Beijing Tongzhou Han dynasty ancient city
Multi-chambered tombs of the Eastern Han dynasty. Pictures/Beijing Municipal Bureau of cultural relics for this edition
Roads in the ancient city ruins.
Warring States and URN coffins for children.
Chip count.
Beijing News News (reporter Dai Xuan) yesterday, Beijing Municipal Government news do, and Tongzhou District Government and Beijing City Heritage Council held press conference, reporter from will Shang was informed that, this year February to September, Tongzhou district Lu town of Hu the Zhuang village, and Hou North Camp village, and city village, area expand archaeological work, total excavations warring States-in Qing dynasty tombs 1092 seat, and Han City 1 seat (road County City), and Han Tang kiln site 69 seat, and gray pit 8 seat, and wells 10 eye, and road 3 article, unearthed pottery, and porcelain, and glaze pottery, and bronze, and Thousand pieces of cultural relics such as iron (set).
According to reports, the archaeological 1.013 million square meters of total exploration, size 142 football fields in size, and 40,000 square meters of excavation tasks.
The 1092 tombs unearthed, dating from the warring States period and the Han dynasty until the Liao, Jin and Yuan ming and Qing dynasties, experts, Liao from Daxing ' anling, Jin renqing from Heilongjiang, from the Qing dynasty in Liaoning, are surrounding ethnic minorities. Through various tombs of the era, especially in the tombs of the lower class, to see that when one State and in the multi-ethnic region, other ethnic minorities of Chinese cultural identity, can be reflected through daily life, such as full cremation since ancient times, to the Beijing area was turned into a burial, which reflected its recognition of Chinese culture.
In addition, in 1092 tombs, tombs of the warring States period to Han dynasty a total number of 79%, to explore Beijing Eastern Han dynasty social culture, economic development, population density and distribution, funerals and provide evidence.
While the Han dynasty city site – Lu Xian City, is the only city in Qin and Han Tongzhou district is known. In Beijing as one of the early northern China's political center, Centre for military and transportation center in the process is of great cultural, transport, economic and military significance.
Archaeological data indicate that subcenter area since at least the warring States more than 2000 years ago with large numbers of people lived, especially the prosperity of the Eastern Han dynasty, has a large population.
Interpretation
How to protect the archaeological achievements?
The archaeological discoveries of the tombs rich in quantity and shape, in Beijing is of great significance in ancient history. So, the protection which this will work in the future?
Head of the municipal Bureau of cultural relics said, in archaeological practice, archaeological staff strictly according to the field operation of industry standards, such as drilling for tombs, only reach the Tomb. According to reports, the excavation of the warring States-1092 tombs of the Qing dynasty tombs are civilians, according to relevant laws and of the field operation, currently the excavation of tombs of surveying and mapping, drawings, photographs, records, extract samples from working, and 60 tombs with important historical information for the overall migration to protect and research samples are extracted.
It is understood that usually after the excavation of the tombs, cleaning the unearthed cultural relics unearthed from the debris will try to restore. The need for long-term preservation of remains or tombs, will take the necessary measures to protect some sites may migrate as a whole to protect, there may be backfilled.
Watch
City with a total area of about 350,000 square metres
The reporter learns, from July to September, the cultural relics Department Lo County total range is about more than 500,000 square meters of the ancient city of archaeological exploration, preliminary exploration with the case of ancient city sites, ruins can be divided into base of the wall, the city remains remains outside and four parts of the moat. Among them, the base of the wall is better preserved, four walls the base closed, city square plane approximation, city with a total area of about 350,000 square metres.
Why this ancient city of "dating" for the Han dynasty? Drilling the inclusions in the trenches, the staff found that coins of the Han dynasty, pottery, and wall hanging on the walls surrounding the three jar burials, also you can see relics of the Han dynasty, found the iron tools such as adzes, equally obvious characteristic of the Han dynasty.
According to historical records, the spring and autumn and the warring States era, Tongzhou district, this genus of Yan. After Wang Mang usurped the Han, Lu Xian renamed path Pavilion. After the establishment of the Eastern Han dynasty, Mang waste collected, restored old Western Han dynasty, but "road" to "Lu", said Lu. To the Western Han dynasty, today's border counties, set up road, Tongzhou district, an Yuyang County, while the relics have been found here, such as eaves tiles of over 15 cm in diameter, at a time is Fu ya regulations, so you can prove it as a political platform in the region's "status."
Beijing first found jar burials
1092 of the archaeological excavations in tombs of the warring States period to the Qing dynasty, warring States period-163 during the Western Han dynasty, Han 696, total found the tomb of 79%.
Over more than 800 tombs of the Han dynasty unearthed a variety, by number of tombs including single rooms, double rooms, multiple rooms, building materials, including Heatable Adobe sleeping platform tombs, pottery, brick-chambered tombs and Tomb, tomb burial tomb of sizes including small, medium and large. The Hu GE Zhuang village, 62, the late warring States to Western Han dynasty were also unearthed the jar burials, jar burials to bury children, but also adults was first discovered in mass graves.
According to reports, after jar burials found much more fragmented, so the concentration found in Beijing, it is the first time for studying the jar burials of transmission provided information in Northeast Asia. In addition, the excavation of the tombs of the Western Han dynasty, also found that a number of engraved bricks, variety of patterns, including the back of arms, four gods, such as six or seven, and the different kinds of patterns at the same time is rare in tombs.
Unearthed in southern currency reflects cultural blending
The unearthed cultural relics, artifacts unearthed from Han Tomb of the variety, quantity, and shape is different. If this bone unearthed in North Camp village chip count, this occurred in only a small amount in the dabaotai Western Han tombs, and the excavation of up to 26, are very well preserved. , Director of the Institute of history of science and technology of Tsinghua University and the old document Feng Li Sheng said suan is the tool of the ancients used to count and calculate, Beijing is rare, this is the first time.
In addition, also found a large quantity of Yan culture one of the key artifacts--mortar and Red ceramics Kettle, academia is usually known as yan-Kettle, deepening the connotation of Yan culture. Unearthed more than 10 square mirrors, more style. Figurines range, different forms, including humans, chickens, dogs, pigs, kitchen, storehouse, houses, lights, ear cups, which provide visual materials for details of social life. The excavated coins money mostly in the South, Beijing is home to the Yan culture, this coin is from the South, is evidence of cultural blending.
(Editors: Biao Guo UN832)
2016-11-25 04:23:51
The Beijing News
北京通州出现汉代古城
东汉多室墓。本版图片/北京市文物局供图古城内的道路遗迹。
战国儿童瓮棺墓。
算筹。
新京报讯 （记者戴轩）昨日，北京市政府新闻办、通州区政府与北京市文物局召开新闻发布会，记者从会上获悉，今年2月到9月，通州区潞城镇的胡各庄村、后北营村、古城村等地区展开考古工作，共发掘战国-清代墓葬1092座、汉代城址1座（路县故城）、汉唐窑址69座、灰坑8座、水井10眼、道路3条，出土陶器、瓷器、釉陶器、铜器、铁器等各类文物万余件（套）。
据介绍，此次考古共勘探101.3万平方米，面积相当于142个足球场大小，并完成4万平方米的发掘任务。
本次发掘的1092座墓葬，年代从战国、汉代一直延续到辽金元明清，专家介绍，辽人来自大兴安岭，金人来自黑龙江，清人来自辽宁，均为周边少数民族。通过各个不同时代的墓葬，特别是中低层阶级墓葬，能看出当年多元一体的国家状态，且在多民族多地区，其他少数民族对中华民族文化的认同，能通过日常生活得以反映，如满人自古尚火葬，到了北京地区就改成了土葬，其中体现其对汉文化的认同。
此外，这1092座墓葬中，战国-汉代墓葬数量占总数的79%，为探索北京东部地区汉代以来的社会文化面貌、经济发展状况、人口密度和分布、丧葬习俗等提供了证据。
而此次发现的汉代城址——路县故城，是目前所知通州区唯一的秦汉城址。它在北京作为早期中国北方地区的政治中心、军事中心和交通中心的过程中，具有重要的文化、交通、经济、军事意义。
考古资料表明，城市副中心所在区域至少自2000多年前的战国时代就有大量人口居住，特别是东汉时期社会繁荣、人口众多。
解读
如何保护考古成果？
本次考古发现的墓葬数量多、形制丰富，在研究北京古代历史上具有重要意义。那么，今后对此将进行哪些保护工作？
市文物局相关负责人表示，在考古工作操作层面，考古工作人员严格依据《田野考古操作规程》等行业准则，如对墓葬的钻探，只探到墓口。据介绍，本次发掘的战国-清代的1092座墓葬均为平民墓葬，依据有关法律和《田野考古操作规程》，目前对已发掘的墓葬开展了测绘、绘图、照相、记录、提取标本等相关工作，并对具有重要历史信息的60座墓葬进行整体迁移保护，并提取了科研标本。
据了解，通常墓葬挖掘后，会对发掘出的文物进行清洗，出土的碎片也会尽量还原。对于需要长期保存的遗迹或墓葬，会采取必要的措施加以保护，有些遗迹可能会整体迁移保护，还有一些可能会进行回填。
看点
古城总面积约35万平方米
记者获悉，7月至9月，文物部门对路县故城进行了总范围约50多万平方米的考古勘查，初步勘查结合古城址的具体情况，可将古城遗址分为城墙基址、城内遗存、护城河和城外遗存四部分。其中，城墙基址保存较好，四面城墙基址基本可以闭合，城址平面近似方形，城总面积约35万平方米。
何以将这座故城“断代”为汉代？在钻探沟的包含物中，工作人员发现了汉代的钱币、陶片，此外，城墙周边沟壁上挂着的三个瓮棺葬，也可以看出是汉代的遗物，目前发现的铁锛等生产工具，同样带有明显的汉代特征。
据史料记载，春秋战国时代，今通州地属燕国。后王莽篡汉，改路县名通路亭。东汉建立后，废莽所改，恢复西汉旧称，但改“路”为“潞”，始称潞县。至西汉，今天的通州区境设置了路县，属渔阳郡，而此处目前已发现的出土物，譬如直径超过15厘米的汉代瓦当，因在当时一般属于府衙规制，因此可以证明其作为区域政治平台的“身份”。
北京首次集中发现瓮棺葬
本次考古发掘的1092座战国至清代墓葬中，战国-西汉时期163座，东汉时期696座，占总发现古墓数量的79%。
发掘的八百多座汉代墓葬种类多样，按墓室数量包括单室、双室、多室，按建墓材质包括土炕墓、陶片墓、砖室墓，按墓葬大小则包括小型墓、中型墓及大型墓。本次在胡各庄村，还发掘出了62座战国晚期至西汉的瓮棺葬，瓮棺葬以儿童葬为主，但也首次在其中发现了成人葬。
据介绍，此前瓮棺葬的发现多较为零散，如此集中的发现在北京尚属首次，为研究瓮棺葬在东北亚地区的传播路线提供了资料。此外，本次发掘的西汉墓葬中，还发现了许多雕花砖，其纹样多种多样，包括回形纹、四神纹等六七种，而不同种类纹样同时出现在墓葬十分少见。
出土南方货币体现文化交融
此次出土的各类文物中，汉墓的出土器物种类多、数量大、形制各异。如此次在后北营村出土的骨质算筹，这在此前仅少量出现于大葆台西汉墓，而此次发掘出多达26支，保存十分完好。清华大学科学技术史暨古文献研究所所长冯立昇表示，算筹是古人用来计数与计算的工具，北京地区很少出现，这应是头一次。
此外，还发现大量燕文化的核心器物之一——夹砂红陶釜，学术界通常称为燕式釜，深化了燕文化的研究内涵。出土10余面铜镜，样式较多。各类陶俑种类多样，形态各异，包括人、鸡、狗、猪、灶、仓、房、灯、耳杯等，为了解当时的社会生活提供了直观材料。而本次发掘出土的布币中以南方货币居多，北京是燕文化所在地，这种布币来自南方，是文化交融的物证。
(责任编辑：郭彪 UN832)
2016-11-25 04:23:51
新京报