急保障滞后，精准监管不济。全国政协委员、中国潜水打捞行业协会理事长宋家慧说，内河船舶企业经济实力较差，污染事故处置和环境修复等，严重依赖地方政府。近几年，长江沿岸做了大量应急能力建设，如江苏段建了4个国家溢油设备储备库，配备了一些设备，但能力建设远不够。

　　河海大学教授王义刚说，多头管理的长江航道治理和航运管理跟不上迅猛发展的航运业，构建以船舶管理为核心、打造废气、污水及漏油突发风险的全流程精准管控体系任重道远。

　　再次，环保产品不足，部门间缺协同。江苏太仓供电公司总经理蒋永平说，太仓港虽有高压岸电项目送电成功，但和船舶联调还未正式开始，尤其是等不到中上游装载高压岸电的船靠岸。

　　太仓海事局副局长薛建军说，部分地方岸电的电流仍不稳定及插座标准不统一，“国内外船主都比较担心用了岸电，船体电线会烧坏”。一些船主说，不少补给港并不具备供应低硫燃油的条件，不少港口尚不能以有竞争力的价格供应低硫燃油。

　　有业内人士指出，目前高端环保船有效供给不足，劣币驱逐良币问题比较普遍。不少基层官员表示，由于岸电、低硫油及环保船舶船只的供给，涉及经信、环保、交通、海事、船级社等诸多部门，部门之间协同不力，难以为绿色能源及环保产品打开应用市场。

　　强化监管多措并举

　　业内人士建议，宜从制定规范、造环保船、供给绿能、强化监管方面，打造长江航运“绿色腰带”，包括加快修订并推广强制性技术标准和规范；出台产业扶持政策，以船型标准化提升船舶绿色技术水平；加快公共服务向码头和船舶的延伸；加强水上执法搜救保护力度，针对生态敏感区实施部省双重管理等。

　　湖北省交通厅厅长尤习贵建议，长江流域宜整合现有内河船舶的装备配置、污染排放、能源消耗等标准，统一作为强制性检验规范，根据发展阶段和船舶技术水平动态调整。在重点生态保护区探索设立船舶排放控制区，控制船舶硫氧化物、氮氧化物排放。

　　江苏省海事局相关负责人认为，长江流域沿岸城市人口密度大，环境资源敏感度高，建议内河船舶在长江南京以下，使用高于海港防污染的标准。

　　江苏海事局等单位专家建议，宜依法强制报废超过使用年限的船舶，鼓励节能环保船舶改建改造，严格限制新建不达标船舶，每年制定标准化船舶投入使用吨位占全流域比例的目标，确保运输船舶平均吨位达到2000载重吨的污染物达标排放。

　　蒋永平提出，要推动沿江城市改变“公共服务不下水、不进港”的传统，通过建立港口和码头垃圾中转站和污水收处装置减轻航运污染。要运用强制规范等在内的措施推进码头岸电替代建设，加大低硫油供给力度，推动LNG动力船舶试点改造，出台相关行业标准，明确行业监管与发展依据。

　　还有业内人士认为，宜从国家层面推动地方建立船舶污染事故应急反应体系，明确污染事故应急体系、组织机构、运行机制和资金保障。在长江流域重金属污染比较严重、危化品运输密集及饮用水源地比较集中的生态敏感区，设计条块联动的区域，实施执法的部省双重管理，优化江河湖水上执法、水域保护、搜寻救助等资源配置。

(责任编辑：郭彪 UN832)
2016-07-07 01:58:19
综合