Beijing smog are drug-resistant bacteria? Expert: harmless to people

On November 18, East third ring road, cars drive on the third ring road, Tower looming in the distance. Orange warning heavy air pollution in Beijing the same day. Beijing News reporter Wang Jianing photography

Recently, "smog in Beijing found that drug-resistant bacteria ' the last antibiotic ' wit" article received much attention. The articles forward has a article published Yu international journals Microbiome (microbial) of on antibiotics resistance drug of research results, research mentioned Beijing fog haze of sample contains "up type of antibiotics of resistance drug gene"; Beijing fog haze is only "contains several for carbon green mold en class (Carbapenems) antibiotics of resistance drug gene" of sample, and this antibiotics was widely for treatment many major disease, so articles said its for "a can last help of antibiotics".

Reporter contacted the authors – Sweden Joakim Larsson, Director of antibiotic resistance Research Center at the University of Gothenburg. Joakim Larsson said that antibiotic resistance genes do not have a direct impact on the human body, and this phenomenon is not unique to Beijing or China, is likely to prevail.

Introduction to China, Beijing health family planning Commission yesterday quotes experts saying, pathogenicity and drug resistance of bacteria is an entirely different concept, increase in drug resistance does not mean that the pathogenicity of enhancement.

　The research team

Drug-resistant bacteria do not have a direct impact on human

Sweden antimicrobial resistance Research Center papers at the University of Gothenburg, from human beings, animals and different environments around the world collected a total of 864 DNA samples, of which 14 were air samples were from the Beijing smog. Results, compared with external environments, including soil, water, in the air of Beijing known antibiotic resistance genes in the microbial communities of species, have an average of 64.4.

In this regard, some fear that an antibiotic resistance gene found in the haze, will make the body become resistant to, or harm to the human body?

Joakim Larsson told the Beijing news journalists, these are bacterial genes that enable bacteria to develop resistance to the antibiotic, only appear when there is activity in pathogenic bacteria will only become a problem, does not have a direct impact on human.

Beijing air samples found in the carbapenem class (Carbapenems) antibiotic resistance genes, Joakim Larsson said, only if three conditions are met, this situation is worrying: one is the bacterium is active in the air; the second is that these bacteria are pathogenic; the third is the density of bacteria in the air high enough.

Beijing samples was chosen, he said, because these are the only way to achieve the study's inclusion criteria.

　　Family Planning Commission of China

Pathogenicity of increasing resistance does not mean enhanced

Yesterday, the Beijing family planning Commission of China, citing expert opinion explains that in the environment around us, there are lots of bacteria exist, not only in the air, in the mouth, nose, respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, there are bacteria or fungi, and they are not harmful to the human body, a large number of bacteria and our relationship is symbiotic.

The experts pointed out that bacterial resistance and pathogenicity are two different concepts. Pathogenicity of resistance increase does not mean increased. The body's own immune, which most normal people without pathogenicity, and even some bacteria is beneficial.

"The total number of humans increased a lot, and the longer life expectancy, is obvious. "He said.

　Focus

What is drug-resistant bacteria, where are you from?

Immune based Medical College of Peking University Professor Wang Yuedan, the paper said in the antibiotic resistance genes should be with the drug-resistant genes in bacteria, and not just the plasmid with resistance genes. If only gene plasmid, so there is no risk, because it is not an organism, does not spread or cause disease.

Wang Yuedan said that there are many possible source of drug-resistant bacteria, such as a hospital, such as genetic engineering processes, even ordinary people have drug-resistant bacteria in the gut.

"Wastewater treatment plants may be the hardest hit by drug-resistant bacteria. "National urban pollution control technology research center, said Peng Yingdeng, sewage treatment plant will produce volatile aerosols in dealing with human waste material, will inevitably carry micro-organisms, including the drug-resistant bacteria. Drug-resistant bacteria such as aerosols into the atmosphere.

"Drug-resistant bacteria to the sewage treatment plants in the surrounding air, the number of species number, there is no monitoring. "Peng Yingdeng said, can only be described as the best possible sources.

　Drug-resistant bacteria in the air what is the harm?

"I think the public about this issue, there is no need to panic. "Wang Yuedan said that because of bacteria in the air everywhere, antibiotic-resistant bacteria can also survive in the air like other bacteria, and even spread. "This is normal".

"We have the body against bacteria, mainly rely on the immune system, rather than antibiotics, bacteria are resistant, but cannot tolerate the immune system. "Wang Yuedan said that the drug-resistant bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics, no damage to the immune system.

Wang Yuedan explained that the bacteria enter the body, "house hunting" trying to live down, but if the immune system, these bacteria can't stay or be excreted by the body, or by other bacteria eradication, not "climate".

　Drug-resistant bacteria are widespread?

Wang Yuedan said that drug-resistant bacteria widely present in the environment such as air, water, soil, not just of the Beijing or China, are so all over the world. The papers also state that in terms of number of antibiotic resistance genes, Beijing and the United States the two cities quite, just type some more.

"The Earth is one of, no haven". Life sciences, Associate Professor, Tsinghua University fuyan said the presence of drug-resistant bacteria is a common phenomenon, but under the influence of factors such as population density of different size, liquidity, and some differences in the number of species in different regions.

Fuyan, said drug-resistant bacteria are there has always been a problem for a long time, and are closely related to overuse of antibiotics. In order to prevent the abuse of antibiotics, the Ministry of health keeper antibiotics classified as prescription drugs, need to be "indications of drug use", such as testing proved to be a bacterial infection, it can be used.

"But even so, does not put an end to the abuse of antibiotics. "Fuyan said in humans food source, to varying degrees, use of antibiotics.

　Antibiotics, "the final straw"?

Carbapenem antibiotics antibiotics in the "final straw" was, fuyan, said bacteria is a Lowlife, prone to variation, antibiotics in killing large numbers of the bacteria at the same time, there will be some bacteria survive, become drug-resistant bacteria.

"Drug-resistant bacteria are bacteria in the process of being destroyed there is an escalating, filter, the result of" fuyan said, but at the same time, antibiotics are constantly upgraded, from penicillin, to later pioneer 1th, pioneer 2nd and so on, should not that particular antibiotics was "the last straw". "Just like antivirus software and virus, bacteria in the upgrade, and antibiotics are also upgraded. "Fuyan, said.

"To the human body, compared to bacteria and viruses, it is relatively easy to deal with. "Fuyan said, such as HIV, hepatitis b virus, human has no powerful means to completely kill the virus.

Beijing News reporter Sha Lu Shuo

(Editors: Biao Guo UN832)
2016-11-26 04:26:06
The Beijing News

北京雾霾现耐药菌？专家：对人无害

　　11月18日，东三环，汽车行驶在三环路上，远处高楼若隐若现。当天北京空气重污染橙色预警。新京报记者 王嘉宁 摄

　　近日，“北京雾霾发现耐药菌‘人类最后的抗生素’将束手无策”的文章引发关注。该文章转发了一篇发表于国际期刊《Microbiome（微生物）》的关于抗生素耐药性的研究成果，研究提到北京雾霾的样本含有“最多种类的抗生素的耐药基因”；北京雾霾是唯一“含有几种针对碳青霉烯类（Carbapenems）抗生素的耐药性基因”的样本，而这种抗生素被广泛用于治疗很多重大疾病，因此文章称其为“一种可最后求助的抗生素”。

　　记者就此联系上该文献作者——瑞典哥德堡大学抗生素耐药性研究中心主任Joakim Larsson。Joakim Larsson表示，抗生素耐药性基因不会对人体带来直接影响，且这种现象并非北京或中国独有，很有可能普遍存在。

　　北京市中国卫生计划生育委员会昨日援引专家说法介绍，细菌的耐药性和致病性是完全不同的概念，耐药性的增加不意味着致病性的增强。

　　研究团队

　　耐药菌不会对人类产生直接影响

　　这份瑞典哥德堡大学抗生素耐药性研究中心论文，从人类、动物和全世界不同环境共收集了864份DNA样本，其中14份空气样本均来自北京雾霾。分析结果称，相比泥土、水等外部环境，北京空气中的微生物群落含有的已知抗生素耐药性基因种类最多，平均有64.4种。

　　对此，有人担忧，雾霾中发现的抗生素耐药性基因，会不会使人体产生耐药性，或对人体产生危害？

　　Joakim Larsson告诉新京报记者，这些都是细菌基因，它们使细菌对抗生素产生耐药性，只有出现在有活性的致病性细菌中时才会成为问题，不会对人类产生直接影响。

　　针对北京空气样本中发现碳青霉烯类（Carbapenems）抗生素的耐药性基因，Joakim Larsson表示，只有同时满足三个条件时，这种情况才令人担忧：一是这种细菌在空气中具有活性；二是这些细菌具有致病性；三是空气中这些细菌的密度足够高。

　　而之所以选择北京的样本，他表示，因为这些样本是唯一能达到该研究的入选标准的。

　　市中国卫生计划生育委员会

　　耐药性增加不意味着致病性增强

　　昨日，北京市中国卫生计划生育委员会援引专家观点解释称，在我们周围环境中，有大量的细菌存在，不仅在空气中，在口腔、鼻腔、呼吸道、胃肠道，都存在细菌或真菌，它们对人体是没害的，大量细菌和我们是共生共存的关系。

　　该专家指出，细菌的耐药性和致病性是完全不同的概念。耐药性的增加不意味着致病性的增强。人体自身具有免疫力，这些细菌大多数对正常人没有致病力，甚至有些细菌是有益的。

　　“人类的总数比以前增加了许多，寿命越来越长，是显而易见的。”他说。

　　焦点

　　耐药菌是什么，来自哪里？

　　北大基础医学院免疫系教授王月丹表示，论文中所说抗生素耐药性基因指的应该是带有耐药基因的细菌，而不只是带有耐药基因的质粒。如果只是基因的质粒，那么就不存在危险，因为它不是生物体，不会传播，也不会导致疾病。

　　王月丹说，耐药菌的来源有很多可能，比如医院，比如基因工程生产过程，甚至普通人的肠道里都存在耐药菌。

　　“污水处理厂可能是耐药菌产生的重灾区。”国家城市环境污染控制技术研究中心研究员彭应登表示，污水处理厂在处理人体排泄物时会产生挥发性气溶胶物质，不可避免会携带微生物，包括耐药菌。耐药菌就这样随着气溶胶进入大气。

　　“对于污水处理厂周边空气是否存在耐药菌，其数量种类有多少，目前并没有监测。”彭应登表示，只能说是最大可能来源。

　　空气中耐药菌危害何在？

　　“我觉得公众对这个事儿，没有必要恐慌。”王月丹说，因为细菌在空气中无处不在，耐药细菌也可以像其他细菌一样在空气中生存，甚至播散。“这再正常不过的了”。

　　“我们机体对抗细菌，主要还是依靠自身的免疫系统，而不是抗生素，细菌可以耐药，但不能耐受免疫系统。”王月丹说，耐药菌只是对抗生素产生耐药性，不会对人体免疫力产生破坏。

　　王月丹解释说，细菌进入人体后，会先“找房子”企图居住下来，但如果免疫系统工作，这些细菌就待不住，要么会被人体排泄出去，要么被其他菌群消灭，成不了“气候”。

　　耐药菌是否广泛存在？

　　王月丹表示，耐药菌在大气、水、土壤等自然环境中广泛存在，不只是北京或中国才有的现象，全世界都是如此。此次论文也声明，在抗生素耐药性基因的数量上，北京与美国的两个城市数量相当，只是种类更多一些。

　　“地球是一体的，没有世外桃源”。清华大学生命科学院副研究员付彦说，耐药菌的存在是普遍现象，只不过受人口密度不同、流动性大小等因素影响，不同地区在数量种类上有些差异。

　　付彦表示，耐药菌是很久以来一直存在的问题，和抗生素滥用有密切关联。为了防止抗生素滥用，卫生部门将抗生素列为处方药，需要达到“用药指征”，比如化验证明是细菌感染，才能使用。

　　“但即使这样，也不能完全杜绝抗生素的滥用。”付彦说，在人的食物来源中，都在不同程度地使用抗生素。

　　抗生素存在“最后的稻草”？

　　对于碳青霉烯类抗生素是抗生素里“最后的稻草”的说法，付彦表示，细菌是低等生物，易发生变异，抗生素在杀死大批细菌的同时，也会有一些细菌留存下来，成为耐药菌。

　　“耐药菌是细菌在被消灭的过程中存在一个不断升级、筛选的结果”，付彦表示，但与此同时，抗生素也在不断升级，从传统的青霉素，到后来的先锋1号，先锋2号等，不应该说某一种抗生素就是“最后一根稻草”。“就像杀毒软件和病毒的关系，细菌在升级，抗生素也在升级。”付彦表示。

　　“对人体来说，细菌和病毒比起来，还是相对好对付。”付彦说，比如艾滋病毒，乙肝病毒等，人类至今也没强力彻底杀灭病毒的手段。

　　新京报记者 沙璐 王硕

(责任编辑：郭彪 UN832)
2016-11-26 04:26:06
新京报