Being crazy exploitation of rare earth minerals, China: gangs committing land supervision
Survey motivation
Rare earth minerals are prescribed by the State shall ensure protective mining for specified minerals, is strategic to protect supplies. However, Qiongzhong, year 3 exploitation of rare earth case. Although cases have been cracked, some exploitation is punishable by law, but the issue deserves – Hainan Province Bureau of land and resources, the mining sector has not proven rare earth mine location and protected in a timely manner? Why people seriously unauthorized mining rare earth minerals had not been timely stop? On these issues, the legal daily reporter conducted an in-depth investigation.
Reporter Xing Dongwei
"The Middle East had oil, China had rare earths." Rare earth is known as "mother of the new material", widely used in new energy, automation, equipment manufacturing, optical, electronic information, the international forefront of the nuclear industry, aerospace and other high-tech fields, is a valuable strategic resource.
With more control and management of China rare earth exploitation and development, rising prices, attracting private mining risk stealing digging mines, resulting in loss of strategic national stockpile resources and ecological damage to the environment.
On August 2, 2016, Hainan's first mega-cases of illegal exploitation of the country's strategic resources of rare earth 12 people groups in court after the verdict, another happened in Pingchen clocythrin extra unauthorized mining rare earth minerals were transferred to the prosecution. Meanwhile, a Jiangxi origin exploitation of rare earth works not yet in Wuzhishan city gang members were arrested.
Scarcity of rare earth as a national strategic resource, why were frequently unauthorized mining? On rare earth minerals resources of Hainan management loopholes and blind spots? From the province to the County's mineral, land and other functional departments had taken measures of protection and regulation? This series of questions have to be answered.
A year uncovered three cases of exploitation of rare earth case
By 2015, local media published in Hainan Province clocythrin wild exploitation of rare earth in the mountains. In this regard, Luo Baoming, Party Secretary of Hainan made important instructions: "requested the provincial public Security Bureau to assist in Qiongzhong County case, including defense, dispose of according to law. Result of media exposure, education to the damage to the ecological environment warning function. ”
Subsequently, the provincial Deputy Governor, Li Fulin, Director of the Office of public security immediately deploy command for investigation of the case. On November 11, 2015, clocythrin Public Security Bureau made the case for illegal mining case investigation and joint provincial public Security Bureau have set up a task force of Police Corps.
Soon, the Taskforce on the available evidence, clues gathered from the thorough combing and judge, eventually locking Feng Ergan over more than 10 suspects. November, December of the same year, Feng Ergan, 10 suspects were arrested in May 2016, Li Wen, Liao Yu two suspects arrested.
"Of the 12 suspects suspected of illegal mining, from Jiangxi province, Haikou and tunchang outsiders, while clocythrin local participants. "According to clocythrin Deputy Police Chief Zhou Shuning described, organized, planned and a division of labour in the case of point of view, such acts of exploitation is not accidental.
Zhou Shuning said that, in fact, besides the 12 people of Liao Yu illegally mine case, Hainan also investigated two cases of illegally mine, involve exploitation, involving larger, more serious harm.
Reporters learned that Liao Yu and others aimed at Hainan is not accidental. Prior to this, already have a nationality of Ganzhou in Jiangxi province in the four-man gang came to clocythrin Pingchen, detected a rare earth mine. It was under their guidance, Liao Yu talents came to Hainan, such as "treasure".
Clocythrin Public Security Bureau Police Brigade Captain Chen Ruimin introduced the four-man gang is from November 2014 unauthorized mining, by February 2015 end of exploitation, quickly moved to other places. According to statistics, the mining groups in 4 months time amounted to more than 70 tons, involving nearly 1.9 million Yuan. Late last year, the 4 members of this gang have been arrested, has now been transferred to the procuratorial organs for examination and prosecution.
"Last year, we went to Jiangxi Ganzhou investigating Huang, Liao Yu, Huang Jiayang, when found, Ganzhou has a lot of private exploitation of rare earth mining groups. "Clocythrin public security team captain told the legal daily reporter Zheng Zhiheng, mutual links between these people, committing.
Zheng Zhiheng said, in trial Liao Yu, when, they revealed has a important clues, they is and addition gang illegal stolen mining re mine groups with came to Hainan of, traveled Ledong, and white sand, and fingers mountain, more than 10 a City County, after several months of privately exploration, Liao Yu, people finally positioning to is located in clocythrin in the Pingchen has re exists, addition of that groups is in fingers mountain detection to has re mine.
Due to detected mines area is too large (clocythrin Pingchen mines 4 times larger in times above), the gang was shorthanded, they just mining tool is installed in the mountain, digging stolen Earth Wuzhishan City police.
This reporter has learned, Ganzhou has been called the "Kingdom of rare earth," said, a national industrial base and rare metals advanced manufacturing base. More than 40 years, the cumulative extraction of rare earth 250,000 tons of Ganzhou, accounting for 70% of the total ion-absorbed rare earth mining. Due to the lack of supervision, Ganzhou mined there rushing headlong into mass action, the national mining, illegal mining of digging, the ubiquitous status, of a number of professional staff of rare earth mining.
According to the Hainan Province Public Security Department investigators introduced, in October 2011, the territory of the Ganzhou rare earth mines halted. "Rare earth in gold." In recent years, for exorbitant profits, many ex in Jiangxi rare earth mining officers outside the home throughout the exploration and exploitation of rare earth. Exploitation of advanced technology, experienced, some of them three or four months time you can empty a rare occurrence, then proceed, the exploitation of rare earth spread throughout the country. As of now, Hainan police have cracked three Mega-rare earth illegally.
"If this continues, the survival of future generations will ruin the environment. "In the interview process, clocythrin Pingchen many villagers in this concern.
Individual regulators as "umbrella"
"From October to June 2015, Feng Ergan, who exploitation of mine for as long as four months before being stopped. In more than 100 days, over 50 tons total exploitation of rare earth, why does no one ask? "In the face of the legal journal, the local people questioned.
The legal daily newspaper in an interview with local reporters see, Feng Ergan, who dug more than one sedimentation tank farm rubber plantation in the South, the Hill belongs to the mining area of clocythrin Pingchen da Po Cun Wei Ding Po village, this is a Hmong village. This place is Hainan Qiongzhong County, Qionghai, tunchang, 3 County border, is very remote and sparsely populated.
However, this can be an excuse to shirk responsibility, please? Reporters learned that clocythrin land, forestry and the local town government, Wu Shi farm functions, such as the lack of supervision of sectors, make criminals fear.
Chang, Liao Yu joint Hainan locals are in the process of exploitation of rare earth minerals, and has a key person, he is a southern farm team captain Yue Bing. Yue Bing, knowing he was in charge of the farm area are being stolen every day digging for taking "Commission" has become their "umbrella".
According to reports, when the villagers repeatedly reflected to the land Ministry when someone digging mines, land, they have always "sit tight". Supervision team of clocythrin at Bureau of land and resources Vice Captain Wang Dong in the found facts of illegal mining cases, verification is not timely, not strengthen the inspection of mining sites, but did not take any measures to stop, leading to Liao Yu 7 had been unauthorized mining rare earth almost 20 days of investigation.
On May 8 this year, the provincial people's Procuratorate issued a news release saying, clocythrin prosecutors on suspicion of the crime of neglect of the suspect Wang Dong on file for investigation.
The cost of breaking the sinking crime cycle repeats
"At first, I thought was caught only result in money or off days can be done. "In the trial, Feng Ergan, who has repeatedly argued.
Although this is a "mountain rats" are not valid, but careful consideration, which reflect the objective reality of the current re regulation: current limited law enforcement crackdown. In particular, compared with illegal mining rare earth high profits, and low cost.
According to the provisions of China's mineral resources law, State to State planning mining area, is of great value to the national economy of mining area and the State shall ensure protective mining specific minerals, implemented a program of mining without the approval of relevant competent departments of the State Council of China, no units or individuals may not be exploited.
The method while provides, not made mining license unauthorized mining of, unauthorized into national planning mine, and on economy has important value of mine range mining of, unauthorized mining national provides implemented protective mining of specific mine species of, ordered stop mining, and compensation loss, confiscated mining out of mineral and illegal proceeds, can and at fine; refused to stop mining, caused mineral resources damage of, in accordance with criminal provides on directly responsibility personnel held criminal.
However, these laws and regulations have not been effectively implemented. Instead of, "to punish escrow" "fined the penalty" is serious.
"Not just rare earth resources, environmental resources such as public concern over water pollution, air pollution problems, but most are not actually in the judicial process, more use of administrative penalties. "Hainan Provincial people's Procuratorate officials said, related administrative law enforcement departments alone seized production equipment, fines, and other means, fails to produce sufficient deterrent effect, so prone to repeat the vicious crime. Regulation of illegal mining activities involving environmental protection, public security, industry and commerce, forestry and other sectors, the relevant functional units must strengthen linkage mechanism, on suspicion of illegal mining crime cases transferred to judicial organs for investigation in a timely manner.
Reporters in the interview to the now rare earth mining area in the South, exploitation of 1 ton of rare earths direct costs only around 30,000 yuan, plus a variety of management costs around 60,000 yuan to 80,000 yuan, while production costs per ton more than 150,000 yuan, thus highly profitable exploitation of rare earths.
Insiders believe that invested about 1 million or 2 million Yuan to open a rare earth mine, lower cost, law removed mine on water pipes, sheds, miners often as long as night time can zhongqiluzao; smashing machine, and another one come back to reopen immediately.
Linkage monitoring the eradication of black interest
"Hainan into an international tourism Island, resources should be focused on the protection of the environment. Illegal mining is often accompanied by environmental pollution, and often irreversible. "Members of Hainan Province, the Hainan lawyer Association President Wang Yanlei said illicit mining, do not perform any social responsibility, not to take any risks, mining using chemicals such as ammonium sulfate, untreated emissions, must destroy the local ecological environment.
Wang Yanlei recommends, to guardian Hainan of mountains, protection China important of strategy resources re, Hainan should full play sector linkage effect, timely introduced strictly tube control measures, eradication black interests chain, strengthened regulatory, and inspections and case reported system, strengthened re protection of publicity education work, effective strengthening re resources of effective protection and reasonable using, established prevention and combat illegal violations behavior of long-term mechanism, promote re industry continued health development.
"Illegal mining following the case, let us go in 10 towns of the County were ' Dragnet ' investigation, found on combat. "Clocythrin land resources Bureau official said, land Department will combine satellite remote sensing to increase monitoring efforts, ensure that if there is a big move in the mountains collecting practices, can be found for the first time.
Meanwhile, Qiongzhong County Bureau of land and resources system will also be improved and mineral supervision and law enforcement in the grid, the establishment of County, Township and village levels the management to monitor extends to rural, found similar cases in rural areas, can be quickly reported to the County. To ensure security of mineral resources, will further increase the intensity of inspection established award-winning reporting system and improve the initiative against the production and circulation of illegal rare earth mining.
Wang Yanlei recommends that all cities and counties in Hainan Province will set up by government departments, land and resources, public security, environmental protection, forestry, industrial and commercial administration, work safety supervision and management departments to carry out supervision mechanism of the joint initiative, enhance communication and coordination functions, continued to strengthen on illegal rare earth mining and separation, sale and use of all aspects of the regulation, ensuring the healthy and orderly development of rare earth resources and utilization.
Said Tong Weihua, a professor at Hainan University law school, put an end to the illegal exploitation of rare earth, it must be the eradication of black interest. , Land and resources Department of public security must be a serious investigation into cases of illegal exploitation of mineral resources, as well as dereliction of duty, malfeasance in the thorough investigation of mineral resources development and management as well as violation of national staff involved in mine, rare earth exploitation of tacit support of such actions. Orientation and supervisory role of the news media should play, actively promoted strengthening the important and positive role in the management of the rare earth industry, to create a good social atmosphere.
President of the higher people's Court of Hainan Province environmental resources division Qu Yongsheng said, courts across the province has started a pilot trial of environmental resources, in the South River, River, Chang Huajiang, ningyuan River, five river basins and the Lingshui River yinggeling, bawangling reserve concentration within the jurisdiction of environmental resources on each city and county courts of Assizes. While exploring restorative justice, whenever possible, to repair the ecological environment, to Decree liable for the environmental damage or penalties at the same time, shall be ordered to make restitution, restoration ecology, guarding mountain in Hainan.
(Editors: Biao Guo UN832)
2016-08-18 08:52:51
China News Network
中国稀土矿遭疯狂盗采：团伙流窜作案 国土监管不作为
调查动机
稀土矿产资源是国家规定实行保护性开采的特定矿种，也是战略性保护物资。然而，在海南省琼中县，一年发生3起盗采稀土大案。尽管案件已破获，部分盗采者已受到法律惩罚，但其中问题值得深思——海南省国土资源厅、矿产部门有没有及时探明稀土矿藏位置并重点保护起来？为何有人大肆盗采稀土矿没有得到及时的制止？围绕这些问题，《法制日报》记者进行了深入调查。
本报记者 邢东伟
“中东有石油，中国有稀土”。稀土被誉为“新材料之母”，广泛应用于新能源、自动化、装备制造、光学、电子信息、核工业、航空航天等国际最前沿高技术领域，是珍贵的战略资源。
随着中国加紧控制和管理稀土开采和开发，稀土价格不断攀升，吸引一些人铤而走险私采盗挖稀土矿，造成国家战略储备资源流失和生态环境破坏。
继2016年8月2日海南首例特大非法开采国家战略资源稀土案12人团伙当庭宣判后，另外一起同样发生于琼中县中平镇的特大盗采稀土矿案被移送审查起诉。同时，还有一江西籍盗采稀土团伙成员在五指山市尚未动工便被警方抓获。
稀土作为国家稀缺的战略资源，为何频遭盗采？海南对稀土矿资源的管理存在哪些漏洞和盲点？从省里到县里的矿产、国土等职能部门有无采取相关的保护和监管措施？这一系列问题都需要解答。
一年破获三起盗采稀土大案
2015年年底，海南省当地媒体曝光琼中县大山里稀土被疯狂盗采。对此，海南省委书记罗保铭作出重要批示：“请省公安厅协助琼中破案，包括保护伞，依法进行处置。结果媒体曝光，对破坏生态环境行为起到教育警示作用。”
随后，海南省副省长、公安厅厅长李富林立即部署组织指挥案件侦办工作。2015年11月11日，琼中县公安局将此案立为非法采矿案侦办，并联合省公安厅刑警总队成立专案组。
不久，专案组对掌握的证据、搜集到的线索进行全面梳理和研判，最终锁定了冯尔干等10多名犯罪嫌疑人。同年11月、12月，冯尔干等10名犯罪嫌疑人被依法逮捕，2016年5月，李文、廖钰两名犯罪嫌疑人落网。
“这12名涉嫌非法采矿的犯罪嫌疑人中，有来自江西、海口和屯昌的外地人，同时也有琼中县本地的参与者。”据琼中县公安局副局长周书宁介绍，从此案有组织、有计划、有分工的情况来看，这种盗采行为不是偶发的。
周书宁说，事实上，除了廖钰等12人非法盗采稀土矿案之外，海南还同时查处了另外两起非法盗采稀土矿案，涉及开采量、涉案金额更大，危害更严重。
记者调查了解到，廖钰等人瞄准海南不是偶然的。在此之前，已经有一个江西赣州籍四人团伙来到琼中县中平镇，探测到了稀土矿。正是在他们的引领下，廖钰等人才来到海南“寻宝”。
据琼中县公安局刑警大队大队长陈瑞敏介绍，该四人团伙是从2014年11月开始盗采，到2015年2月底完成盗采，很快转移到了其他地方。据统计，这一团伙在4个月时间里的开采量达70多吨，案值近190万元。去年年底，这一团伙4名成员先后落网，目前已被移送检察机关审查起诉。
“就在去年，我们到江西赣州调查黄东、廖钰、黄家阳等人时发现，赣州有很多私自盗采稀土矿团伙。”琼中县公安局治安大队大队长郑志恒告诉《法制日报》记者，这些人之间互有联系，流窜作案。
郑志恒称，在审讯廖钰等人时，他们透露了一个重要线索，他们是和另外一伙非法盗采稀土矿团伙一起来到海南的，跑遍乐东、白沙、五指山等十几个市县，经过几个月的私下勘探，廖钰等人终于定位到位于琼中县中平镇有稀土存在，另外的那个团伙则在五指山探测到了稀土矿。
由于探测到的稀土矿面积过大(较琼中县中平镇稀土矿大4倍以上)，该团伙因人手不够，他们刚在山上将开采工具安装好，正要挖山盗土便被五指山市警方抓捕。
记者了解到，赣州素有“稀土王国”之称，系全国稀有金属产业基地和先进制造业基地。40多年来，赣州累计开采稀土25万吨，占全国离子型稀土开采总量的70%。由于监管缺位，赣州开采出现一哄而上、全民开矿、乱采乱挖、遍地开花的状况，出现一批专业的稀土开采人员。
据海南省公安厅办案人员介绍，2011年10月，赣州境内稀土矿山全面停产。“稀土贵于黄金”。近年来，为了牟取暴利，很多江西籍原稀土开采人员便走出家门到全国各地勘探盗采稀土。由于开采技术先进、经验丰富，他们几个人利用三四个月时间就可以掏空一个稀土矿点，随即进行转移，这一盗采稀土行为在全国呈现蔓延趋势。截至目前，海南警方已破获三起特大非法盗采稀土案。
“再这样下去，子孙后代的生存环境就要毁了。”在采访过程中，琼中县中平镇很多村民这样担忧。
个别监管者成了“保护伞”
“从2015年6月至10月，冯尔干等人盗采稀土矿达四个多月之久才被制止。在这100多天里，盗采稀土总量超50吨，为什么没有人过问？”面对《法制日报》记者，当地群众这样质疑。
《法制日报》记者在当地采访时看到，冯尔干等人在南方农场橡胶林里挖了多个沉淀池，而采矿区所在的山头属于琼中县中平镇大坡村委会丁架坡村，这是一个苗族村庄。这个地方是海南琼中、琼海、屯昌3个市县的交界处，很偏僻，人烟稀少。
然而，这能成为推脱责任的借口吗？记者采访了解到，琼中县国土、林业和当地镇政府、乌石农场等职能部门的监管缺位，让不法分子有恃无恐。
在黄东、廖钰联合海南本地人员盗采稀土矿过程中，有一个人很关键，他就是南方农场三队队长岳兵。岳兵明知他所负责的农场片区每天都在被盗挖，因收受“好处费”，摇身一变成为他们的“保护伞”。
据介绍，当村民多次向国土部门反映有人挖山开矿时，国土部门却始终“按兵不动”。时任琼中县国土环境资源局监察大队副大队长的王某东在发现存在非法采矿事实的情况下，不及时进行核查，不加强对采矿地点的巡查，更没有采取任何措施及时予以制止，导致廖钰等7人持续盗采稀土近20天未受查处。
今年5月8日，海南省人民检察院发布消息称，琼中县检察院以涉嫌玩忽职守罪对犯罪嫌疑人王某东立案侦查。
违法成本低陷重复作案循环
“起初，我以为被抓到也只是罚点钱或者关几天便了事。”在庭审中，冯尔干等人一再辩称。
这虽然是“山鼠”们的强词夺理，但仔细考虑，这也反映了当前稀土监管存在的客观现实：当前执法打击力度有限。尤其是，与非法采挖稀土的高额利润相比，违法成本过低。
根据中国矿产资源法规定，国家对国家规划矿区、对国民经济具有重要价值的矿区和国家规定实行保护性开采的特定矿种，实行有计划的开采；未经中国国务院有关主管部门批准，任何单位和个人不得开采。
该法同时规定，未取得采矿许可证擅自采矿的，擅自进入国家规划矿区、对国民经济具有重要价值的矿区范围采矿的，擅自开采国家规定实行保护性开采的特定矿种的，责令停止开采、赔偿损失，没收采出的矿产品和违法所得，可以并处罚款；拒不停止开采，造成矿产资源破坏的，依照刑法规定对直接责任人员追究刑事责任。
然而，这些法律法规并没有得到有效的落实。取而代之的是，“以罚代管”“以罚代刑”现象严重。
“不仅仅是稀土资源，公众关注的水污染、大气污染等环保资源问题突出，但实际上大多数都未进入司法程序，多以行政处罚处理。”海南省人民检察院办案人员表示，相关行政执法部门单靠查扣生产设备、罚款等手段，不能产生足够的震慑作用，这样容易陷入重复作案的恶性循环之中。对非法开采活动的监管涉及环保、公安、工商、林业等部门，各相关职能单位一定要加强形成联动长效机制，对涉嫌犯罪的非法采矿案件及时移送司法机关立案侦查。
记者在采访中了解到，目前在南方的稀土矿区，盗采1吨稀土矿的直接成本只有3万元左右，加上各种打点费用也就6万元到8万元左右，而企业合法生产的成本每吨在15万元以上，因此盗采稀土的利润很高。
有业内人士认为，开一个稀土矿的投资大约一两百万元，成本较低，执法队伍拆掉矿上的水管、工棚，矿主往往只要一夜时间便能重起炉灶；砸毁机器，马上又能再买一个回来重新开工。
联动监管铲除黑色利益链
“海南作为国际旅游岛，环境资源应该是重点保护对象。非法开采稀土往往伴随着环境污染，而且往往是不可逆的。”海南省政协委员、海南律师协会副会长王雁磊表示，非法开采，不履行任何社会责任，不承担任何风险，其开采使用的硫酸铵等化学物品，不经处理排放，必然破坏当地的生态环境。
王雁磊建议，为了守护海南的青山绿水，保护中国重要的战略资源稀土，海南应当充分发挥部门联动效应，及时出台严格管控措施，铲除黑色利益链，强化监管、巡查和案件举报制度，强化稀土保护的宣传教育工作，切实加强稀土资源的有效保护和合理利用，建立预防和打击违法违规行为的长效机制，促进稀土行业持续健康发展。
“非法开采稀土案发生之后，我们立刻在全县10个乡镇进行了‘拉网式’排查，发现一起就将打击一起。”琼中县国土环境资源局有关负责人表示，国土部门将结合遥感卫星加大监控力度，确保山里一旦出现大动作采挖行径，能第一时间发现。
同时，琼中县国土环境资源局还将对相关制度加以完善，实行矿产监察执法网格化，设立县、乡镇、村三级网格管理，将监管延伸到基层农村，农村发现类似案件，可以迅速向县里汇报。为确保矿产资源安全，还将进一步加大巡查力度，建立有奖举报制度，提高打击稀土开采生产流通违法违规行为的主动性。
王雁磊建议，海南省各市县还应当建立由工信部门牵头，国土资源、公安、环境保护、林业、工商行政管理、安全生产监督管理等部门开展联合专项行动的监管机制，增强职能部门的沟通与协调，不断强化对稀土非法开采、分离、销售、使用各个环节的监管，确保稀土资源健康有序开发和利用。
海南大学法学院教授童伟华表示，杜绝非法开采稀土，必须坚决铲除黑色利益链。公安、国土资源部门必须严查非法盗采矿产资源案件，同时严查矿产资源开发管理中的失职、渎职行为以及国家工作人员违规参与办矿、暗中支持稀土盗采等行为。应发挥新闻媒体的舆论导向和监督作用，积极宣传加强稀土行业管理的重要意义和积极作用，营造良好的社会氛围。
海南省高级人民法院环境资源审判庭庭长曲永生表示，全省法院已启动了环境资源审判的试点工作，将在南渡江、万泉河、昌化江、宁远河、陵水河五大河流域和鹦哥岭、霸王岭保护区集中管辖范围内的各市县法院设置环境资源巡回审判点。同时，探索开展修复性司法，凡有可能对生态环境进行修复的，要在判令环境破坏者承担赔偿责任或处以刑罚的同时，责令其恢复原状、修复生态，守护海南青山绿水。
(责任编辑：郭彪 UN832)
2016-08-18 08:52:51
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