Russia Olympic team 387 people, nearly one-third stimulant was beheaded in the horse-doping-IT information
Introduction: Rio officially opened today for the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games, the International Olympic Committee announced that it would eventually have 271 Russia athletes participated in the Rio games. 387 people in Russia most of the team was eligible for entry, but 116 people were still "doping" was beheaded in the horse. Strong fought race Olympic team also did not set off on the loss of nearly 1/3.
The Rio Olympics to happen, when we are preparing to enjoy a sports feast, "Russia athletes almost total ban" events which have not begun to cast a shadow over the games, doping again brought into the public eye. Doping to athletes caused of against abound, 1960 in Rome games Shang, bike players Jason for taking doping and caused death; 1967 ring method bike contest Shang, Qian world champion British Tom Xin Puquan for taking doping caused effort collapse and died; 1980 in Moscow Games Shang, East de swimming team forced all woman swimming players eat contains large doping of vitamin, led games 100m freestyle Gold winner Kula Wu Zai has health has two a congenital deformity son 1984 United States Weightlifters liver cancer deaths due to doping; before 1985 West German female heptathlon athlete beiruijietedelai sudden death caused by injections over more than 400 doping and so on. According to the 1994 United States survey, approximately 20% of steroid users admit they are suffering from emotional syndromes. Doping is not a product of modern sport, its history can be traced back to the 6th century BC, ancient Roman warriors have used stimulant. 3rd century BC player to drink brandy mixed drinks or wine, or hallucinogenic substances extracted from the mushrooms in order to improve performance.
So what exactly is doping (doping)? The IOC said: "athletes use drugs in any form, or in non-normal and abnormal way physiological substance intake in an attempt to artificially or unusual ways to improve competitive ability, which is considered doping, including the use of banned drugs such of the materials and use a variety of methods. "The kind of doping with the passage of time can be of the following stages. First phase of stimulants is mainly traditional stimulant drugs, including cocaine, amphetamines, ephedrine, one of the most used is amphetamine, primarily as a psychomotor stimulant used central nervous system fatigue can be delayed, that is, to reduce player fatigue during the game, improve people's sensitivity and aggressiveness. But likely to cause arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, which can cause sudden death in 1960 Rome Olympics Johnson died from excessive consumption of amphetamine-type stimulants.
50 generation medium-term, variety synthesis steroids drug have came out, doping will into has development of second stage, has representative of including vigorously fill, and Kang force Dragon, and benzene c acid nandrolone, and GUI acid nandrolone,, athletes in using this class drug of while for training, can promote body synthesis muscle of main components protein, makes muscle very State developed, in power and endurance aspects significantly improve. In addition, to speed up recovery after training, increase the training intensity and duration. However, long-term use can cause liver damage, greatly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease; male libido, Oligospermia, prostatic hypertrophy; tendency of female secondary sexual characteristics male athletes appear, such as increased body hair, breast decrease, menstrual disorders.
However with the improvement of doping detection methods, these stimulants can be easily detected. So, some people began using another a currently to found of drug, that within source sex hormone, doping of development will into has third stage, they including climbed pills ketone (t), and double hydrogen Cui pills ketone (DHT), and to hydrogen table male ketone (DHEA), and promoting red blood cells generated pigment (EPO), and human growth hormone (HGH), and chorionic promoting gonad hormone (HCG),. This class of drugs is the body's own secretion of endogenous biological substances, how to differentiate upon detection of these substances are secreted by the body itself or the intake of artificially by the outside world, which becomes the new problem of doping tests.
Entering the 21st century, the rapid development of genetic engineering technology and is widely used in and the phenomenon of life in the various disciplines. In the field of sports science, scholars have on gene technology in athlete physical function assessment, sports nutrition and other applications to do some basic research, and have achieved certain results. People cheered in gene technology made numerous breakthroughs at the same time, "gene doping" has attracted more and more attention. The World Anti-Doping Agency announced in its 2005 disabling list of gene doping is defined as "to enhance athletic ability, non-medical reasons use of cells, genes, genetic elements, or the regulation of gene expression", that is, through improved genetics component to enable the body to produce more hormones, proteins or other natural substances to improve athletic ability. Specific process is the use of certain drugs or physical means to regulate the expression of certain genes, and a gene into the cells of the body, using gene expression in these cells transform the chemical composition of the body in order to achieve the objective of improved exercise capacity. Compared with the traditional stimulant drugs and methods, product of gene doping may exist only in muscles, and exactly like natural product, cannot be detected by existing testing methods, with very high confidentiality. Meanwhile, gene doping can rapidly increase the speed, endurance, strength and other physical qualities, make players stronger. Suggesting that doping was shifting to a new stage.
Species than that of stimulants, such as fast weight loss diuretic and improve the stability and the coordination of action of β-blockers, also includes some methods, input method of blood and drugs, chemical and physical methods of tampering, and so on.
With the development of doping, doping tests method the same phased development. 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games, from Japan, and France, and Belgium and other countries doctors represented by the 15-nation Union book and require control measures against doping, IOC Medical Commission was established in 1967. In 1968, France Grenoble Winter Olympics and Mexico set up a doping control body for the summer Olympic Games for the first time, testing 8 kinds of stimulants and narcotics, and fit the situation doping in the sport, anti-doping work into the first phase, that is to test the traditional stimulants.
The second phase of anti-doping work, namely the detection of anabolic steroids began in 1976. At the 1976 Montreal Olympics methandienone, stanozolol, rehabilitation long, nandrolone decanoate, styrene-acrylic acid nandrolone 5 types of anabolic steroids and related compounds as a class of drugs are listed in the disabled range. The games, check the synthetic steroid drugs 8 275 athletes who tested positive (methandienone), including 7 for Weightlifters, 1 women's discus throwers, including 2 gold and 1 silver medal winner, the positive rate as high as 3%. Meanwhile, four other stimulants (namely traditional stimulant) in 1786 check conducted, suggesting it only 3 positive new progress in anti-doping work. With the emerging of new drugs, is also expanding the scope of prohibited drugs. 1984 Los Angeles Games Shang disabled of drug has up 69 species; synthesis steroids also by 1976 of 5 species increased to 14 species; 1985 beta-blocking Agent and diuretics began disabled; 1986, blood doping was disabled; 1988 Games yihou, disabled of drug over 100 species; 1992, peptide class hormone EPO was disabled; 2000 new issued of disabled material type and disabled method and 1999 compared, again defined has ephedrine positive of concentration, Three peptide hormones are added.
Nevertheless, stimulant use is not completely blocked for the implementation of anti-doping measures, especially anabolic steroids abuse remains a serious problem. In 1988 the 24 at the Seoul Olympics, Canada famous sprinter Johnson scandal created a stir in the world of using stanozolol. To this end, international and national sport organizations to further strengthen the game of anabolic steroids detected in order to further deter athletes from using this class of drugs. This work has also achieved very good results. Since then, the doping control has entered a third stage, development of new technologies to address players the detection of endogenous substance abuse problems. With the IOC anti-doping rules of the sound and the improvement of traditional methods of doping tests, some players began to turn to some endogenous substance, such as endogenous steroids, blood transfusion, erythropoietin (EPO) and human growth hormone (HGH), human chorionic gonadotropin (HcG). These drugs for endogenous substances, even blood in urine it is difficult to distinguish from their own material. Others take the relevant test methods are not perfect, use of these drugs, escape the punishment of sports organizations, and get away with it. In response to these circumstances, national experts are actively carried out study on detection method of endogenous substances, considerable progress has already been made.
Not only will we have mentioned above the use of doping on athletes ' physiological cause great harm, and possible irreparable damage to the reputation of the State, makes the States are in a disadvantageous position in international public opinion. And other sports at the Olympics the athletes a fair figure, patriotic moments, but because athletes use drugs to make criticisms of their country into the world public opinion, destroy their own future, affect other athletes and tarnish the country's image, also wrote on the history of World Athletics inglorious page. Therefore, in order to maintain the games fair and open, we have to fight against doping, we should not only know the world athletes in the Olympic games staged a wonderful game for us to know the outside we did with doping game, I believe that with the development of science, technology and management, and progress, we'll get more health equitable sport.
俄罗斯奥运军团387人，近三分之一被兴奋剂斩于马下 - 兴奋剂 - IT资讯
导语：里约奥运开幕式今天正式开幕，国际奥委会最终宣布将有271名俄罗斯运动员参加里约奥运会。原本387人的俄罗斯代表队大部分获得参赛资格，但仍有116人被“兴奋剂”斩于马下。强大的战斗种族奥运军团还未出征就损失近1/3。
里约奥运会如期而至，大家正准备享受一场体育饕餮盛宴的时候，“俄罗斯田径运动员几乎全面禁赛”事件给这届还未开始的奥运会蒙上了一层阴影，又一次把兴奋剂带入了公众的视野。兴奋剂给运动员造成的危害比比皆是，1960年在罗马奥运会上,自行车选手詹森因服用兴奋剂而造成死亡；1967年环法自行车大赛上,前世界冠军英国人汤姆辛普权因服用兴奋剂引起心力虚脱而死；1980年在莫斯科奥运会上,东德游泳队强迫全体女子游泳选手吃含有大量兴奋剂的维生素,致使奥运会100m自由泳金牌得主库拉乌哉先后生了两个先天性畸形儿；1984年美国的举重选手由于服用兴奋剂引起肝癌死亡；1985年前西德七项全能女运动员贝瑞杰特德莱因注射400多次兴奋剂引起猝死等等。据1994年美国的一项调查,大约20%的类固醇服用者承认自己患有情绪综合症。其实兴奋剂并非现代体育的产物，它的历史可以追溯到公元前6世纪，古罗马的斗士就曾使用过刺激剂。公元前3世纪运动员就尝试饮用各种白兰地或葡萄酒混合饮料，或从蘑菇中提取出的致幻物质以求提高成绩。
那么究竟什么是兴奋剂（doping）呢？国际奥委会认为：“竞技运动员使用任何形式的药物,或以非正常量及不正常途径摄入生理物质,企图以人为的或不正常的方式提高竞技能力,即被认为使用兴奋剂，包括使用禁用药物类的有关物质和使用各种不同的禁用方法。”兴奋剂的种类随着时间的推移大致可以以下几个阶段。第一个阶段的兴奋剂主要是传统的刺激剂药物，包括可卡因、苯丙胺、麻黄素等，其中使用最多的是苯丙胺，主要作为精神运动刺激剂，用后可使中枢神经系统的疲劳感延后，亦即减少运动员在比赛中的疲劳感，提高人的灵敏性和攻击性。但容易导致心律失常，心肌梗塞，严重可致猝死，1960年罗马奥运会詹森即死于过量摄入苯丙胺类兴奋剂。
50年代中期，多种合成类固醇药物相继问世，兴奋剂便进入了发展的第二阶段，具有代表性的包括大力补、康力龙、苯丙酸诺龙、癸酸诺龙等，运动员在使用这类药物的同时进行训练，可促进机体合成肌肉的主要成分蛋白质，使肌肉非常态发达，在力量和耐力方面大幅度提高。此外，还可加速训练后的恢复，增加训练强度和时间。但是长期服用会引起肝损伤，大大增加心血管疾病患病几率；男运动员性欲减退，精子减少，前列腺肥大；女运动员出现第二性征男性化倾向，如体毛增多、乳房减小、月经紊乱等。
然而随着兴奋剂检测方法的不断改进，上述兴奋剂很容易就能检测出来。因此，一些人开始使用另一类目前难以发现的药物，即内源性激素，兴奋剂的发展便进入了第三阶段，它们包括攀丸酮(T)、双氢翠丸酮(DHT)、去氢表雄酮(DHEA)、促红细胞生成素(EPO)、人体生长激素(HGH)、绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)等。这一类药物是人体自身分泌的内源性生理物质,如何区分检测到的这些物质是机体本身分泌的还是人为地由外界摄入的,这就成为兴奋剂检测的新难题。
进入21世纪，基因工程技术的迅速发展并且广泛应用于与生命现象有关的各学科中。在运动生物科学领域，已有学者就基因技术在运动员身体机能评定、运动营养等方面的应用做了一些尝试性的基础研究，并取得了一定成果。人们在欢呼基因科技取得的众多突破性进展的同时，“基因兴奋剂”也越来越引起人们的关注。世界反兴奋剂组织在其公布的2005年禁用名单中将基因兴奋剂定义为“为提高运动能力，非治疗原因使用细胞、基因、遗传构件，或调控基因表达”，即通过改良遗传学成分来使机体产生更多激素、蛋白质或其他天然物质，从而提高运动能力。具体操作流程可以是利用某些药物或物理等手段调节某些基因的表达，以及将某种基因转入人体细胞内，用这种细胞的基因表达改造身体化学组成，以达到提高运动能力的目的。与传统的兴奋剂药物和方法相比，基因兴奋剂的产物可能仅存在于肌肉中，而且与天然产物完全一样，无法通过现有的检测手段检测到，具有很高的隐蔽性。同时，基因兴奋剂可以迅速提高运动员的速度、耐力、力量等体能素质，使选手变得更加强壮。这表明兴奋剂正在迈向一个新的阶段。
另外兴奋剂的种类还不止于此，例如可以快速降低体重的利尿剂和提高动作稳定性和协调性的β-阻断剂，还包括一些禁用方法，血液输入法和药物的、化学的和物理的篡改方法等。
伴随兴奋剂的发展，兴奋剂检测方法同样出现阶段性发展。1964年东京奥运会上,由日本、法国、比利时等国医生为代表的15国联合上书,要求对兴奋剂采取控制措施，为此于1967年成立了国际奥委会医学委员会。1968年,法国格勒诺布尔的冬季奥运会和墨西哥的夏季奥运会第一次设立了兴奋剂检测机构,对8种刺激剂和麻醉剂进行检测，与体育中的兴奋剂使用的情况相适应,反兴奋剂工作也进人了第一阶段,即对传统刺激剂进行检测。
反兴奋剂工作的第二阶段,即对合成类固醇的检测则始于1976年。1976年蒙特利尔奥运会上大力补、康力龙、康复龙、癸酸诺龙、苯丙酸诺龙及相关化合物这5种合成类固醇作为一类药物被列人禁用范围。这次奥运会上,被检查合成类固醇药物的275名运动员中有8人呈阳性(均使用大力补),其中7名为举重运动员,1名为女子铁饼运动员,包括了2名金牌获得者和1名银牌获得者,阳性率高达3%。与此同时,对其他四类兴奋剂(即传统的兴奋剂)进行的1786人次的检查中,仅3人呈阳性这表明反兴奋剂工作取得了新的进展。随着新药的不断出现,禁用药物的范围也在扩大。1984年洛杉矶奥运会上禁用的药物已达69种；合成类固醇亦由1976年的5种增加到14种；1985年β-阻断剂和利尿剂开始禁用；1986年，血液兴奋剂被禁用；1988年奥运会以后,禁用的药物超过100种；1992年，肽类激素EPO被禁用；2000年新颁布的《禁用物质种类与禁用方法》与1999年相比，重新定义了麻黄素阳性的浓度，新增了三种肽类激素等。
尽管如此,兴奋剂的使用并未完全为反兴奋剂措施的实施所阻止,尤其是合成类固醇的滥用仍是一个严重的问题。在1988年24届汉城奥运会上,加拿大著名短跑运动员约翰逊使用康力龙的丑闻轰动了全世界。为此,国际和各国的体育组织进一步加强了对合成类固醇的赛外检测工作,以进一步阻止运动员使用这一类药物。这一工作也已取得了很好的成效。此后,兴奋剂检测也随之进入了第三阶段,即发展新技术,以解决运动员滥用内源性物质的检测问题。随着国际奥委会反兴奋剂法规的健全和对传统兴奋剂检测方法的日益完善,一些运动员开始转而使用一些内源性物质,如内源性类固醇、血液回输、促红细胞生成素(EPO)、人体生长激素(HGH)、人体促绒毛膜性腺激素(HcG)等。以上药物为内源性物质,在尿样甚至血样中难以与自身的物质相区别。有些人则乘有关的检测方法尚不健全之机,使用上述药物,逃避体育组织的处罚,蒙混过关。针对上述情况,各国有关专家正积极开展内源性物质检测方法的研究,现已取得不少进展。
上面我们提到了兴奋剂的使用不仅会对运动员生理造成极大的危害，而且对于国家名誉造成不可挽回的损失，使得国家在国际舆论中处于不利的境地。奥运会及其他体育比赛本是运动员一展身姿，荣家报国的时刻，但却因为运动员使用兴奋剂使得自己的国家陷入世界舆论的诟病中，毁灭自己的前途，祸及其他运动员，抹黑国家形象，同时也在世界竞技史上写下不光彩的一页。所以，为了维护奥运会的公平公正公开，我们一定要和兴奋剂战斗到底，在奥运会上我们不仅要知道世界运动员为我们献上了精彩的竞技也要知道在赛场外我们与兴奋剂所做的博弈，相信随着科学技术和管理机制的不断发展和进步，我们终会获得更加健康公平的竞技体育。