F-20 aircraft, China has a real life

J-20 fighter

On October 28, an air force spokesman, Senior Colonel Shen Jike said, air force test pilot to drive j-20 fighter aircraft in flight show at Zhuhai airshow, the 11th--it will be China's self-developed next-generation stealth fighter for the first time in public. Recently posted on the Internet pictures China's stealth multirole fighter jet could also appeared as a two-plane formation aerobatic Airshow.

This shows the air force as a big country, China's air force should have confidence and openness, on the other hand also confirms the j-20 's first batch of messages that have been delivered to the air force. Therefore, j- -20 at the Zhuhai air show public appearance, a sense can also be viewed as serving the official ceremony. So, from small batch deliveries to organic combat, fighter jet, which passes to another? We might as well be a vision and Outlook.

　　Production of stereotypes

Since it first flew on January 11, 2011, j-20 has experienced three stages of development. First stage is a technology demonstrator, numbered from 2001 to 2004, a total of 3, 2002 and 2004 for the same. Next was a prototype stage, from 2011 to 2017 (without No. 2014, prototype photos online, or null for static testing machine). Followed by prototype stages, starting from 2101, 2102. Given the small quantities of prototype production, trial of Hong Kong to be delivered to the air force, so the final appearance of coating and is no longer using the factory number for service.

Research progress of the current j-20 judge, to a prototype stage, Chengdu aircraft design Institute, AVIC would have been designed, the military also issued a small scale production, entered the definition phase to production. Before formally issued in military production tasks, Chengdu aircraft industry Corporation, China aviation industry to complete the production of the fighter jet, stereotypes. Meanwhile, as the unit design, AVIC, Chengdu aircraft design Institute for military trial exposes problems, maintain fighter- -20 improvements and upgrades.

Than design, production of stereotypes is also very important, involving process specification, fixtures necessary for production, Assembly processes, airborne equipment procurement, delivery flight test outline and the training of military personnel, and many other complex transactions. It can be said that smoothly through the production of stereotypes pass, f-20 can really become operational models from flight model. If you left some hidden in the definition phase, and warplanes in large quantities after the army found out, will cause immeasurable loss. United States F-35, for example, which deliver the United States and its allies nearly 200 the number, but has suffered in recent years many large-scale grounding. Exposed during the many defects and faults are to a large extent is closely linked with production technology, materials, etc.

　　The flight training program and air combat tactics

After the j-20 small quantities delivered to the air force, in accordance with the procedures, first of all try to equip training bases, training for pilots and ground staff, and preparation of the relevant training programs. Fighter jet, as its stealth properties and high mobility, performance, and equipped with the most advanced avionics, a new generation of warplanes, from the driving experience than the previous generation aircraft is more humane, more easy to use. Therefore, the air force pilot from j-10, f- -11 and other third-generation fighter aircraft to fly the f-20 was not encountered great difficulties, Chengdu aircraft design Institute, AVIC excellent flight control design would make pilots more user-friendly. However, according to the f- -20 such a strong performance to the flight training program and the corresponding air combat tactics, is a must for the air force over the crisis.

In F-22, for example, United States Air Force originally wanted this machine is able to substitute F-15, equipped with data link system and even in the machine can only Exchange data with the fighter, tactical since into a system. External image F-22 known as "kick", first to undertake against the enemy an important node of the task, in effect the machine free for United States Air Force combat systems, perform tasks alone. In recent years, with production halted, United States Air Force had to consider the equipment only over more than 180 number of F-22 and F-15, F-16, third-generation fighters, such as coordination of military operations, with "provider" role. F-15 fighter must also install a dedicated data link pod, will be able to exchange information with F-22 data link system.

For the Chinese air force, fighter jet, also faced what was to become "kick", "provider", and even an enemy stealth fighter "Terminator" option. This tactical positioning will determine how fighter-jet combat. F-35 has hundreds of us military equipment in racks, but United States air force and Navy also are Marines, announced the formation of initial operational capability of this decision are wary. In addition to the technical and performance reasons, the most fundamental is that the three services for F-35 what kind of mission should take is not clear. Example, I believe that the Chinese air force for at least the next 15 years will remain at the same time equipped with second and third-generation and fourth-generation fighter of this situation, the third generation will be the largest number of regular. Fighter jet, as our army is the strongest, the most expensive cost of fourth-generation fighter, limited to grant funding as well as factors such as capacity, cannot be delivered in large quantities in the short term. So, armed with a limited number of fighter jet, not just as in the original F-22 "kick", and should be fully integrated from the outset to the combat system, becoming the second-and third-generation fighter behind the most strong "supporter" and "provider", to enhance the fighting capacity of the Chinese air force air combat system.

　　To establish a complete and efficient logistics system

F-20 logistics support system of establishing and perfecting guarantee its combat capability, critical hurdle. Logistics support capacity directly determines the strength of forces combat capability, especially for the f- -20. Compared to the third-generation fighter, fighter jet, fourth-generation fighter most notable difference is that excellent full stealth. However, the fourth-generation fighter stealth but with low radar cross section aerodynamic design, absorbing material relating to the performance, still depends to a large extent after serving logistic support capabilities to be able to keep up.

At present, the absorbing material is widely used in the world for rare earth magnetic ferrite/RAC. Well-designed magnetic absorbing material can absorb electromagnetic energy over 95%, but its flaws are poor adhesion, easy to fall off in a rain and jet stream scouring. The most typical is the United States air force B-2A stealth bomber, its early coating absorbing material is fragile and usually cannot open storage must be stored in the constant temperature and humidity of the enclosed hangar. United States third-generation stealth fighter F-22 and F-35 uses more advanced rare earth magnetic ferrite/RAC, tolerance to the environment more, will adapt to more extreme weather conditions.

However, permanent bases in F-22, such as alasijiaaiermenduofu air force base, each fighter also has its own costly enclosed hangar with constant temperature and humidity. After the execution of operations, exercises or overseas training mission, F-22 comes back to a closed hangar for stealth performance of comprehensive maintenance, including magnetic wave absorbing coating of filling enough, hatch cover seam sealing and repair after the stealth test.

From the YF-22 prototype design, United States air force was the main design staff please go to the F-15 home base, let their forces have intuitive understanding of logistical work, thereby fully into account in the design of new aircraft logistics support factors. However, for stealth performance of maintenance has increased quite a bit of time and cost. In particular magnetic wave-absorbing paint toxic, for health damage ground staff. John Locke · Company for logistics personnel safety and reduce costs, even for F-35 a "stealth films."

F-20 after serving, because the engine uses technology fairly sophisticated Russian-made AL-31FM2, to a certain extent, reduce the protection pressure. However, advanced Active phased array radar, avionics and stealth coating maintenance, repair and testing will be force ground staff training a top priority.

On one hand, we must improve technology literacy and responsibility of the j-20 ground personnel, all in order to practice as a starting point, from the difficult and strict training. The other hand, base facilities also make great efforts to upgrade the hardware, similar to the F-22 advanced technology fully enclosed hangar is also essential.

　　Seven years?

From delivery of pilot training base to an organic form fighting, is a relatively slow process in time. F-22 's first engineering prototype delivered in early 1998 at Edwards, but it was not until the end of 2005, United States air force announced the first F-22 Squadron formed the initial operational capability. In these 7 years, F-22 in the United States Air Force pilot under the drive, completed the cabin and store various types of air-to-air missiles, air-to-surface guided munitions launched and launching, and viability tests with advanced air defense systems, data information exchange without Afterburner supercruise, subjects such as full stealth performance tests. During this period, 1 F-22 happened in December 2004, also lost control and crashed while taking off a major accident.

If F-22 is any guide, this year try out for j-20 delivered to the air force base since the system (at least 1 24) combat, it should be around 7 years. That is, until 2023, we may be able to see the f- -20 really bore the burden of defending motherland's airspace. Prior to that, under development and production of China's homemade third generation half a fighter, like f- -10C, f- -11D, f-15, f- -16, etc will be purchased with the Su- -35SK, the strongest starting lineup of the Chinese Navy.

(Editors: Zhong Qinghui UN660)
2016-10-29 08:07:04
Surging

中国歼20战机已具备实战能力

歼-20战机

　　10月28日，空军发言人申继科大校发布消息称，空军试飞员将驾驶歼-20战机在第11届珠海航展上进行飞行展示——这将是中国自主研制的新一代隐身战斗机首次公开亮相。而从近日网络上公布的图片看，中国的隐身多用途战斗机歼-20还有可能以双机编队飞行表演的形式现身航展。

　　这一方面展现了中国空军作为一个大国空军应有的自信和开放，另一方面也印证了歼-20首批已交付空军的消息。因此，歼-20在珠海航展的公开亮相，某种意义上说也可以视为该机的正式服役仪式。那么，从小批量交付到成建制形成战斗力，歼-20还要再经历哪几道关？我们不妨做一个设想和展望。

　　生产定型

　　自2011年1月11日首飞以来，歼-20大致经历了三个发展阶段。首先是技术验证机阶段，编号从2001到2004，共3架，2002与2004为同一架。接下来是原型机阶段，从2011到2017（网上没有出现过2014号原型机的照片，可能为静力试验机或者为空号）。之后便是工程样机阶段，从2101、2102开始。由于工程样机属于小批量生产型，要交付空军相关单位试用，因此最终外观为服役涂装并且不再使用工厂编号。

　　以目前歼-20研制进展判断，到工程样机阶段，中航工业成都飞机设计研究所应该已经完成了设计定型，军方也下达了小批量生产任务，进入到生产定型阶段。在军方正式下达批量生产任务之前，中航工业成都飞机工业集团公司要完成歼-20的生产定型。同时，作为设计单位，中航工业成都飞机设计研究所要针对军方试用阶段暴露出的问题，持续开展歼-20的改进和升级工作。

　　相比设计定型，生产定型同样非常重要，其中涉及到量产所必需的工艺规范、工装夹具、装配流程、各种机载设备的采购、交付试飞大纲以及军方相关人员的培训等诸多繁杂的事务。可以说，顺利闯过生产定型关，歼-20才能够从试飞机型真正成为作战机型。如果在生产定型阶段留下某些隐患，而到了战机大批量装备部队后才发现，将会造成无可估量的损失。以美国F-35战机为例，该机交付美国及其盟国的数量近200架，但是近年来已经遭遇多次大规模停飞。期间暴露出的诸多缺陷和故障很大程度上都与生产阶段的工艺、材料等息息相关。

　　制定飞行训练大纲及空战战术

　　歼-20小批量交付空军后，按照流程，首先要装备试训基地，用于飞行员及地勤人员的培训以及相关训练大纲的编写。歼-20作为具有隐身性能、高机动性等性能，并装备最先进航电设备的新一代战机，从驾驶体验来讲应该比上一代战机更为人性化、更容易上手。因此，空军飞行员从歼-10、歼-11等第三代战机转飞歼-20并不会遇到很大的困难，中航工业成都飞机设计研究所出色的飞控设计会使得飞行员更加得心应手。但是，如何根据歼-20如此强大的性能来制定飞行训练大纲以及相应的空战战术，对于空军来说将是一个必须越过的难关。

　　以F-22战斗机为例，美国空军最初希望该机能够完全代替F-15，该机所装备的数据链系统甚至只能同型战机之间交换数据，在战术上完全自成一套体系。外界形象地将F-22称作“踢门者”，率先承担打击敌方重要节点的任务，实际上等于该机游离于美国空军作战体系之外，单独执行任务。近年来，随着生产线全面停产，美国空军不得不考虑让装备数量仅为180余架的F-22与F-15、F-16等第三代战机配合作战，担负“助攻者”的角色。而F-15等战机也必须加装专用的数据链吊舱，才能够与F-22的数据链系统交换信息。

　　对于中国空军来说，歼-20同样面临着究竟是成为“踢门者”、“助攻者”、甚至是敌方隐身战机的“终结者”的选择。这一作战定位将决定着歼-20如何形成战斗力。F-35战机如今已经在美军中装备百余架，但是无论美国空军、海军还是陆战队，都对宣布该机形成初始作战能力的这一决定持谨慎态度。除了技术和性能上的原因，最根本的在于这三个军种对于F-35究竟应该担负怎样的作战任务并不明晰。有了前车之鉴，笔者认为中国空军在未来至少15年内仍将保持同时装备第二代、第三代和第四代战机这一局面，其中第三代将是数量最多的绝对主力。歼-20作为我军最强、造价最为昂贵的第四代战机，限于拨款经费以及企业产能等因素，不可能在短期内大批量交付。因此，装备数量有限的歼-20不能像最初的F-22那样仅仅是“踢门者”，而应当从一开始就完全融入到作战体系之中，成为第二代、第三代战机背后最为坚强的“支援者”和“助攻者”，全面提升中国空军空中作战体系的战斗力。

　　建立完备高效的后勤体系

　　歼-20后勤保障体系的建立和完善也是保障其形成战力非常关键的一关。后勤保障能力的高低直接决定着部队作战能力的强弱，尤其是对于歼-20而言。相比第三代战斗机，歼-20第四代战斗机最显著的差别就在于优异的全面隐身性能。但是，第四代战斗机隐身性能除了与低雷达散射截面气动外形设计、隐身吸波材料的性能有关，还在很大程度上取决于服役后部队后勤保障能力是否能够跟得上。

　　目前，世界上应用较为广泛的隐身吸波材料为铁氧体/稀土磁性吸波涂层。设计良好的磁性吸波材料能够吸收95%以上的电磁波能量，但是其缺陷就是附着力较差，在雨水和高速气流的冲刷下容易脱落。最为典型的就是美国空军B-2A隐身轰炸机，其采用的早期隐身吸波材料涂层较为脆弱，平时不能露天停放，必须在恒温恒湿的封闭式机库内存放。美国第三代隐身战机F-22和F-35则采用了更为先进的铁氧体/稀土磁性吸波涂层，对环境的耐受性更强，可以适应更为恶劣的气象条件。

　　但是，在F-22的常驻基地，如阿拉斯加埃尔门多夫空军基地，每架战机也都有自己造价不菲的恒温恒湿全封闭式机库。在执行作战、演习或驻外训练任务后，F-22都要回到封闭式机库内进行隐身性能的全面保养，包括磁性吸波涂层的补敷、舱盖接缝处的密封以及修复后的隐身测试等。

　　尽管从YF-22原型机设计开始，美国空军就曾经将主要设计人员请到F-15战机的常驻基地，让他们对于部队后勤保障的实际工作有直观的认识，从而在新型战机的设计中就充分考虑便于后勤保障的因素。但是，对于隐身性能的维护保障仍然增加了相当多的时间和成本。尤其是某些磁性吸波涂料有毒，对于地勤人员的身体健康也有损害。而洛· 马公司为了后勤保障人员的安全和降低成本，甚至为F-35研制了“隐身贴膜”。

　　歼-20服役后，由于发动机采用技术相当成熟的俄制AL-31FM2，在一定程度上减小了保障压力。但是，先进的有源相控阵雷达等航电设备和隐身涂层的维护、保养和测试将成为部队地勤人员培训的重中之重。

　　一方面，必须全面提高歼-20地勤人员的技术素养和责任心，一切以实战为出发点，从难从严训练。另一方面，基地的硬件设施也要下大力气进行升级改造，类似F-22那样技术先进的全封闭式机库也是必不可少的。

　　七年？

　　从交付试训基地到成建制形成战斗，在时间上将是一个较为漫长的过程。F-22首架工程样机于1998年初交付爱德华兹空军基地，但是直到2005年底，美国空军才宣布首个F-22中队形成初始作战能力。在这7年中，F-22在美国空军飞行员的驾驶下，完成了舱内及外挂各型空空导弹、空地制导弹药的发射和投放，先进防空系统下的生存力测试，数据链信息交换，不开加力超音速巡航，全面隐身性能测试等科目。在此期间，在2004年12月还发生了一起1架F-22起飞时失控坠毁的重大事故。

　　若以F-22为参考，从今年歼-20交付空军试训基地算起，到成建制（至少1个团24架）形成战斗力，也应该在7年左右。就是说，到2023年我们也许就能够看到歼-20真正担负起保卫祖国领空的重任了。在此之前，正在研发和量产的中国国产第三代半战斗机，如歼-10C、歼-11D、歼-15、歼-16等将与外购的苏-35SK一起，构成中国空海军的最强主力阵容。

(责任编辑：钟庆辉 UN660)
2016-10-29 08:07:04
澎湃