Research and development spending up to 3.67% per cent GDP, Japan as the world's second-biggest prize-Japan, the Nobel Prize-IT information

5:30 P.M. October 3, the latest announcement of 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded Japan code of Da Yu Liang, a molecular and cell biologist (Yoshinori Ohsumi) Professor, in recognition of his achievements in Autophagy mechanisms. Da Yu Liang code has become the da Zhi of the award last year after the 4th Japanese to receive the award.

So far, Japan already had 4 people won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or medicine, namely, Kyoto University (1987), Shinya Yamanaka (2012), da Cun Zhi (2015) and Da Yu Liang code this year. Da Yu also became the 22nd Japanese to win a Nobel Prize in the field of natural sciences (including two obtained United States citizenship in Japan). This figure more than the United Kingdom, and Germany and Russia, and Japan after the United States Nobel Prize power.

Japan medical research developed, and higher research and development investment, from foreign experience, long term research and heritage research environment and relative freedom, and so on.

Japan 3.67% of research and development spending per cent of GDP, and ranks top in the world , Government and corporate-funded research makes some research will continue and the prize.

After World War II, Japan Science and technology as the Foundation of our country, China invested heavily in science and technology innovation. As a peripheral Agency of Ministry of science, culture, "Japan Society for the promotion of" is responsible for the development of specific research projects, in charge of "scientific research" is Japan's largest competitive fees for applications for research, Japan Government above all competitive research 60%, it is Japan one of the most important sources of research funding.

Japan Society for the promotion of the scientific research budget arrangements into the Japan of the Government's five-year "Science and technology basic plan". Researchers from universities, companies or countries to adequate research funding, which is able to secure research material.

In addition, Japan places great emphasis on tradition of scientific research. The natural sciences, particularly in fundamental physics, relying solely on solid and meticulous work style is difficult to make a Nobel Prize level accomplishments, excellent faculty, good teamwork, first-class equipment, is very important. Top research projects is heritage, often prize the teacher out of the prize student, first-class laboratory a number of Nobel Prize. Japan 11 winners of the physics, to a large extent, it just goes to show this.

While Japan also has a tradition of biomedical research work and long-term unremitting efforts, namely a direction of research for many years, although at a certain time to make some adjustments, but the general direction is the same.

For example, the da Yu Liang code postdoctoral fellow at Rockefeller University in 1974-1977, carried forward the tradition of cell biology research there, that place out of a total of 4 cell biology of Nobel Prize winners. These students include examples of good code in their respective countries and cell biology research laboratory inheritance traditions, and get great results.

Japanese efforts to learn from the West, main track of current medical research is the United States. 1987 winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or medicine Kyoto University was United States Massachusetts Institute of technology Professor, whose research results are basically in the United States made in the laboratory.

? Kyoto University

Many other researchers in the United States learning learning experiences, such as the winner of the 2000 Nobel Prize in chemistry yeyiliang treatment baichuanyingshuhe 2001 chemistry Prize winner at United States universities. The science in the world's most developed countries learning and research experiences make Japan researchers can learn and discover subject areas the latest research trends and know what direction to explore.

In addition, Japan researcher independent research and research fields critical to the outcome of. Japan University professors and declare after the project received a share of the funding of the Institute, you no longer worry about PR and funding can be several years of solid scientific research, free of outside interference. These are the Japan Prize in Physiology or medicine for research reasons.

Japan scientists career prestige high and lucrative salary for all of them committed to teaching, research, provides favourable conditions. According to Japan authoritative "Japan social stratification and social mobile" survey of 1995, Japan 187 career, the University teachers ' professional prestige score of 83.5, 87.3 points, after judges, lawyers, was second, well above the upper management in large enterprises 73.3 points 70.5 points, senior civil servants and actors 58.2 points, and so on.

In terms of income, Japan Ministry of health, labor "wages layout basic statistical surveys" show,2008 Japan University's average wage of about 11.22 million yen (about 900,000 yuan), 6.63 million yen for business significantly across the country .

Of course, now that more and more attention to scientific and technological innovation, regardless of public opinion or actually funded is not weak. In the support of China is capable of in the future more Nobel prizes.

研发经费占GDP比例达3.67%，日本成世界第二诺贝尔奖大国 - 日本,诺贝尔奖 - IT资讯

10月3日下午5点30分，最新揭晓的2016诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予了日本分子细胞生物学家大隅良典（Yoshinori Ohsumi）教授，以表彰他在细胞自噬机制研究中取得的成就。大隅良典也成为继去年获得该奖项的大村智之后第4位获得该奖项的日本人。

迄今为止，日本已经有4人获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，分别是利根川进（1987年），山中伸弥（2012年），大村智（2015年）和今年的大隅良典。大隅也成为第22个获得自然科学领域诺贝尔奖的日本人（包括两位获得美国国籍的日本人）。这一数字超过了英国、德国和俄罗斯，日本成为仅次于美国的诺贝尔奖大国。

日本医学研究的发达，与研发经费的投入较高、积极向国外借鉴、研究内容的长期性和传承性以及相对自由的研究环境等有关。

日本的研发经费占GDP的比例为3.67%，排在世界的前几位，政府和企业资助科研才使得一些研究能持续下去并获奖。

二战后，日本以科技作为立国之本，举中国之力投巨资进行科技创新。作为文部科学省外围机构的“日本学术振兴会”是负责制定具体科学研究项目的，其掌管的“科学研究费”是日本最大规模的竞争性申请类科研费，占日本政府全部竞争性科研费的六成以上，是当前日本科研经费最重要的来源之一。

日本学术振兴会的科研费预算安排纳入日本政府五年一度的“科学技术基本计划”。研究人员能够从大学、企业或国家获得充足的研究经费，这是能够安心进行研究的物质保障。

此外，日本科学研究十分注重传承性。自然科学，尤其是基础物理学，仅仅依靠严谨扎实的作风是很难做出诺贝尔奖级别的成就的，优秀的指导老师，良好的团队协作，一流的设备，都是很重要的。顶级科研项目是有传承的，经常是诺奖老师带出诺奖学生，一流实验室出多个诺奖。而日本物理学科的11位获奖者，也在很大程度上恰恰说明了这个道理。

同时日本生物医学研究也有一种传承精神和长期坚持不懈的努力，即在一个方向会研究很多年，虽然在一定时间也会做一些调整，但大方向是一致的。

例如，大隅良典曾于1974-1977年在洛克菲勒大学做博士后，继承了那里的细胞生物学的研究传统，那个地方一共出了4个细胞生物学的诺贝尔奖获得者。这些人的学生包括大隅良典又在各自的国家和实验室继承细胞生物学的研究传统，并获得重大成果。

日本人努力学习西方，目前的医学研究主要追踪的是美国。1987年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主利根川进是美国麻省理工学院的教授，其研究成果基本上是在美国的实验室中取得的。

▲利根川进

其他很多研究人员都有在美国学习进修的经历，例如2000年诺贝尔化学奖得主白川英树和2001年化学奖得主野依良治都曾在美国大学进修。这种在世界上科学最发达国家学习和研究的经历使得日本研究人员能了解和发现学科领域最新的研究动向，知道向什么方向探索。

另外，日本研究人员自由独立研究也是研究领域不断出成果的关键。日本的大学教授和研究所人员申报课题获得一定份额的经费后，就不再进行公关和操心经费，可以数年如一日地进行扎扎实实的科学研究，不受外界的干扰。这些就是日本生理学或医学奖研究能出成绩的原因。

日本科学家的职业威望高、工资待遇丰厚也为他们全心致力于教学、研究提供了有利条件。根据日本权威的“日本社会阶层与社会移动”的1995年调查结果显示，在日本187种职业中，大学教师的职业威望的得分为83.5，仅次于法官、律师的87.3分，位居第二位，远远高于大企业高级管理的73.3分、高级公务员的70.5分以及演员的58.2分等等。

在经济收入方面，日本厚生劳动省“工资布局根基统计查询拜访”成果显示，2008年日本大学传授的平均工资约为1122万日元（约合90万元人民币），大大跨越了国度公事员的663万日元。

当然，中国如今也越来越重视科技创新，不管是舆论还是实际上的经费支持都不弱。在这样的支持下，中国未来是有能力诞生更多的诺贝尔奖。