Rio Olympic challenge human limits, the Championship was also informed that the mandate of heaven-the Rio Olympics-IT information

On August 15, the Olympic games about bad weather, winds, and rain and cause negative effects to a variety of events, or even delayed. Reported Rio weather that day called "athlete's nightmare". So, how large the impact of weather on sporting is it? Today, the information you came to talk to you "good weather"-the effects of weather and climate conditions for sporting events.

"The timing, location, and" is often said that the three elements of success in traditional Chinese culture. In ancient times used for fighting days generally refers to the season and weather conditions. Mencius said "opportunities vouchsafed, location is better and", but there is no denying that, at the top of the timing is crucial for the victory of the war. For the Olympics and other sports events, the "days" as well.

In General, the influence of meteorological conditions on sporting events there are basically three ways:

First is that bad weather will directly prevent the game, such as storms tend to limit all outdoor events, players games in temperatures above 35 c heat causes heat stroke.

Second situation is affecting athletes ' competition results. Athletes in case of high impact weather, competition results would be affected. August 15, the Rio Olympic women's discus competition, 10 of the 17 players who throw in the qualifying failure, a preliminary analysis was attributable to the heavy rains caused slippery in the discus throw. World Champion kabaleluo discus consecutive failures from Cuba, also not shown on level, only the 6th-place finish among the final qualifying.

Third class is the physical play, players can't play real or "overload" consuming its energy. For example, a temperature can improve energy efficiency; temperature is too high or too much humidity not only accelerates human perspiration, body heat distribution, also significantly reduced the amount of oxygen to breathe in the players, which affects the metabolism of carbon dioxide or physical play.

So, how specific weather conditions affect a variety of sporting events?

Precipitation

Effect of precipitation on the game can not be ignored. Heavy rain or rainstorm, was forced to stop in the rain for many outdoor sports. In addition, due to the muddy and slippery runway on rainy days, athletes run was effort, is not conducive to creating the best results. On August 15, bad weather, attended the Rio Olympics 110 m hurdles Jamaica player Carter as the slippery track in the game down, run out 14 seconds 01 results. But stewards ultimately agreed with the 4 players such as Carter and round, Carter ran out 13 51 seconds in the game, to advance to the next round. Also affected are the high jump, China's Xue Changrui said after the game, "the storm made me all wet, causing heat loss, chills, feeling cramps, was helpless. ”

Football as an outdoor sport, often carried out in heavy rain. Rainfall will increase the player's body burden and make the venue soft, shoes and ground friction force decreases, resulting in player speed decreased and increased the risk of slipping and falling. Maradona, La Mano di Dio "hand of God" world famous during the 13th World Cup match, a hurricane struck host country Mexico. Argentina Uruguay final 1/8, showers, such as injection, both technical and speed are greatly reduced. Not only that, but players too huge, the audience appeared 7 times yellow and 64 free kicks, scoring only 1.

Soccer in the rain (source network)

Temperature

Sport in the hot weather, especially heavy items, is likely to cause dehydration, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and so on. Average dewatering at 3% will lead to decreased exercise capacity, heat illness symptoms. Marathon sports strength in all sports, which lasted the longest, body heat output Max. This heat if not promptly distributed, savings in the body can cause fever, such as heat stroke, fainting in severe cases can lead to death. In addition, the speed of middle and long distance running, cycling, horseback riding and horse-racing, Triathlon, tennis and other games are greatly influenced by temperature. Softball, baseball and beach volleyball game temperature is higher than 38 degrees Celsius will seriously affect the athlete's body.

Same as the temperatures are too high, too low a temperature will affect the competition results. When the temperature is too low, prone to colds, exercise-induced asthma; muscle activity does not open, tendon tension and stiffness, prone to sprains, stiff to move harmony. During the 12th Winter Olympic Games, due to the cold wave attack, sudden drop in temperature, 24% of the contestants had a cold, including veteran World Championships.

Air pressure

As the altitude increases, less pressure, air density decreases, resulting in lessened air resistance. Therefore, at high altitudes where the game can track performance. According to research, at an elevation of 2.3 km of Mexico City running hundred meters the result than on the Plains about 0.1 seconds, about 15 cm long jump, threw the discus to raise around 1.62 meters.

But in the higher altitude at the same time, will reduce the oxygen content in the air. Under 34-kilometer, the average increased by 1-kilometer, the oxygen content in the air about reducing 10%, hypoxic environment on the plateau make athletes faster physical exertion, fatigue easily, so bad for bikes, middle-distance and improve performance in endurance sports such as football. According to experts, under low pressure running ability and physical strength of football players decreased significantly.

Relationship between altitude, atmospheric pressure and oxygen content (photo from Xinhua News Agency)

Wind

IAAF rules: in the 200-meter track events and when events such as long jump, triple jump, are required to determine wind direction and speed. Where the average wind speed when the wind exceeds 2 m/s, calculated results, the record is not recognized. In addition, the triathlon individual results, where the wind speed exceeds 4 m/s, the Decathlon record is not recognized if individual wind speed exceeds 4 m/s, the individual results can still score and calculate the position, but this may not be with the score as official results. This is mainly for track and field events, such as sprinting, hurdling, downwind and upwind of different meteorological conditions, athletes ' performance varied widely. In 100-meter track events, for example, according to the study, if 10 seconds to complete the course in the wind players, in the wind at 2 mph could be completed in just 9 seconds at 84 and vice versa, in the case of wind at 2 mph takes 10 seconds 16. The difference in wind speed 4 m/s, 0.32 seconds, and hundreds of metres by 0.32 seconds at least decades of time.

Wind speed or direction of the mutation, canoeing, rowing, windsurfing, sailing, surfing and other water sports cause a lot of problems. The Rio sailing competition of the Olympic Games was forced to postpone because of the wind. In conditions of high wind speeds and heavier players likely to get good grades. Sailboats during a race, sailing wind when, prior to the game, referees, coaches and athletes guanfeng positioning.

Wind speed and wind direction are also shooting, archery, UFO Sighting target projects in the main meteorological factors. Studies suggest that in shooting competitions, when the air temperature is 15 ° c, atmospheric pressure of 100,000 PA, site altitude 1000 m, air relative humidity of 50% and wind, the weather conditions are most favourable. However, when the wind speed exceeds 4 m/s on the shooting range, and may be accompanied by sudden changes in wind speed and direction, shooting bullets will deviate from the bull's eye, shooting and other projects of great impact. A good shooters tend to be based on the wind, the wind, side wind and other weather conditions, the firing correction at any time.

Master sports athletes on the field is competitive, spot competitive level of play is not a big gap, many times the winner was just a little bit critical juncture is going to detail, less errors. Therefore, athletes on the basis of the solid foundation and if we can make good use of "good weather" benefits--try to avoid bad weather "foot-dragging" zoom in good weather "positive energy", is confident on the Court and race.

里约奥运挑战人类极限，拿冠军还得知天命 - 里约奥运 - IT资讯

8月15日，奥运会举办地里约遭遇恶劣天气，狂风大作、大雨倾盆，致使多项赛事受到负面影响，甚至推迟。有报道把当天里约的天气称为“运动员的噩梦”。那么，天气对体育赛事的影响到底有多大呢？今天，情报君就来和大家聊聊“天时”——天气气候条件对于体育赛事的影响。

“天时、地利、人和”，是中国传统文化中常说的成功三要素。古时多用于战事，天时一般指时令、天气气候条件。虽然孟子说“天时不如地利、地利不如人和”，但不可否认，排在首位的天时对于战争的胜败还是至关重要的。对于奥运等体育赛事来说，“天时”同样如此。

一般说来，气象条件对体育赛事的影响大致有三种情况：

第一种情况是恶劣天气会直接阻止比赛进行，比如狂风暴雨往往会限制各项室外赛事进行，运动员在35℃以上高温酷暑下进行运动会造成中暑休克。

第二种情况是影响运动员的比赛成绩。运动员如果遇上高影响天气，会使比赛成绩受到影响。以8月15日的里约奥运女子铁饼比赛中，17名选手中有10人在资格赛中首掷失败，初步分析是由于暴雨导致铁饼湿滑所致。来自古巴的世锦赛冠军卡巴勒罗掷铁饼连续失败，也没有发挥出上佳水平，仅以资格赛第6名的成绩跻身决赛。

第三类是影响体能的发挥，使运动员发挥不出真实水平或者“超负荷”消耗其体能。例如，温度适宜能提高运动员的体能效率；温度过高或湿度过大不仅加快人体排汗、体热散发，还使运动员呼吸的氧量明显减少，从而影响二氧化碳的代谢或者体能的正常发挥等。

那么，天气条件具体是如何影响各种体育赛事的呢？

降水

降水对比赛的影响不可忽视。在大雨或暴雨天气里，许多室外运动项目在大雨时被迫停止。另外，雨天由于跑道泥泞溜滑，田径运动员跑起来很费力气，不利于创造最佳成绩。在8月15日的恶劣天气中，参加里约奥运会110米栏预赛的牙买加选手卡特由于赛道湿滑在比赛中摔倒，只跑出14秒01的成绩。不过赛会方面最终同意卡特等4名选手加赛一轮，卡特在加赛中跑出了13秒51，也得以晋级下一轮。同样受到影响的还有跳高比赛，中国选手薛长锐赛后表示“这场暴雨让我全身湿透，导致热量流失，浑身发冷，感觉要抽筋了，真是有心无力。”

足球比赛作为户外运动，时常在大雨中进行。降雨会增加球员的身体负担，并使场地泡软，球鞋与场地摩擦力减小，致使球员跑动速度下降，并加剧打滑和跌倒的危险。因球王马拉多纳“上帝之手”闻名世界的第十三届世界杯比赛期间，飓风袭击了举办国墨西哥。在阿根廷对乌拉圭的1/8决赛中，骤雨如注，双方的技术和速度都大打折扣。不仅如此，因球员动作过大，全场竟出现7次黄牌和64次罚任意球，而进球数只有1个。

雨中足球比赛（图片来源网络）

温度

在高温天气进行体育运动，特别是大运动量的项目，很容易造成脱水、热痉挛、热衰竭、中暑等现象。普通人脱水达到3%就会导致运动能力下降，出现热疾病症状。在所有体育比赛中马拉松的运动强度最大，历时也最长，人体发热量最大。这些热量如不及时散发，积蓄在体内就会造成热病，如中暑、昏厥严重者会导致死亡。此外，中长跑、自行车、马术和速度赛马、铁人三项、网球等比赛受高温影响也很大。垒球、棒球和沙滩排球等比赛温度高于38℃将严重影响运动员的体力。

同气温过高一样，气温过低一样会影响比赛成绩。气温过低时，容易引发感冒、运动性哮喘；肌肉活动不开，筋腱紧张和僵硬，容易扭伤，身体僵硬导致动作不协调。如第十二届冬季奥运会时期，由于寒潮袭击，气温骤降，有24%的参赛选手患了感冒，其中包括久经沙场的世界冠军。

气压

随着海拔高度升高，气压降低，空气密度也随之减小，由此造成空气阻力减小。因此，在海拔较高的地方比赛可使田径赛成绩提高。据研究，在海拔2.3千米的墨西哥城跑百米，成绩可比平原上提高约0.1秒，跳远约增加15厘米，投掷铁饼可增加约1.62米。

但是在海拔高度升高的同时，空气中含氧量就会减小。在三四千米以下，平均每上升1千米，空气中含氧量大约减少10%，因此高原上的缺氧环境会使运动员体力消耗较快，易于疲劳，所以不利于在自行车、中长跑、足球等耐力比赛项目中提高成绩。据专家研究，低气压下足球运动员的奔跑能力和射门力量明显减弱。

海拔高度、大气压与含氧量的关系（图片来自新华社）

风

国际田联规定：在200米以下的径赛项目及跳远、三级跳远等项目比赛时，均需测定风向及风速。凡顺风时平均风速超过2米/秒者，只计算成绩，所创纪录不予承认。此外，全能运动的单项成绩，凡风速超过4米/秒者，其全能运动纪录不予承认；如单项风速超过4米/秒者，该单项成绩仍可评分和计算名次，但不得将此成绩和总分作为正式成绩。这主要是因为诸如短跑、跨栏等田径项目，在顺风和逆风的不同气象条件下，运动员的成绩差别很大。以径赛100米跑为例，据研究，如果在静风中用10秒跑完全程的运动员，在顺风2米/秒时只需用9秒84即可完成；反之，在逆风2米/秒的情况下则需时10秒16。即风速相差4米/秒，成绩可相差0.32秒，而人类百米成绩提高0.32秒至少需要好几十年的时间。

风速或风向的突变，会给皮划艇、赛艇、帆板、帆船、冲浪等水上项目造成很大的困难。此次里约奥运会的帆船帆板比赛就一度因风大而被迫推迟。一般在风速较大的条件下，体重较重的运动员容易取得好成绩。在帆船比赛过程中，起航时一定要顶风，所以裁判员、教练员、运动员在赛前都要观风定位。

风速、风向也是影响射击、射箭、飞碟等瞄靶项目发挥的主要气象因素。研究认为，在射击比赛当中，当气温为15℃、气压为1000百帕、场地的海拔高度为1000米、空气相对湿度为50%以及静风，这样的天气条件是最为有利的。不过，当射击场上风速超过4米/秒时，可能伴有突然的风速和风向变化，射出的子弹就会偏离靶心，对射击等项目的成绩影响较大。一个好射手往往能够根据当时的顺风、逆风、侧风等气象条件，随时进行射击纠偏。

体育赛场上的运动员都是竞技高手，临场竞技水平发挥差距不是很大，很多时候胜负都是只差那么一丁点儿，关键时刻就是要重细节、少失误。所以，运动员在功底扎实的基础上，如果能够充分利用好“天时”之利——尽量避免坏天气的“拖后腿”，放大好天气的“正能量”，相信定能在赛场上无往而不胜。