A world is born in China: this is the water-IT information
China's hydropower development "Thirteen-Five" Planning (2016-2020) (hereinafter referred to as the hydroelectric plan) was introduced. Reporters noted that the hydroelectric plan refers, China's installed capacity of hydropower production ranking first in the world . The "Thirteen-Five" period, domestic demand for hydropower construction investment will reach about 500 billion yuan.
Hydropower will drive consumption of cement, steel
On November 29, the National Energy Board's website published the full text of hydropower planning. According to the plan, new hydroelectric pumped-storage power station in China around the 60 million-kilowatt, new production and hydroelectric 60 million-kilowatt 2020 total hydropower installed capacity reached 380 million kW .
Among them, the conventional hydro 340 million kilowatts, pumped 40 million-kilowatt, annual output of 1.25 trillion kWh, equivalent to about 375 million tons of standard coal, in the proportion of non-fossil energy consumption remained at 50% per cent.
Meanwhile, "West to East" capacity expanding hydropower transmission size up to 100 million-kilowatt in 2020. By 2025 China hydropower installed capacity reached 470 million kW, including conventional hydro 380 million kilowatts, pumped about 90 million-kilowatt; annual output of 1.4 trillion kWh.
Revealed in the hydropower planning, preliminary estimates of "Thirteen-Five" hydropower construction investment of about 500 billion yuan during the period, including large and medium hydropower for about 350 billion yuan, about 50 billion yuan of small hydropower and pumped about 100 billion yuan. 20% capital ratio measured by "Thirteen-Five" capital needs at 100 billion yuan for the period, to raise 400 billion yuan.
Among them, in Western Sichuan province, Yunnan province, Tibet Autonomous Region, is the focus of conventional hydropower construction, hydropower construction investment reached 180 billion yuan, 100 billion yuan, 30 billion yuan, respectively; in Shandong, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Hebei province construction investment of over 10 billion yuan. KW hydropower units is expected to invest in more than 13,000 yuan, investments of pumped-storage units kW 7000 Yuan.
The "Thirteen-Five" period, hydropower development will promote the consumption of cement, steel. Water and electricity construction and operation will also be a substantial increase in tax revenue for local economic and social development, preliminary estimates, the "Thirteen-Five" new hydropower operation during an annual tax of up to 30 billion yuan. In addition, the construction of power station to improve local infrastructure construction and promote employment, promoting an active role in the development of urbanization.
Construction of the hydroelectric plan also proposed a large base, middle and small river basin development, construction of pumped storage, system reform and hydropower development in poverty alleviation, ten key tasks such as hydropower in international cooperation.
The hydroelectric plan refers, basically completed six major hydropower bases. Continue to push two of the Yalong River estuary, the dadu River double construction of jiangkou hydropower station, add the words "West to East" scale, construction of Kara, Jinchuan dadu River, Yellow River, Mal stops of the Yalong River hydropower station. Strengthening interprovincial River hydropower development interests, continue to promote the wudongde hydropower station construction, construction of the jinsha River baihetan hydropower station. Accelerate the middle reaches of the jinsha River leading reservoir study and actively promote Dragon hydropower station construction. Basic built upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the upper reaches of the Yellow River, Wujiang, nanpanjiang red water river, Yalong, dadu six hydroelectric plants, total more than 100 million-kilowatt. In addition, the effort to create the Southeast "West to East" continued energy base.
Hydropower still has great potential
The planning States that, hydropower is a mature technology, flexible operation of clean low-carbon renewable energy, utilization of features such as flood control, water supply, navigation and irrigation, economic, social and ecological benefits. According to the latest statistics, China's installed capacity of hydropower resources development is about 660 million kilowatts, annual output about 3,000,000,001,000 watts, calculated by 100 years, 100 billion tons of standard coal equivalent, in conventional energy resources remaining recoverable amount is second only to coal.
After years of development, China's hydropower installed capacity and annual output has exceeded 300 million-kilowatt and 1,000,000,001,000 MWh, respectively 20.9% and 19.4% in China, water and electricity engineering ranks advanced level in the world, formed the planning, design, construction, equipment manufacture, operation and maintenance of the entire value chain integration. Total hydropower resources, production capacity and annual output, China ranked first in the world, with more than 80 countries to establish a hydropower planning, construction and investment in a long term relationship, is the main power of promoting the development of hydropower in the world.
At present, the global hydropower installed capacity of 1 billion-kilowatt, annual output about 4,000,000,001,000 watts, developed 26% (electricity), hydropower development in Europe, North America reached 54% and 39%, respectively, in South America, Asia and Africa, respectively, and 26% and 9% of the hydroelectric development. Overall high level water resources development in developed countries, such as Switzerland are 92%, France 88%, Italy 86%, Germany 74%, Japan 73%, United States 67%. Hydropower development in developing countries is generally low.
Present state of hydropower development in China is that hydropower planning, according to the national hydroelectric development 37% (electricity), is still a big gap compared with developed countries , there are broad development prospects. Future global hydropower development will focus on Asia, Africa, South America and other resource development level is not high and the fastest growth in energy demand in developing countries, forecast for 2050 global hydropower installed capacity reaching 2.05 billion kW (2050GW).
Noteworthy is that the planning States that, hydropower development faces a complex situation, ecological and environmental pressures continue to increase, primarily resettlement difficulties continued to improve, hydropower development in economic decline and pumped storage size needs to be increased.
The planning States that for the construction programme is not reasonable, environmental damage and serious power to take measures to phase out. Establish small hydropower in ecological damage penalty exit mechanism, implementing ecological protection responsibilities.
中国又一项世界第一诞生：这次是水电 - IT资讯
中国《水电发展“十三五”规划(2016 - 2020年)》(下称《水电规划》)终于出台。记者注意到，《水电规划》提到，中国水能投产装机容量居世界首位。“十三五”期间，国内水电建设投资需求将达到大约5000亿元。
水电建设将带动水泥、钢材的消费
11月29日，国家能源局官网公布了《水电规划》全文。按规划，中国新开工常规水电和抽水蓄能电站各6000万千瓦左右，新增投产水电6000万千瓦，2020年水电总装机容量达到3.8亿千瓦。
其中，常规水电3.4亿千瓦，抽水蓄能4000万千瓦，年发电量1.25万亿千瓦时，折合标煤约3.75亿吨，在非化石能源消费中的比重保持在50%以上。
与此同时，“西电东送”能力不断扩大，2020年水电送电规模达到1亿千瓦。预计2025年中国水电装机容量达到4.7亿千瓦，其中常规水电3.8亿千瓦，抽水蓄能约9000万千瓦;年发电量1.4万亿千瓦时。
《水电规划》透露，初步测算“十三五”期间水电建设投资需求约5000亿元，其中大中型常规水电约3500亿元，小水电约500亿元，抽水蓄能电站约1000亿元。按20%的资本金比例测算“十三五”期间资本金需求为1000亿元，融资4000亿元。
其中，西部的四川省、云南省、西藏自治区是常规水电建设的重点区域，水电建设投资分别达到1800亿元、1000亿元、300亿元;山东、浙江、安徽、福建、河北等省建设投资规模均超100亿元。预计常规水电单位千瓦投资在1.3万元以上，抽水蓄能单位千瓦投资7000元左右。
“十三五”期间，水电建设将带动水泥、钢材的消费。水电建设和运行期间还将为地方经济社会发展增加大量的税费收入，初步测算，“十三五”期间新投产水电运行期年均税费可达300亿元。此外，电站建设对改善当地基础设施建设、拉动就业、促进城镇化发展都具有积极作用。
《水电规划》还提出了大型基地建设，中小流域开发，抽水蓄能建设，体制机制改革，水电开发扶贫，水电国际合作等十大重点任务。
《水电规划》提到，基本建成六大水电基地。继续推进雅砻江两河口、大渡河双江口等水电站建设，增加“西电东送”规模，开工建设雅砻江卡拉、大渡河金川、黄河玛尔挡等水电站。加强跨省界河水电开发利益协调，继续推进乌东德水电站建设，开工建设金沙江白鹤滩等水电站。加快金沙江中游龙头水库研究论证，积极推动龙盘水电站建设。基本建成长江上游、黄河上游、乌江、南盘江红水河、雅砻江、大渡河六大水电基地，总规模超过1亿千瓦。另外，着力打造藏东南“西电东送”接续能源基地。
水电建设仍有很大潜力
《水电规划》指出，水电是技术成熟、运行灵活的清洁低碳可再生能源，具有防洪、供水、航运、灌溉等综合利用功能，经济、社会、生态效益显著。根据最新统计，中国水能资源可开发装机容量约6.6亿千瓦，年发电量约3万亿千瓦时，按利用100年计算，相当于1000亿吨标煤，在常规能源资源剩余可开采总量中仅次于煤炭。
经过多年发展，中国水电装机容量和年发电量已突破3亿千瓦和1万亿千瓦时，分别占中国的20.9%和19.4%，水电工程技术居世界先进水平，形成了规划、设计、施工、装备制造、运行维护等全产业链整合能力。中国水能资源总量、投产装机容量和年发电量均居世界首位，与80多个国家建立了水电规划、建设和投资的长期合作关系，是推动世界水电发展的主要力量。
目前，全球常规水电装机容量约10亿千瓦，年发电量约4万亿千瓦时，开发程度为26%(按发电量计算)，欧洲、北美洲水电开发程度分别达54%和39%，南美洲、亚洲和非洲水电开发程度分别为26%、20%和9%。发达国家水能资源开发程度总体较高，如瑞士达到92%、法国88%、意大利86%、德国74%、日本73%、美国67%。发展中国家水电开发程度普遍较低。
目前中国水电开发的情况是，《水电规划》显示，国内水电开发程度为37% (按发电量计算)，与发达国家相比仍有较大差距，还有较广阔的发展前景。今后全球水电开发将集中于亚洲、非洲、南美洲等资源开发程度不高、能源需求增长快的发展中国家，预测2050年全球水电装机容量将达20.5亿千瓦(2050GW)。
值得关注的是，《水电规划》指出，目前水电发展还面临复杂形势，主要是生态环保压力不断加大、移民安置难度持续提高、水电开发经济性逐渐下降以及抽水蓄能规模亟待增加。
《水电规划》指出，对于建设方案不合理、环境破坏严重的电站采取措施逐步淘汰。建立中小水电破坏生态环境惩罚退出机制，落实生态保障责任。