Who stole United States workers work? Not Chinese, but robot-IT information
On November 3, according to the daily mail of London reported, United States Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump (Donald j. Trump) accused Mexico and China stole United States millions of jobs.
In fact, he might as well damn robots.
Although Trump criticism "we no longer manufacture anything", but manufacturing in the United States are still thriving. Problem is that United States factories no longer need so much labor, because now a lot of work done by machines.
Since 1979 United States manufacturing employment reached record heights since the United States has lost its 700duowange factory jobs.
However, according to United States Department of commerce data, United States yield minus the cost of raw materials and a number of other factories last year reached 1.91 trillion dollars, over the same period increased by more than 1 time. The data used in 2009 dollars, to adjust the effect of inflation.
The data below the 2007 United States economic recession of Eve on record, but it makes the United States as the world's second largest producer after China.
Trump and other critics say, trade away the United States some of the manufacturing jobs, in particular, in 2001 China joined the World Trade Organization and more easily enter the United States market. United States rely heavily on labor industries, such as textiles and furniture manufacturing, jobs and production flows to low-wage foreign competition is especially serious.
For example, since 2000 the United States textile production decreased by 46%. In that time, United States textile industry jobs decreased by 366,000, about 62%.
But studies have shown that, compared with the trade, United States factory automation is a bigger factor in factory jobs.
United States Ball State University business and economic research center, a study last year found, United States just 13% trade resulting from the loss of factory jobs, most of which (88%) is caused by the robot and other local factors, these factors have reduced the demand for human labour in the factory.
United States, Senior Economist at the RAND Corporation, a think-tank Howard Schatz (Howard Shatz) said: "we are using fewer people, but earn more. ”
For example, the United States General Motors now employs workers only one-third of the 70 's of last century, when reached 600,000. However, the company produced more cars and trucks than ever before.
United States steel and other primary metals production as well. Since 1997, the United States lost 265,000 jobs in primary metal manufacturing industries, the decline reached 42%, but United States primary metal production has increased by 38%.
Ailun·kelede·weikesile of Duke University (Allan Collard-Wexler) and Jane Princeton University de·luokeer (Jan De Loecker) last year found that the United States steel industry job losses, most are not caused by foreign competition or stagnant sales.
United States steel industry jobs disappear, because of the rise of a new technology: a super small Mills, makes the United States most factories using scrap metal to produce steel.
Robot revolution has only just begun.
Boston Consulting Group predicted that from now to 2025, the world's 25 largest exporting country or region annual growth in investment in industrial robots will 10%, higher 2% to 3% growth.
Robot economics are hard to refute. When was the replacement products, and robots can be quickly reprogrammed than people can more easily be trained.
Costs are falling and robots: the Boston Consulting Group said, the possession and use of a robot spot welding machine 2005 average cost of $182,000, 2014 for $133,000, by 2025 would fall to $103,000. The company estimates that robots will make United States labor costs fell 22%, Japan 25%, Korea 33%.
United States industrial materials Kennametal CEO Ronald? Defoe (Ronald m. DeFeo) is leading the company.
The transformation should include efforts to invest $200 million to $300 million modernization of Kennametal plant, while the current 12,000 jobs cut 1000. Defoe said jobs have been made redundant, some will be replaced by robots, more positions will be automated in the future.
He said: "we want to do is automate, so as to reduce the use of labour. ”
Visit Kennametal in Germany factory, Defoe found workers using hand-packaged products. He ordered 10 million dollars worth of machines, in Germany and North America realized the automation of the production process. He said the measures will be "lower costs and better quality," and could lead to layoffs and job redistribution.
Rise but also for the United States benefits some workers: the use of robots more and more, coupled with rising labor costs in China and other developing countries, reducing the United States companies around the world chasing low-wage labor power.
Transnational corporations are rethinking their in the 90 's and the last more than 10 years expanded production practices on a global scale, they tend to be in different countries making parts and factory-assembled products in China or other low-wage countries.
In 2011, Japan earthquake and tsunami destroyed the transport of automobile parts, and the world's seventh largest container shipping company Hanjin Shipping (Hanjin Shipping) the insolvency, resulting in these goods stranded in ports, which exposed them to rely on risk of long-distance supply line.
In United States tuomasi·kaodeer Thomas, President of a North Carolina textile company Unifi Caudle said: "If your supply chain disruption, and your raw materials from overseas, that you might suddenly all the shelves are empty, you can't sell your product. ”
Therefore, some United States companies has been brought back to the country, to make better use of the robot's cost, domestic opportunities for cheap energy and closer to the customer.
Dan Caldwell said: "they don't put all our eggs in this basket of Asia. ”
Unifi is located in North Carolina's automated factories turning plastic bottles into recycled yarn for the past six years, the plant added about 200 jobs, total number of employees to more than 1100 people.
In the United States in a survey by consulting firm Deloitte, forecast global manufacturing executives, now ranked second in the United States, by 2020 over China as the manufacturing of the most competitive in the country. (Competitiveness measured by indicators such as cost, productivity, and protection of intellectual property rights).
Reshoring Initiative non-profit organization is lobbying the United States producers would relocate their production back to the United States. The group said, 10 years ago, United States average annual net loss of 220,000 jobs to other countries.
Now, the United States lost to employment opportunities abroad, returning or roughly offset by jobs created by foreign investment.
Senior partner of the Boston Consulting Group haluode·xierjin (Harold Sirkin), the company said global competition for cheap labour is coming to an end.
He said: "when I hear someone say that when foreigners are taking our jobs, my answer is no. ”（）
是谁抢走了美国工人的工作？不是中国人而是机器人 - IT资讯
11月3日报道，据《每日邮报》报道，美国共和党总统候选人唐纳德·特朗普(Donald J. Trump)指责墨西哥和中国窃取了美国数百万个工作岗位。
其实，他不如去谴责机器人。
尽管特朗普批评“我们不再生产任何东西”，但制造业在美国仍然欣欣向荣。问题是，美国工厂不像以前需要那么多劳动力，因为现在大量工作由机器在做。
自1979年美国制造业就业人数达到历史高峰以来，美国已经失去了700多万个工厂工作岗位。
然而，根据美国商务部的数据，美国工厂的产量减去原材料和一些其他成本，去年达到1.91万亿美元，同期增加了一倍多。该数据利用2009年美元计算，以调整通货膨胀的影响。
这一数据低于2007年美国经济大衰退前夕创下的纪录，但它使美国成为全球第二大制造国，仅次于中国。
特朗普和其他批评者认为，贸易抢走了美国一些制造业工作，特别是中国于2001年加入世界贸易组织并更容易进入美国市场之后。而美国一些严重依赖劳动力的行业，如纺织和家具制造业，其工作岗位和产量流向低工资外国竞争者的现象尤其严重。
例如，自2000年以来美国纺织品产量下降了46%。在这段时间里，美国纺织业的工作岗位减少了36.6万个，约62%。
但研究表明，与贸易相比，美国工厂的自动化是工厂工作岗位流失的一个更大因素。
美国鲍尔州立大学商业与经济研究中心去年的一项研究发现，美国工厂工作岗位的流失仅13%是贸易造成的，而绝大多数（占88%）是机器人以及其它本土因素造成的，这些因素减少了工厂对人力劳动力的需求。
美国智库兰德公司的高级经济学家霍华德·沙茨（Howard Shatz）称：“我们使用了更少的人，但赚得更多。”
例如，美国通用汽车现在雇用的工人只有上世纪70年代的三分之一，当时达到了60万。然而，该公司比以往生产更多的汽车和卡车。
美国钢铁和其它主要金属的生产也是如此。自1997年以来，美国初级金属制造行业损失了26.5万个工作岗位，下降幅度达到42%，但同期美国初级金属的产量增长了38%。
杜克大学的艾伦·科勒德·韦克斯勒（Allan Collard-Wexler）和普林斯顿大学的简·德·洛克尔（Jan De Loecker）去年发现，美国钢铁行业工作岗位的流失，大多数不是因为外国竞争或销售停滞造成的。
美国钢铁行业工作岗位的消失，是因为一项新技术的兴起：一种超高效的小型轧机，使得美国工厂利用废金属生产大部分钢铁。
机器人革命才刚刚开始。
波士顿咨询公司预计，从现在到2025年，全球25个最大出口国家或地区对工业机器人的投资将每年增长10%，高于目前2%至3%的增长速度。
机器人经济学是很难被反驳的。当产品被更新换代时，机器人可以被很快地重新编程，与人相比可以更容易地被再训练。
而且机器人的成本正在下降：波士顿咨询公司称，拥有和使用一台机器人点焊机的平均成本2005年为18.2万美元，2014年为13.3万美元，到2025年可能会下降至10.3万美元。该公司估计，机器人将使美国的劳动力成本下降22%，日本下降25%，韩国下降33%。
美国工业材料公司Kennametal首席执行官罗纳德?笛福(Ronald M. DeFeo)正在领导公司转型。
其转型努力包括投资2亿至3亿美元实现Kennametal工厂的现代化，同时将现有1.2万个工作岗位裁减1000个。笛福称，被裁减的工作岗位中，部分将有机器人取代，未来将有更多岗位实现自动化。
他说：“我们想要做的是实现自动化，从而减少劳动力的使用。”
在参观Kennametal位于德国的工厂时，笛福发现工人用手包装产品。他订购了价值1000万美元的机器，在德国和北美实现了这一生产流程的自动化。他表示，这一举措将带来“更低的成本和更好的质量”，并可能导致裁员和岗位的重新调整。
但机器人的兴起也为美国一些工人带来了好处：机器人的使用越来越多，再加上中国和其他发展中国家的劳动力成本上升，减少了美国公司在全球各地追逐低工资劳动力的动力。
跨国公司也在重新思考它们上世纪90年代和最近十几年在全球范围内扩大生产的做法，当时他们倾向于在不同国家制造零部件，然后利用中国或其他低工资国家的工厂组装产品。
2011年，日本的大地震和海啸破坏了汽车零部件的运输，同时世界第七大集装箱航运公司韩进海运(Hanjin Shipping)破产，导致这些货物滞留在港口，这暴露了他们依靠远距离供应线所存在的风险。
位于美国北卡罗来纳州的纺织公司Unifi总裁托马斯·考德尔Thomas Caudle指出：“如果你的供应链中断，而你的原材料来自海外，那有可能你所有的货架突然都是空的，你无法销售产品。”
因此，一些美国公司已经重新将生产转回至国内，以更好地利用机器人带来的成本下降、国内廉价的能源和更接近客户的机会。
考德尔称：“他们不再把所有鸡蛋放在亚洲这个篮子里。”
Unifi设在北卡罗来纳州的自动化工厂将塑料瓶转化为循环再生纱线，过去六年中，该工厂增加了约200个工作岗位，员工总数达到1100多人。
在美国咨询公司Deloitte开展的一项调查中，全球制造业高管预测，现在排名第二的美国，将在2020年之前超过中国成为制造业中最具竞争力的国家。（竞争力用成本、生产率和知识产权保护等指标来衡量）。
非营利组织Reshoring Initiative正在游说美国制造商将生产迁回美国。该组织称，10年前，美国平均每年向其他国家流失22万个净就业机会。
现在，美国流失至国外的就业机会，大致被回流或外国投资创造的就业机会所抵消。
波士顿咨询公司高级合伙人哈罗德·希尔金(Harold Sirkin)称，公司对廉价劳动力的全球性争夺正在结束。
他说：“当我听到有人说外国人正在抢走我们工作岗位时，我的答案是否定的。”（）