From Sun to Chen Xinyi, "drugs" just how far away from us? -Doping, Olympic Games-IT information

Chinese swimming association 12th confirmed that swimmer Chen Xinyi August 7 Rio organizing Committee implemented the in-competition drug tests was found positive for a bottle of hydrochlorothiazide. So far, Chen Xinyi actually uses hydrochlorothiazide have been inconclusive. As news spread, many domestic websites published an article called "hydrochlorothiazide in 2016, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) doping was included in the list of S5 (diuretics and other masking agents)" described above is easily misread as hydrochlorothiazide drug this year has just been included in the list. Sigh this news at the same time, many people may be in doubt, as a common high blood pressure treatment hydrochlorothiazide drug, why the detractors of "doping"? Players ' "doping" how far is it from our lives?

Doping is referred to as "international sports organization General designation of prohibited substances and methods." Athletes taking drugs to enhance athletic ability and the earliest drugs--mostly stimulants stimulants class, but others do not necessarily direct performance enhancing drugs and substances are collectively referred to as stimulants, also known as drugs such as diuretics, so there is formed the international illicit drugs are still used in sports doping. Banned drugs list is actually already hydrochlorothiazide, a variety of "diuretics" included.

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In world anti-doping institutions (WADA) annual update of disabled drug listing in the, has 11 big class drug, including (absolute) disabled material 9 class, number S1~S9, and special project disabled material 3 class, number P1 and P2, respectively is protein assimilation preparations (S1), and peptide class hormone, and growth factor and the related material (S2), and Beta 2-excited agent (S3), and hormone and the metabolism regulation agent (S4), and diuretics and other masking agent (S5), and stimulus agent (S6), and anesthetic (S7), and Cannabis (phenol) (S8), corticosteroids (S9), alcohol (P1), β-blockers (P2). Obviously, belongs to class S5 diuretics.

Diuretics are drugs cause

Diuretics increase urine output per unit of time, if you do not add water, quick weight loss (dehydration), weightlifting, wrestling, boxing, rowing and other sports that are grouped according to the weight is of practical significance. In weightlifting, for example, lifted the same weight of two athletes, weight WINS, sometimes 0.1 kg weight difference determines the gold, weightlifter because usually are the basic weight training, so inevitable to lose weight before the game. Main means of sauna, don't eat, don't drink, or wear a down jacket for a run. Excessive reduced weight will led to body water, and electrolytic quality and nutrition disorder, even will directly effect athletes results, as 12 London Games Shang, China 56 kg level players Wu Jingbiao pain lost gold, game Hou media put main reasons due Yu game Qian drop weight consumption has too more of physical, this year of in about games Shang, tragedy repeated, men 62 kg level players chenlijun only for has two times try lift will because cramps back game, this is since 1984 Los Angeles Games yilai, China weightlifting athletes first times because cramps back game, Once surmised outside chenlijun legs cramping occurs associated with the weight reduction before the game. Yu Jie said: "at the world championships last year, we are also losing weight in the same way, nothing is wrong. This time we added salt and electrolytes, but...... "If you use diuretics, can quickly reduce the number of kilograms of weight in the 1st, so that is definitely unfair to the other athletes.

Diuretics can increased urine volume, can diluted prohibited drug or its metabolism mark real urine in the of concentration, urine volume each increased 1 time times, suspicious material concentration reduced half, such on reduced has was doping detection institutions found urine in the prohibited drug of possibilities; certainly, without diuretics, just through excess water, also can reduced suspicious material urine in the concentration, for, in doping urine check in the, qualified urine sample of share not should below 1.005.

Diuretics become ban's third reason was able to speed up the drug (or metabolite) in urine excretion. General game stage, anti-doping agency will conduct doping samples of athletes, doping of athletes need to be deactivated before the game for a while doping, doping concentration in the body as low as possible to ensure the games, this withdrawal period is called "Wash-out", if there is a diuretic help, cleaning period was shorter, so leave the preparation time of the offending player will be more abundant. Now in the hospital, also often uses this principle to treat drug poisoning, such as the accidental ingestion of excessive sleeping pills can be diuretic and accelerate the efflux velocity of sleeping pills, so take a few days to excrete drugs, discharge in a much shorter time.

Diuretics also can quickly eliminate the edema caused by sports injuries. As such, diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide was included in the list of banned drugs was "justified".

Athlete doping control

If the urine test show positive for hydrochlorothiazide does that mean taking out? It's not.

Except detection urine sample, doping detection also has blood check, regardless of is urine sample also is blood, are to detection a,, and b two a bottle of sample, if a, bottle urine sample of analysis results for positive, doping detection structure must immediately written report related sector, and as soon as possible arrangements review--is detection b bottle urine sample, this test should in with a laboratory by different of people operation. This way you can ensure the accuracy of drug tests, can also be used to deal with those is difficult to detect in urine of prohibited substances and prohibited methods, the dilution effect of diuretics on the blood test without interference. Use of blood tests later, the 2000 Sydney Olympics was the first time for blood drug tests of athletes in summer sports, the main reason is to take regular urine tests means it is difficult to detect erythropoietin (EPO) and other more advanced drugs. Early blood check no mass used of main reasons is cost high, had urine check is main way, blood check just as a auxiliary means, but with anti-doping difficulty of increased, future used blood check of proportion will improve, as in 2011 Korea big Qiu held of world track and field Championship Shang, near 2000 name players, including bolt, and Liu, athletes, are accept has blood check, this in world track and field Championship history Shang is first times, is expected to this year in about games accept blood check of athletes will over 1000 people.

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Although in recent years the rapid progress in anti-doping science and means, but the invention, dissemination and use of new drugs more quickly, and often lags behind drug abuse detection means, people sigh "while saying". But since the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, the International Olympic Committee began to take a strong measures to combat doping, when the International Olympic Committee decided that samples will be retained for 8 years of each Olympic Games once it is mature ready to retest samples new methods of detection, increase in anti-doping deterrents. Starting from the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, sample storage time is extended to 10 years. 2015 Edition official 10 terms of the World Anti-Doping Code into procedures. Ahead of the 2012 London Olympic Games, the International Olympic Committee for the Athens Olympic Games review samples and found samples of 5 athletes testing positive, deprived of four of the athletes the medals. On May 17 this year, the International Olympic Committee announced that Beijing and London Olympic Games samples were retested. 454 cases of athletes ' samples to test for the Beijing Olympics, found from 12 countries and regions, 6 of 31 athletes tested positive. Olympic review samples of 250 cases found 23 athletes in check result is positive. This measure is intended to speed with time for the International Olympic Committee, warning violators don't take chances, even during the Olympics passed the test does not mean that in the future will not be caught out. International Olympic Committee President Bach announced that a new test between Beijing and London Olympic Games samples, it said: "the samples stored for up to 10 years old, those offenders never mind. ”

Drugs are all around us, the athletes how to prevent it?

? Photos from the network

Hydrochlorothiazide is a commonly used antihypertensive drugs, a lot of people are taking, we live from the "doping" is really very close by? Yes, consider to disabled drug list included of drug over has 240 species, many people daily are in contact, and using "ban drug", so this "ban" Word is relative concept, as general public without for worried, athletes is different, China food drug supervision authority had released announcement, recommends athletes in daily and treatment in the to moments beware, avoid errors clothing doping, main prevention measures has (1) visits Shi active to doctor description himself of athletes identity, avoid errors open doping; (2) Using of drug must to clear drug components, don't himself easily buy drug taking; (3) caution with nutrition, according to China doping detection laboratory provides of data, monitoring has more than 1000 more species nutrition, contains prohibited material of accounted for 11% above; (4) as medical must using some prohibited drug, to timely declared medication exemption; (5) not casually eat things, as put an end to contact may pollution has prohibited material of food.

从孙杨到陈欣怡，“禁药”离我们究竟有多远？ - 兴奋剂,奥运会 - IT资讯

中国游泳协会12日凌晨确认，游泳运动员陈欣怡在8月7日里约奥组委实施的赛内药检中被查出A瓶氢氯噻嗪阳性。截至目前，陈欣怡是否确实使用了氢氯噻嗪还没有定论。随着新闻的传播，国内很多网站刊文称“氢氯噻嗪在2016年的世界反兴奋剂机构(WADA)的禁药名单中被列入S5类别(利尿剂和其他掩蔽剂)”，上述描述很容易误读为氢氯噻嗪是在今年才刚刚被列入禁药名单的。在唏嘘这一新闻的同时，很多人会有疑问，氢氯噻嗪作为一个常用的高血压治疗药物，为何会成了人人喊打的“兴奋剂”？运动员的“禁药”离我们的生活有多远？

兴奋剂是指“国际体育组织规定的禁用物质和禁用方法的统称”。最早运动员为了增强运动能力而服用的药物大多属于兴奋剂药物——刺激剂类，但后来其它并不一定直接提高运动成绩的药物和物质也统称为兴奋剂，也称禁药，如利尿剂，所以国际上也形成了对体育运动中的违禁药物仍习惯沿用兴奋剂的称谓。实际上禁药清单很早就已经将氢氯噻嗪在内的各种“利尿剂”收录其中。

▲图片来源于网络

在世界反兴奋剂机构(WADA)每年更新的《禁用药物清单》中，有11大类药物，包括(绝对)禁用物质9类，编号S1～S9，和特殊项目禁用物质3类，编号P1和P2，分别是蛋白同化制剂(S1)、肽类激素、生长因子及相关物质(S2)、β2-激动剂(S3)、激素及代谢调节剂(S4)、利尿剂和其他掩蔽剂(S5)、刺激剂(S6)、麻醉剂(S7)、大麻(酚)类(S8)、糖皮质激素(S9)、酒精(P1)、β-阻断剂(P2)。可见，利尿剂属于S5类。

利尿剂被当做禁药的原因

利尿剂能增加单位时间内的尿量，如果不补充水分，能快速减少体重(脱水)，在举重、摔跤、拳击、赛艇等按体重分组的运动项目中具有实际意义。以举重为例，举起相同重量的两个运动员，体重轻者胜出，有时0.1公斤的体重差异就决定了金牌归属，举重运动员因为平时基本都是超重训练，所以不可避免的赛前要进行降体重。主要手段就是蒸桑拿、不吃饭、基本不喝水，或者穿羽绒服跑步。过度降低体重会导致体内水、电解质和营养紊乱，甚至会直接影响运动员成绩，如12年伦敦奥运会上，中国56公斤级选手吴景飙痛失金牌，赛后媒体把主要原因归结于赛前降体重消耗了太多的体力，今年的里约奥运会上，悲剧重演，男子62公斤级选手谌利军只进行了两次试举便因为抽筋退赛，这是自1984年洛杉矶奥运会以来，中国举重运动员第一次因为抽筋退赛，外界一度猜测谌利军双腿出现抽筋的情况与赛前降体重有关联。于杰就此分析说：“去年世锦赛上，我们也是以同样的方式降体重，一切都很正常。这次我们也补充了盐水和电解质，但……”如果使用利尿剂，可以在1日内快速降低数公斤的体重，这样对其他运动员肯定是不公平的。

利尿剂能增加尿量，可以稀释违禁药物或其代谢标记物尿中的浓度，尿量每增加一倍，可疑物质浓度降低一半，这样就降低了被兴奋剂检测机构发现尿中违禁药物的可能性；当然，不用利尿剂，仅仅通过过量饮水，也能降低可疑物质尿中浓度，为此，在兴奋剂尿检中，合格尿样的比重不应低于1.005。

利尿剂成为禁药的第三个原因是能加速药物(或代谢物)从尿中排泄。一般比赛阶段，反兴奋剂机构会对运动员进行兴奋剂抽检，使用兴奋剂的运动员需要在比赛前停用一段时间兴奋剂，以确保比赛时体内兴奋剂的浓度尽可能低，这段停药时间称为“清洗期”，如果有利尿剂的帮助，清洗期可明显缩短，这样留给违规运动员的准备时间将更充裕。现在在医院中，也常常利用这一原理治疗药物中毒，如误服过量安眠药后，可以通过利尿，加快安眠药的排出速度，让原本需要几天才能排出体外的药物，在更短的时间内排出。

利尿剂还可以快速消除运动损伤造成的水肿。照此来说，包括氢氯噻嗪在内的利尿剂被归入禁药名单是“名正言顺”了。

运动员的兴奋剂检测

如果尿样检测呈现氢氯噻嗪阳性是否就意味着服用兴奋剂了呢？并非如此。

除了检测尿样，兴奋剂检测还有血液检查，无论是尿样还是血样，都要检测A、B两个瓶的样本，如果A瓶尿样的分析结果为阳性，兴奋剂检测结构必须立即书面报告相关部门，并尽快安排复检——也就是检测B瓶尿样，这个测试应该在同一个实验室由不同的人操作。这样既可以保证药检的准确性，还可以用来对付那些在尿样中难于检测的违禁物质和违禁方法，利尿剂的稀释作用对血检无干扰。血液检查运用的较晚，2000年悉尼奥运会是第一次对运动员进行血液药物检测的夏季运动会，主要原因就是采取常规的尿检手段很难查出促红细胞生成素(EPO)等更先进的违禁药物。早期血检没有大规模采用的主要原因是成本高，曾经尿检是主要方式，血检只是作为一种辅助手段，但随着反兴奋剂难度的增加，今后采用血检的比例会提高，如在2011年韩国大邱举行的世界田径锦标赛上，近2000名选手，包括博尔特、刘翔等运动员，都接受了血检，这在世界田径锦标赛历史上是第一次，预计今年里约奥运会接受血检的运动员将超过1000人。

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虽然近年来反兴奋剂科技和手段进步迅速，但新药的发明、传播和使用更加快速，往往检测手段落后于新药滥用，让人感叹“道高一尺魔高一丈”。但国际奥委会自2004年雅典奥运会后开始采取了一项有力的打击兴奋剂措施，当时国际奥委会决定，每届奥运会的样品将被保留8年，一旦有成熟的检测新方法便可以随时重新检测样品，增加反兴奋剂威慑力。从2014年索契冬奥会开始，样品保存时间被延长至10年。2015年新版《世界反兴奋剂条例》正式将10年条款纳入规程。2012年伦敦奥运会之前，国际奥委会对雅典奥运会样品重检，发现5名运动员的样品检测呈现阳性，剥夺其中四名运动员所获奖牌。今年5月17日，国际奥委会宣布对北京奥运会和伦敦奥运会样品进行了重新检测。北京奥运会的454例运动员样品的重检，发现有来自12个国家和地区，6个项目的31名运动员兴奋剂检测结果呈阳性。伦敦奥运会250例样品的重检中则发现23名运动员检查结果呈阳性。国际奥委会这项措施意在用时间换速度，警告违规者别抱侥幸心理，即使在奥运会期间通过测试并不意味着今后不会被抓出。国际奥委会主席巴赫在宣布重新检测北京和伦敦奥运会样品时便说：“样品保存长达10年之久，那些违规者就始终无法心安。”

禁药就在我们的身边，运动员又该如何预防？

▲图片来源于网络

氢氯噻嗪是常用的抗高血压药物，很多人都在服用，我们生活离“禁药”真的很近吗？是的，考虑到《禁用药物名单》收录的药物超过了240种，很多人每天都在接触、使用“禁药”，因此这个“禁”字是相对概念，作为普通公众不必为此担心，运动员则不同，中国食品药品监督管理局曾发布公告，建议运动员在日常生活和治疗中要时刻提防，避免误服兴奋剂，主要预防措施有(1)就诊时主动向医生说明自己的运动员身份，避免误开兴奋剂；(2)使用的药物一定要明确药物成分，不要自己轻易买药服用；(3)慎用营养品，根据中国兴奋剂检测实验室提供的数据，监测了1000多种营养品，含有违禁物质的占11%以上；(4)如医疗必须使用一些违禁药物，要及时申报用药豁免；(5)不随便吃东西，尽量杜绝接触可能污染了违禁物质的食物。