Overseas security security becomes increasingly tested Chinese Embassy have any merit?

Chinese Ambassador to Kyrgyzstan Embassy car bomb attacks on the morning of August 30, local time, killing 3 officers of the Embassy were slightly injured.

On August 30, in the Kyrgyzstan capital of Bishkek, police cars parked near the site of the explosion. (Xinhua reporters Chen Yao photo)

China Hua Chunying, a spokesman for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs regular press conference on August 30, according to Chinese Ambassador to Kyrgyzstan said the Embassy attack, China has asked Kyrgyzstan quickly to thoroughly investigate the truth, punish the murderers.

In recent years, Western countries in Central Asia, West Asia and North Africa embassies have repeatedly faced a similar danger. United States "wired" magazine's Web site describes it, security around the embassies and diplomats, and States with the "invisible enemy" waging "war without end", then the States to have the kind of security entrance?

　　Embassy security differentiated

Levels of security at embassies, usually based on the State in which the threat of terrorist attack to determine, such as Embassy security levels are relatively low in Western countries, and in Iraq, and Afghanistan and other war zones, some of the country's Embassy security is armed to the teeth.

In accordance with the Vienna Convention, diplomatic personnel, their families and offices, sites should be respected by the host country and the protection of life. Normal international relations, providing perimeter security for consulates in countries having diplomatic relations with the host country, embassies of internal security in the country to send security personnel. Security outside the Embassy by the host country, under normal circumstances would send Interior troops or police. To guard against a potential terrorist attack, embassies generally heightened and reinforced the walls doors practices in recent years, but it is only better than nothing. But if the Embassy terrorist attack received information, you can notify the host country's security sector in order to strengthen the perimeter of the Embassy guards and patrols, while embassies will also reduce the staff to go out.

Not every country will have its own armed guards of the Embassy staff on duty. Embassies are usually based on risk levels of high and low, deciding whether to send security forces. United States, for example, offices are almost always wear uniforms and do not wear a uniform of the United States Marine Corps Embassy security guard (MCESG). According to the "global security" Web site reported that their main task was to ensure that United States consulates within the security, such as protection of the Embassy staff to prevent confidential files was stolen by the enemy in the Pavilion.

MCESG and also in the case of an emergency, to defend the country United States residents and United States Government property task. In recent years, the security situation in some countries having diplomatic relations with complex diplomatic and consular presence of armed secret service agents. According to official reports, in May 2003, the armed police corps in Beijing, China deployed officers and men, with the Ambassador Sun Bigan will visit to Iraq to complete the Chinese Ambassador to Iraq Embassy Hall of complex tasks, this is the first time China's armed police out of the country to take similar tasks.

In addition in some stricken areas, due to lack of conditions as well as the host's own police force, the embassies of many countries will choose to get together in the hotel Office, such mutual assistance in collection of national security forces.

　　United States Embassy security attention

United States stationed in Jordan's capital Amman Embassy. (File photo)

In order to improve Embassy safety sensitive areas, countries in "anti-technology" cast the enormous resources in the field, in order to reduce risks to a minimum. In terms of hardware facilities, United States Embassy preparedness is extremely tight. After all, the United States often in the world of "tanking", so that missions abroad also suffered frequent attacks. According to incomplete statistics, since 1983, the United States diplomatic service (including buildings, people and vehicles) victims of attacks and attempted attacks up to more than 300 employees.

In accordance with United States provisions of the State Council of China, United States Embassy should be selected in the outer suburbs in sensitive countries, covers the best of more than 600 acres, buildings from the wall outside the three-meter, and designed and constructed in accordance with explosion-proof requirements and 4.6 meters may be installed for any arms off the ground, and to stay away from streets all around the walls of at least 30 m.

United States stationed in Jordan capital of Amman's Embassy was exemplary, the whole building is shaped the same military forts, are within 100 meters around the open spaces, more than three meters high reinforced concrete walls last power grids that dug deep trenches outside the walls and gate have Jordan special forces armored vehicles guarded Amman, that members of the public will be United States Embassy jokingly referred to as "the most luxurious prison in town."

Is located in Islamic Fort of United States standing Pakistan Embassy also has "similar" of wonderful, it built in halfway up the Shang, overlooking Islamic Fort urban, around around with with grid of cement wall, are front 10 meters laid two road cement isolation Pier, roadside set with with English and Urdu language writing of "ban stay and photography" of warning brand, and Pakistan police of patrol car each across number minutes on in United States Embassy front around.

　　Guard against car bomb attacks is an important trend

The car bomb attack on the Chinese Embassy, is the established practice of terrorist organizations in recent years. In this connection, the United Kingdom approach reference points. Set in war-torn countries of the United Kingdom Embassy after careful protection preparation, according to passive defense, prevention, deterrence, active defense, five measures, such as improved safety, especially in recent years, "vehicle crash" such terrorist attacks, United Kingdom take a more careful handling.

According to the United Kingdom of the combat and survival magazine, fixed the security not only of the building within the building itself and the safety of personnel, even the facilities security, evacuation and emergency health care, be taken into account, so not like TV, often said to rely solely on so-called "200 metres in depth" can rest easy. Due to the large amounts of explosives detonated powerful shock wave, the most effective method is to let the attacker will spread their explosives close to within the target range.

United Kingdom Embassy facilities of security measures stressed through quantitative analysis various explosion attacks case, established up corresponding of check program (for example easy human carry of explosion real, explosion power about is equal to 50 pounds TNT explosives; and car explosion real power may reached 1000 pounds TNT), if found (suspected) handheld explosion real Shi, at least to will RADIUS 150 feet within all buildings in the of personnel evacuation; if found car explosion real, is at least to will RADIUS 400 feet within buildings within of personnel evacuation.

However it is worth noting is that vehicle varies with the power of explosives, for example, in 1993 the "base" first attacked the World Trade Center vehicle only 1300 lbs of explosives, but the 1995 Oklahoma City Federal building attack up to 4800 pounds of explosives were used. According to global security research organization in 2012, the terrorist group launched a suicide car explosion the explosion of cases there is a growing trend, so countries for these types of threats must be considered as early as possible.

　　China overseas security is tested

Hua Chunying, a Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman said on August 30, and China at the Chinese Embassy in Kyrgyzstan Embassy strongly condemns the serious terrorist attacks.

Outside Chinese embassies have previously been isolation, harassment of the enemy forces, but never as serious as this. For example, July 6, 2009, Chinese Ambassador to Netherlands Embassy suffered over more than 150 "East Turkistan Islamic movement" protest, the Embassy Windows were smashed. Also happened times China's embassies and consulates were throwing Molotov cocktails events.

"Overseas safety, China's new" Germany global news 30th said diplomatic institutions in China has been relatively safe. By contrast, the United States and other Western countries institutions frequently attacked. With the increasing global terror situation, and China's position in the international political and economic trends overseas, this pressure is also increasing in China. The future, China will speed up the pace of international action against terrorism.

United Kingdom, the financial times said, as China's investment into unstable areas such as the Middle East, Africa, and now more and more Chinese citizens suffer the effects of terrorism and violence, two peacekeepers killed in South Sudan last month.

United Kingdom the guardian report also referred to the 2015 Temple Erawan Bangkok bomb attacks, the attack caused many casualties among Chinese tourists. United Kingdom Royal Army said Pan Ruifan, international security studies, Director of the Institute, after no major attacks against Chinese interests in Central Asia, but in this event there is an increasing trend in the world.

"And the United States compared to the defensive strength of embassies and consulates in China is relatively weak in the safety precautions, but the basic defensive measures without problems. "Special Assistant to the President of the China Institute of contemporary international relations, Li said that in the context of international terrorism spreading obvious, China not only needs to pay attention to their own terrorism prevention and response measures, and to strengthen international cooperation against terrorism. The attack abroad, China is at risk of terrorist attack example. At present, some counter-terrorism cooperation mechanisms have been established in Central Asia, China, to curb the spread of terrorism in the context of international played a role.

Author: Tian Yu Bai Yunyi Aoki majunheshan dream Liu Yupeng Wei Hui

Synthesis: global times, CCTV NET

(Editors: xiaowugang UN845)
2016-09-01 16:59:02
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海外安全问题日益考验中国 使馆安保有啥高招？

中国驻吉尔吉斯斯坦使馆当地时间8月30日上午遭到汽车炸弹袭击，造成使馆3名人员轻伤。




8月30日，在吉尔吉斯斯坦首都比什凯克，警车停在爆炸地点附近。 （新华社记者 陈瑶 摄）

　　中国外交部发言人华春莹8月30日在例行记者会上针对中国驻吉尔吉斯斯坦使馆遭袭一事称，中方已要求吉方迅速彻查事件真相，严惩凶手。

　　近年来，西方国家驻中亚、西亚和北非的使馆也多次遭遇类似险情。美国“连线”杂志网站形容说，围绕驻外使馆及外交人员的安全，各国正与“看不见的敌人”展开一场“没有终点的战争”，那么各国都有什么样的安保高招呢？

　　使馆安保内外有别

　　各国使馆的安保级别，通常依据所在国受恐袭威胁的等级来确定，例如位于西方国家的使馆安保级别就相对较低，而在伊拉克、阿富汗等战乱地区，有些国家的使馆安保可谓是武装到牙齿。

　　按照《维也纳公约》，外交人员、家属及办公、生活场所应得到东道国的尊重与保护。就正常的国际关系而言，东道国为建交国使领馆提供外围安全保卫，使领馆内部安全则以本国派遣的安保人员为主。使馆门外的安保由东道国负责，正常情况下会派遣内卫部队或警察驻守。为防备可能遭到的恐怖袭击，各国使馆近年来普遍采取加高围墙和加固大门的做法，但这只能算聊胜于无。不过如果使馆接到恐袭情报，还可以通知东道国的安全部门以加强使馆周边的警卫和巡逻，同时使馆也会减少人员的外出。

　　并非每个国家的使馆都会有本国的武装警卫人员值守。通常使馆是根据危险级别的高低，决定是否派遣警卫部队。以美国为例，驻外机构几乎都派有穿制服和不穿制服的美国海军陆战队使馆安全警卫队（MCESG）成员。据“全球安全”网站报道，他们最主要的任务是确保美国使领馆内部的安全，如保护使馆人员，防止馆内机密文件被敌人窃取。

　　MCESG同时还肩负在紧急情况下，保卫驻地国美国居民和美国政府财产的任务。近年来，中国在某些安全形势复杂的建交国使领馆内也派驻武警特勤人员。据官方报道，2003年5月，中国武警北京总队抽调官兵，随大使孙必干前往伊拉克，完成中国驻伊拉克大使馆的复馆任务，这是中国武警首次走出国门担负类似任务。

　　此外在一些战乱地区，由于条件限制以及东道国自身警力不足，不少国家的使馆会选择扎堆在酒店里办公，这样能集合各国的安保力量相互协助。

　　美国使馆安防有讲究

美国驻约旦首都安曼大使馆。（资料图片）

　　为提高敏感地区的使馆安全系数，各国都在“技防”领域投诸巨大资源，务求将危险降低到最低限度。在硬件设施方面，美国使馆的防备极为严密。毕竟美国经常在世界上“拉仇恨”，因此驻外机构也频繁遭受各种袭击。据不完全统计，1983年以来，美国外交机构（含建筑物、人员和车辆）遭受的袭击和未遂袭击多达300余起。

　　按照美国中国国务院的规定，美国驻敏感国家的使馆应选在远郊，占地最好达到600亩以上，建筑物要距围墙三米外，并按照防爆要求设计构筑，且离地4.6米范围内不得安装任何扶手，而围墙要远离四周街道至少30米。

　　美国驻约旦首都安曼的大使馆就堪称典范，整栋建筑物形同一座军事要塞，周围100米内都是空地，三米多高的钢筋混凝土围墙上架着电网，围墙外挖有深沟，几个大门口也都有约旦特种部队的装甲车看守，以至于安曼市民将美国大使馆戏称为“城内最豪华的监狱”。

　　位于伊斯兰堡的美国驻巴基斯坦大使馆也有“异曲同工”之妙，它建在半山腰上，俯瞰伊斯兰堡市区，四周环绕着带电网的水泥墙，正门前10米布设两道水泥隔离墩，路边树立着用英语和乌尔都语书写的“禁止停留和摄影”的警示牌，而巴基斯坦军警的巡逻车每隔数分钟就在美国大使馆门前转悠。

　　防备汽车炸弹袭击是重要趋势

　　这次中国使馆遭受汽车炸弹袭击，是近年来恐怖组织惯用的手法。在这方面，英国的做法颇有借鉴之处。设在战乱国家的英国使馆机构经过精心的防护准备，按照预防、威慑、被动防御、主动防御、应对等五层措施提高安全系数，尤其针对近年来“车辆冲撞”一类的恐怖袭击，英国采取了较为周密的处置策略。

　　据英国《战斗与生存》杂志介绍，固定建筑物的安全不能仅考虑建筑本身与内部人员的安全，要连周边设施的安全、疏散甚至紧急医疗等一并考虑进去，因此不是像电视剧里常说的那样单靠所谓“200米纵深”就能高枕无忧。由于大量爆炸物引爆时的冲击波威力强大，最有效的方法是让攻击者无法将爆炸物接近到能波及目标的范围内。

　　英国使馆设施的安保措施强调通过量化分析各种爆炸袭击案例，建立起相应的检查程序（例如便于人力携带的爆炸物，爆炸威力约等于50磅TNT炸药；而车载爆炸物威力可能达到1000磅TNT），若发现（疑似）手持爆炸物时，至少要将方圆150英尺内所有建筑物中的人员疏散；假使发现车载爆炸物，则至少要将方圆400英尺内建筑物内的人员疏散。

　　然而值得注意的是，车载爆炸物的威力相差很大，例如1993年“基地”组织第一次攻击世贸大楼的车载爆炸物仅为1300磅，但1995年俄克拉荷马联邦大楼遭袭时使用了高达4800磅的爆炸物。据全球安全组织在2012年的研究，恐怖组织发动的自杀性汽车爆炸案件的爆炸威力有越来越大的趋势，因此各国对于这类威胁必须尽早考虑。

　　海外安全问题日益考验中国

　　中国外交部发言人华春莹8月30日表示，中方对发生在中国驻吉尔吉斯斯坦使馆的严重恐怖袭击事件予以强烈谴责。

　　中国驻外使馆此前曾受到过境外分离、敌对势力的侵扰，但从未像这次这样严重。比如，2009年7月6日，中国驻荷兰大使馆遭遇150多名“东伊运”分子的抗议示威，使馆窗户玻璃被砸碎。另外还发生过数次中国驻外使领馆被投掷燃烧瓶的事件。

　　“海外安全，中国的新问题”，德国全球新闻网30日称，中国的驻外机构一直相对安全。相比之下，美国等西方国家的机构频频遭袭。随着全球恐怖形势加剧，加上中国在国际政治中的地位提高及经济走向海外，中国这方面的压力也在增加。未来，中国参加国际反恐行动的步伐势必会加快。

　　英国《金融时报》称，随着中国投资进入中东、非洲等不稳定地区，现在中国公民越来越受到恐怖主义和暴力袭击的影响，上月两名中国维和人员在南苏丹牺牲。

　　英国《卫报》在报道中还提到2015年的曼谷四面佛神庙爆炸袭击事件，那次袭击造成多名中国游客伤亡。英国皇家三军研究所国际安全研究主任潘睿凡称，此前在中亚并无针对中国利益的重大袭击，但在全球这种事件的确存在增加趋势。

　　“与美国驻外使馆的防御强度相比，中国使领馆在安全防范措施上相对薄弱，但基本的防御措施没有问题。”中国现代国际关系研究院院长特别助理李伟表示，在国际恐怖活动蔓延趋势明显的大背景下，中国不仅需要重视自身对恐怖主义的防范与应对措施，也要加强国际反恐合作。此次袭击事件就是中国在境外面临恐怖袭击风险的例证。目前，中国在中亚地区已建立一些反恐合作机制，对遏制恐怖势力在国际范围内蔓延起到了一定作用。

　　作者：田聿 马俊 何山梦 青木 白云怡 柳玉鹏 魏辉

　　综合：环球时报、央视网

(责任编辑：肖武岗 UN845)
2016-09-01 16:59:02
综合