Chinese-made "eye in the sky" led the world 20
Shenzhou 11th the return capsule successfully landed, astronauts, Jing haipeng, Chen Dong once read a special space in "letter", attracted the attention of everyone. This letter came from pingtang in Guizhou one of g-town first elementary school student, wrote in a letter:
"Dear Uncle astronaut: I was a pupil in the mountains of Guizhou province, built the world's largest this year in my hometown ' eye in the sky ' radio telescopes in space, can you see it? I am looking forward to the next day, I can see it in China's space station. --Wang Siqian. ”
This letter from deep in the mountains of Guizhou "letter" refers to a word-"eye in the sky". It has been aptly called "pot". When Jing haipeng, Chen dong in the Earth for the human out of the Earth, into the space of dream work, Earth, this 99% made in China the "pot" is looking up at the stars, human eyes extends to the edge of the universe, the end of time.
This "pot", located in Southwest China's Guizhou province, Pingtang County da Wo Dang (d à NG) depression, full name 500-meter-diameter radio telescope (Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope,FAST). Its reflective surface area the size of 30 football fields, 4450 reflector units.
Evergreen hills all year round, this condensed astronomy in China more than 20 years dream project, built to take only 5.5 years, with a number of independent intellectual property rights, leading the world of similar equipment for 20 years.
On September 25, 2016, FAST officially opened, becoming the largest single-aperture radio telescope in the world.(A)
Starting in 1993, Japan Tokyo, the Assembly of the International Union of radio science.
"Hope in the global radio wave environment before you go out, you can build a new generation of radio ' telescope '. ”
The idea at the meeting, then Beijing Observatory under CAs Vice Director, Chinese Academy of Sciences National Astronomical Observatory Nan rendong, Chief Engineer and Chief Scientist FAST engineering only come up with an idea:
"People have their own equipment, we do not have, we built one!"
"Devices" refers to the large-diameter radio telescope ("radio"), which is then gradually forming FAST project.
(B)
Radio, astronomers dream of sophisticated equipment in modern China, in the more distant space exploration, planetary movements are more accurate when necessary.
In 1993, however, in China, only in Beijing, Shanghai and other places have built 40 m, 25-meter-diameter radio telescope. Astronomers in China if you want to use the radio, can only go to the United States and Europe, but where we do have the most advanced large-diameter radio telescope in the world at that time.
"Astronomy is the frontier science of breeding great original discovery, but also promote scientific progress and innovation of the strategic high ground. "XI Jinping, in his 500-meter aperture spherical radio telescope in China said in a congratulatory letter to the opening.
As one of China's ancient sci-tech achievements of the most brilliant subject, astronomy enough to let every Chinese proud. However, this magnificent property is "used to", it is stuck at "ancient China".
"Modern astronomy, China had lagged far behind the world". In conditions of insufficient equipment and advanced enough, it has almost become the conclusion.
In order to change the status quo, in order to reverse the downturn, overtaking and FAST ground, turned out.(C)
Building FAST is never easy, is a modern scientific research long and lasts from 1994 until 2016, is 22 years.
First of all, is the location problem.
In April 1994, several figures into the mountains of Guizhou.
Lin Shen shumao, and here is one of the largest karst area in the world.
So-called Karst topography, is encountered in a limestone area surface unique mountains, depressions and Sinkholes large, underground caves and underground rivers have a large outcropping of karst spring of natural landscapes. Guilin landscape is the best, is typical of this landform.
These people came all the way from Beijing to Guizhou, Guizhou Karst the most valuable not scenic, but not only isolated, electromagnetic interference with near-zero, and terrain stability, high water permeability of rocks.
Of these people, "leading big brother", is giving big radio looking for a suitable building Nan rendong.
Chinese and foreign scientists visit Tai Dang and local residents at the location site photos. Information chartDiscovering characteristic of karst landscape in Guizhou before Wo Dang, Nan rendong to site selection, did not know how many cigarettes were smoked. At that time, he most often do, is smoking around the Office to find someone to chat and feel good in mind. Until one time, he was referring to Guizhou Karst depressions.
Nan rendong rapidly out of more than 300 pieces of depression by the remote sensing satellite remote sensing imagery, yellow and green shown on the local Wo Dang.
Before that scene, so, few figure PAC for the scene on foot into the deep forest.
Since then until 2005 in 12 years, Nan rendong, a radio project sponsors to selection over more than 1000 depression, traveled hundreds of nests only on the ground, located in the Tai Wo Dang finally selected as the site.
It is estimated that to apply the current road conditions, Nan rendong Wo Dang up to 1 to 2 per day in the evening back to town, Trek back in the day.
(D)
Location determines is only the first step.
Project cost, the difficulty is too high the second problem, which come with.
Large diameter means that accommodates sinks huge cabin, large quantities of reflective panels, for supporting complex framework of equipment ... ... How to hack?
On March 5, 2011, FAST started building.
Thus, a subtlety and its technical and engineering started in qiannan Autonomous Prefecture high in the mountains of Guizhou province.
Tai Wo Dang old
Beam installation
FAST cable network installation
Tai Wo Dang panoramaReflector system consists of a supporting tower, composed of cable-net structure and the reflecting surface plate, cable-net structures with the movement of celestial bodies, encouraging cable Internet 4,450 reflex units, in radio power supply instantaneous paraboloid of form a 300-meter-diameter, greatly enhance the efficiency of observation;
4,450 reflex unit holes on board, reducing wind loading, but also enhance the transmittance, pollution-free environment, reflecting unit is also significantly reduced weight;
Light programmes supporting cabin, the cabin weight to 30 tons, far less than 900 tons of the Arecibo telescope, coupled with the use of parallel robot, realize high precision pointing of the telescope receiver to track ... ...
Presentation of an innovative technology, implementation, and complete, is a FAST break through the large-diameter radio telescope project to the next level.
And that also means, radio astronomy, for the first time, China has ranked first in the world of equipment!
Since then, China will be able to use the telescope to listen to radio waves from deep space, receiving electromagnetic signals of 13.7 billion light-years away; you can glimpse of the information interaction between Star Trek; you can observe dark matter; determination of black hole mass; to search for potential stars of civilization ... ...
Break-through innovations of similar equipment, except a few with international cooperation, FAST 99% the purity of design, made in China, China; and known as "the largest machine" Germany Bonn, compared to 100-metre telescope, sensitivity increased about 10 times FAST times and United States o Lei Xibo compared to the 305 m telescope, FAST performance increased about 10 times ... ... Data can only mean one thing: FAST is expected for similar equipment at least maintained the leading position for more than 20 years!
From scratch, dare to lead.
This is run through FAST from the project to build the whole process of spiritual quality.
FAST completion of the universe buried deep in the Chinese gene since time immemorial dream to wake up again.
Finally, on the road to explore the limits of the universe, many Chinese people can shout out this classic: our journey is the star of the sea!
(Editors: Dou Yuan UN833)
2016-11-25 17:06:24
Integrated
中国制造的“天眼”领先世界20年
神舟十一号返回舱成功着陆后，航天员景海鹏、陈冬曾在太空中朗读的一封特别的“家书”，引起了大家的关注。这封家书来自贵州平塘克度镇第一小学的一位学生，信中写道：
“亲爱的航天员叔叔：我是贵州大山里的一个小学生，今年在我的家乡建成了世界最大的‘天眼’射电望远镜，你们在太空能看到它吗?我期待，未来有一天，我能自己在中国的空间站看到它。——王思倩。”
这封来自贵州大山深处的“家书”提到了一个词——“天眼”。它也被人们形象地称为“锅”。当景海鹏、陈冬在地球之外为实现人类冲出地球、走向太空的梦想努力工作时，地球之上，这口99%中国制造的“锅”正仰望星空，将人类目光延伸到宇宙边缘、时间尽头。
这口“锅”，位于中国西南贵州省平塘县大窝凼(dàng)洼地，全名500米口径射电望远镜(Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope，FAST)。它的反射面面积有30个足球场大小，由4450块反射面单元组成。
在终年常绿的重山中，这项凝聚中国天文人二十多年梦想的大工程，建造耗时仅5年半，拥有多项自主知识产权，更领先世界同类设备20年。
2016年9月25日，FAST正式落成启用，成为目前世界上最大的单口径射电望远镜。(一)
起点，1993年，日本东京，国际无线电科学联盟大会。
“希望在全球电波环境恶化到不可收拾之前，可以建造新一代的射电‘大望远镜’。”
在会上听到这个想法，时任中国科学院北京天文台副台长、现中国科学院国家天文台FAST工程总工程师兼首席科学家的南仁东只冒出一个念头：
“别人都有自己的大设备，我们没有，咱们也建一个吧!”
“大设备”，是指大口径射电望远镜(简称“大射电”)，也就是后来逐渐成型的FAST项目。
(二)
大射电，当代中国天文学家梦寐以求的尖端设备，在对更遥远的宇宙空间、天体运动进行更精准探索时不可或缺。
然而，1993年的中国，仅在北京、上海等地建有40米、25米口径射电望远镜。中国天文学家如果想使用大射电，只能去美国、欧洲，唯有那里才有当时全世界最先进的大口径射电望远镜。
“天文学是孕育重大原创发现的前沿科学，也是推动科学进步和创新的战略制高点。”习近平在致中国500米口径球面射电望远镜落成启用的贺信中说。
作为中国古代科技成就最辉煌的学科之一，天文学足以让每个中国人骄傲。只是，这辉煌的时间属性是“曾经”，它滞留在“中国古代”。
“现代天文学领域，中国已远远落后于世界”。在设备不足、不够先进的条件下，这几乎已成定论。
为了改变现状，为了扭转颓势，为了弯道超车，FAST拔地而起，横空出世。(三)
建设FAST绝非易事，堪称一场现代科研长征，而且从1994年持续到2016年，一走就是22载。
首先，便是选址难题。
1994年4月，几个人影走进贵州的崇山峻岭。
林深树茂，人迹罕至，这里是世界上最大的喀斯特区之一。
所谓喀斯特地貌，就是石灰岩地区所出现的地表山峰奇特、洼地和落水洞众多、地下多洞穴和地下河有大量岩溶泉出露的自然景观。桂林山水甲天下，便是这一地貌的典型代表。
对于不远万里从北京来到贵州的这几个人来说，贵州喀斯特地貌最可贵的不是秀丽风景，而是这里不仅与世隔绝，电磁干扰近乎零，而且地形条件稳定，岩石透水性极高。
这几个人中的“带头大哥”，就是在给大射电找合适建设场所的南仁东。
中外科学家考察大窝凼时与当地住民在选址现场合影。资料图 在发现贵州喀斯特地貌所特有的窝凼前，南仁东为了选址，抽了不知多少烟。那时，他最常做的，就是抽着烟在办公室周围找人聊，觉得说得好就记一下。直到有一次，有人向他提到云贵的喀斯特洼地。
南仁东迅速请遥感所出了三百多幅洼地的卫星遥感图，黄黄绿绿的图上显示当地的窝凼。
于是便有了前面那一幕，几个人影不辞劳苦徒步入深林的情景。
自此直到2005年的12年间，南仁东等大射电项目发起人对1000多个洼地进行比选，又实地走遍上百个窝凼，终于选定大窝凼洼地作为台址。
据估算，以当时的道路条件，南仁东们每天最多走1到2个窝凼，晚上回到县城，白天再跋涉过来。
(四)
选址确定只是第一步。
工程成本、难度过高的第二道难题，随之而来。
大口径意味着容纳接收器的巨型馈源舱、数量庞大的反射面板、用于支撑设备的复杂框架……如何破解?
2011年3月5日，FAST正式开工建设。
于是，一项神乎其技的工程开始在贵州黔南州的深山中高速展开。
大窝凼旧貌 圈梁安装过程FAST索网安装工程大窝凼全景 反射面系统由支撑塔、索网结构和反射面面板等组成，索网结构可以随着天体的移动变化，带动索网上的4450个反射单元，在射电电源方向形成300米口径瞬时抛物面，极大提升观测效率;
4450个反射单元面板上均有孔洞，既减少风负载，又能提高透光率，对生态环境无公害，还大大降低了反射单元的自重;
轻型索支撑馈源舱的方案，则将馈源舱减重到30吨，远远低于阿雷西博望远镜的900吨，再加上并联机器人的使用，实现了望远镜接收机的高精度指向跟踪……
一项项创新技术的提出、实现和完成，是FAST对大口径射电望远镜工程更上一层楼的突破。
而这也意味着，中国射电天文学界首次拥有世界排名第一的设备!
自此，中国将可以用自己的望远镜收听来自太空深处的无线电波，接收137亿光年以外的电磁信号;可以窥探星际之间互动的信息;可以观测暗物质;可以测定黑洞质量;可以搜寻可能存在的星外文明……
突破同类设备的创新技术，除少部分是与国际合作外，FAST中国设计、中国制造的纯度达到99%;与号称“地面最大的机器”的德国波恩100米望远镜相比，FAST灵敏度提高约10倍;与美国阿雷西博305米望远镜相比，FAST综合性能提高约10倍……数据只说明一件事：FAST预计对国际同类设备至少保持二十年以上的领先地位!
从无中生有，敢为天下先。
这就是贯穿FAST从立项到建成全过程的精神品质。
FAST的建成，将亘古以来深埋于中国人基因的宇宙梦再次唤醒。
终于，在探索宇宙极限的道路上，中国人也能喊出这句经典：我们的征途是星辰大海!
(责任编辑：窦远行 UN833)
2016-11-25 17:06:24
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