The old economics of migratory birds in China: no hibernation is haze | old | Hainan _ news

> Hainan

Migratory birds are high level of overall income for the elderly. For local governments, rising consumption and a rise in employment of migratory birds, but also hot and cold clear half the economy.

On December 5, Haikou, a small, 63, a retired old cadres, Hu had to wear short sleeves, blowing in the breeze at 25 ℃ with a few old friends to a leisurely stroll. More than 2,400 miles, and his home in Taiyuan, the day temperature was-8 c ~5 c.

Every year in October, the Lao Hu flew in from Taiyuan. The following year in April, from Haikou to fly back again. Behind him is the millions in China is the practice known as "migratory bird" model man, because of factors such as climate, air quality, "pendulum" back and forth in origin between the pension and the cool, make others envy.

　　I'm flying from North to South

Old Taiyuan City, Hu turned out to be a President of the institutions of the Union. Prior to retirement in 2013, he is looking for a suitable pension ran several parts of the country, and ultimately selected foothold in Haikou. More than 400,000 yuan to buy a House is the only daughter to honor him. His wife to accompany her daughter, didn't talk to him this year.

In Haikou, Hu was very pleasant, old, "work your whole life for, also presented himself alive." He played table tennis with friends, playing table tennis, hot spring pool for a swim at three or four o'clock in the afternoon in the community, and occasionally turns to the beach, sea breeze blowing.

"Migratory birds" one word sums up this newly popular model: cold in the winter, flying from North to South, and avoid the cold, enjoying the Sun in summer heat, flying from South to North, but avoid the heat and enjoy the cool.

Exactly how many elderly old Hu of migratory birds in China, there are no exact statistics. According to official statistics, Hainan Province, Hainan migratory birds, only in elderly, about 450,000 people. However, do migratory birds pension model of specialized research Lu Jiehua, a Professor of sociology at Peking University, the actual figures are far more than that.

Spring of 2015, health family planning Commission of China, Hainan Province, taken jointly with the Sociology Department of Beijing University, Sanya, Haikou, Wenchang and other five cities of 1200 conducted a survey of migratory birds.

Survey shows that migratory birds in Hainan Province of domicile in the elderly, mainly in the northern region, particularly concentrated in the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Beijing and Liaoning province. Only migratory birds from the four provinces accounted for the total number of the elderly 53.9%.

Especially in Sanya. According to the Sanya City Bureau of statistics, "migratory bird old man" mainly from the three provinces in Northeast China, Northwest China and the Yangtze River Delta area, three-fourths is from the Northeast. Because the concentration of Heilongjiang, the city is nicknamed by locals "the Sanya city, Heilongjiang province."

According to the survey, 90.3% old people think of migratory birds, "winter" is the primary reason they went to Hainan. Domicile the severe winter, many elderly people by the "winter" problem, and Hainan pleasantly warm climate can help reduce pain.

Apart from outside of Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan and other places also migratory birds heading for a growing number of the elderly. Seen from the flow, North of old man winter warm zone is still the mainstream at the same time, more and more elderly people during the summer in the South to the North for the summer.

According to the Vice Governor of Heilongjiang province, the provincial director of the aging Committee introduced Sun Yongbo, Heilongjiang living endowment from May-September the number had reached 1 million.

> Hainan "migratory bird the old man"

2015, development of social services of the Ministry of Civil Affairs announced in July this year Bulletin of statistics showed that by the end of 2015, China's elderly population aged 60 and over 222 million people, accounting for a total population of 16.1%. 143.86 million people aged 65 and over, accounting for 10.5% of the total population. According to one Department and other relevant agencies predict that by 2035, China's elderly population will reach 400 million people.

About aging is an important factor in China's economic and social development in the future. Needs at different levels and in various aspects of impact on the local economy, especially in Hainan.

　　Who has the ability to do migratory birds

Migratory birds-pension, with climate change flies to flying, to avoid severe cold in winter, and refuge from the heat in summer, in the eyes of many, is an enviable pension model. But this model is not all of us can enjoy, it is based on a good income.

Joint investigation showed that elderly of migratory birds per capita monthly income of 3894.94 Yuan, much higher than China in 2015 per capita monthly disposable income of 1830.5 Yuan, significantly higher levels of 2599.6 Yuan per capita for urban residents in China.

Apart from the higher-income, and the migratory birds surveyed the elderly, most of the early local buying houses, housing area of about 80 square meters, housing price at between 300,000 and 340,000 yuan.

The business journal survey found that migratory bird House for the elderly are mainly of two types: mostly the old man with his own savings to buy, another part was purchased by the children.

Migratory birds in Sanya-pension for many years, Anhui Province, Zheng retired workers, pension over more than 2000 Yuan a month, are migratory birds in the elderly with lower incomes, the House was purchased by the wealthy daughter.

In addition, the elderly most migratory birds have non-agricultural, agriculture accounts for only 7%. Few rural elderly to do migratory birds, mostly because their children are economic strong ability, gave the old man bought House, also provides a monthly allowance.

Zheng told the newspaper, the old migratory birds in his neighborhood are entry-level.

"Some professors are Secretary, even companies, are also of large State-owned enterprises, mentioning is Faw, six in Harbin pharmaceutical factory, petrochemical or something. "Zheng says.

Analysis of Lu Jiehua, elderly of migratory birds have obvious "elite within the system" color. According to the survey, 83.1% of migratory birds before retirement working in State-owned enterprises and institutions as well as military authorities, in which the post for the head of the institution as much as 40.8%, 20.4% per cent of professional and technical personnel.

　　Migratory birds of sorrow: inadequate medical care services

Old friends in the snow, I was able to comfortably enjoy the sea breeze the coconut palms, this was old man was satisfied by many migratory birds. However, looks very handsome pension model of migratory birds, also has its weaknesses – lack of medical care services. This group of migratory birds it is with medical care services for the elderly people with high demand.

Lao Hu complained to reporters, Haikou poor local medical services as a whole, doctor's skill level is lower than big cities. Some local private hospitals may even hire migratory bird retired doctors providing medical service for the elderly.

Joint investigation also shows that medical institutions and insufficient resources are migrants the problem reflected most strongly. 39.3% migratory bird the old man believes that access to "inconvenient" and "inconvenient"; 48.9% of migratory birds that hospital or rehabilitation center for the elderly is a community in and around first need to increase facilities.

In addition, offsite health care reimbursement settlement needs to be underwritten and cumbersome, also the migratory bird the old man is deeply troubling, and even to some extent prevented ailing migratory birds choose mode.

"The (claim) is too frustrating. I usually slight illness, make them buy something to eat, could not go to the hospital, they do not go to the hospital. If there's a big problem, I can't stay here long. "Zheng says.

　　The Government worries: how to defuse a half year economic

Model the emergence and rise of migratory birds, the local government and some slow.

Lu Jiehua believe that migratory birds in Hainan Province pension model began with spontaneous, impact expanded social concern, public infrastructure, social governance and institution-building, such as lagging far behind the growth of migratory bird populations, and service management system has not adapted the existing population of migratory birds of the needs of the elderly.

Because of this, in migratory birds take the old man, the "real estate development, public service supply in light" issue more prominent.

Because migratory birds, housing for the elderly are mainly concentrated in the medium apartment of 80 square meters, leads to the local real estate market of small units sell quickly, but large often sell out.

On the whole, for migratory birds in the old man's arrival, the local Government can be described as a mixed blessing.

Plus side, birds became important to the local real estate buyers for the elderly, direct push up house prices, enhancing the market heat. Elderly daily life consumption level is higher than the local population of migratory birds, to some extent, boosted consumption and increased employment.

From the negative side, migratory birds are the elderly caused by the presence of the local "half year economic" features significantly, migratory birds in six months, needs a strong, migratory birds fly away, demand goes down.

Price is a reflection of the most intuitive. Old Hu told the newspaper reporters, area near the market prices are now very much like Beijing, but wait until the Spring Festival people go, obviously, the price came down.

"Half a year economy" makes local government a bit upset, inadequate public services high season, off-season idle, configured in the winter to feed on, according to the usual configurations will be in short supply.

To this end, Lu Jiehua suggested that Hainan should develop leisure health, pension and service medium and long-term development plan, elderly services and management of migratory birds included in the "Thirteen-Five" plan, and increase the intensity of public service, meet the locals and migrants of the basic needs of people, and through the development and innovation of tourism products and reduce the "half year economic" gap.

> Editors: Dong Zhang

Article keywords:
Hainan elderly

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中国的候鸟老人经济学：不冬眠不吸霾|海南|老人_新闻资讯
>海南

　　候鸟老人整体经济收入水平较高。对于地方政府来说，候鸟带来消费的上涨和就业的增加，同时也造成冷热明显的半年经济。

　　12月5日，海口某小区，63岁的退休干部老胡穿着短袖，在25℃的习习微风中跟几个老朋友悠闲散步。2400多公里之外，他的老家太原，当天温度是-8℃~5℃。

　　每年的10月，老胡从太原飞来。次年的4月，再从海口飞回。他背后是中国上百万正在践行这种被称作“候鸟”养老模式的老人，因为气候环境、空气质量等因素，“钟摆式”在原住地和养老地之间潇洒来回，令旁人羡慕。

　　我要从北飞到南

　　老胡原来是太原一家事业单位的工会主席。2013年退休之前，他就为寻找合适的养老地点跑了中国好几个地方，最终选定落脚点在海口。买房的40多万元是独生女儿孝敬他的。老伴因为要陪伴女儿，今年没有跟他一起来。

　　在海口，老胡过得很舒心，“奋斗了一辈子，也该为自己活活了”。他每天跟老朋友们一起打乒乓球、打桌球，下午三四点钟在小区的温泉游泳池游个泳，偶尔去海边转转，吹吹海风。

　　“候鸟”一词很能概括这种新近流行的养老模式：冬天冷了，从北飞到南，远避严寒，享受阳光；夏天热了，从南再飞到北，远避酷暑，享受清凉。

　　中国到底有多少老胡这样的候鸟老人，目前还没有确切的统计。根据海南省官方的统计，仅在海南的候鸟老人，大约有45万人。但在做过候鸟养老模式专门调研的北京大学社会学系教授陆杰华看来，实际数字远远不止这些。

　　2015年春天，海南省中国卫生计划生育委员会与北京大学社会学系联合抽取了三亚、海口、文昌等五个市的1200名候鸟老人进行调查。

　　调查显示，海南省候鸟老年人群的户籍地主要在北方地区，特别集中在黑龙江省、吉林省、北京市以及辽宁省。仅来自上述四省市的候鸟老人就占总人数的53.9%。

　　尤为突出的是三亚。据三亚市民政局统计，“候鸟老人”主要来自东北三省、西北地区和长三角一带，其中四分之三是东北人。又因为黑龙江人过于集中，该市被当地人戏称为“黑龙江省三亚市”。

　　根据调查，90.3%的候鸟老人认为，“过冬”是他们远赴海南的首要原因。户籍地冬季严寒，不少老人深受“冬季病”的困扰，而海南温暖宜人的气候环境可以帮助他们减少病痛。

　　除了海南之外，广西、云南等地也正在迎来越来越多的候鸟老人。而从流向上看，北方老人到温暖地带越冬依然是主流，同时，越来越多南方老人选择在夏季流向北方避暑。

　　据黑龙江省副省长、省老龄委主任孙永波介绍，今年5到9月到黑龙江旅居养老的人数已经达到100万。

>海南“候鸟老人”

　　民政部今年7月公布的《2015年社会服务发展统计公报》显示，截至2015年底，中国60岁及以上老年人口2.22亿人，占总人口16.1%。其中65岁 及以上人口1.4386亿人，占总人口的10.5%。据人社部等有关机构预测，到2035年，中国老年人口将达到4亿人。

　　老龄化是左右中国今后经济社会发展的重要因素。养老需求的不同层次和各个环节对地方经济的影响，在海南表现尤为明显。

　　谁有能力做候鸟

　　候鸟式养老，随着气候变化飞去飞来，冬避严寒，夏避酷暑，在很多老人眼里，是一种值得羡慕的养老模式。但这种养老模式并不是谁都可以享受，它是以良好的经济收入为基础的。

　　联合调查显示，候鸟老年人群的平均个人月收入为3894.94元，远高于2015年中国居民人均1830.5元的每月可支配收入，也明显高于当年中国城镇居民人均2599.6元的水平。

　　除收入较高外，此次接受调查的候鸟老年人群，大多早期已在当地购买自住用房，住房面积多在80平方米左右，房产价格主要在30万到34万元之间。

　　《第一财经日报》记者实地调查发现，候鸟老人购房款来源主要有两类：大部分是老人用自己的积蓄购买，另一部分则是由子女为其购买。

　　在三亚候鸟式养老多年的安徽省退休工人老郑，每月退休金2000多元，属于候鸟老人中收入较低的，其住宅就是富裕的女儿购买的。

　　此外，候鸟老人绝大部分拥有非农业户口，有农业户口的仅占7%。少数农村老人能够做候鸟，绝大部分是因为儿女经济能力比较强，不光给老人买了房，还每月提供生活费。

　　老郑告诉《第一财经日报》，他所在小区里的候鸟老人，都大有来头。

　　“有的是教授，有的是局长，就算是企业的，也都是大国企，一提就是一汽、哈药六厂、中石化什么的。”老郑说。

　　陆杰华分析，候鸟老年人群具有明显的“体制内精英”色彩。根据调查，83.1%的候鸟老人退休前在国营企业、事业单位以及党政军机关工作；其中，职位为机关事业单位负责人的比例高达40.8%，专业技术人员的比例达到20.4%。

　　候鸟之愁：医疗养老服务不足

　　老家的朋友在冰天雪地里，自己却能舒适地享受海风椰影，这让不少候鸟老人颇感满足。但是，看上去很美很潇洒的候鸟养老模式，也有着它的软肋--医疗养老服务上的欠缺。而这群候鸟老人恰恰是对医疗养老服务有较高刚性需求的人群。

　　老胡向记者抱怨，海口当地的医疗服务整体水平较差，医生的技术水平比大城市低。有些当地民营医院甚至会聘请候鸟老人中的退休医生坐诊。

　　联合调查也显示，医疗机构和资源不足是候鸟老人反映最强烈的问题。39.3%的候鸟老人认为在当地就医“不方便”和“很不方便”；48.9%的候鸟老人认为医院或康复中心是社区及周边首先需要增加的配套设施。

　　此外，异地医保结算需要垫资并且报销手续繁琐，也令候鸟老人深感麻烦，甚至在一定程度上阻碍了身体状况不佳的老人选择候鸟养老模式。

　　“（报销）太折腾了。我一般头疼脑热的，就自己买点药吃算了，能不去医院就不去医院。要是有什么大毛病，还真不敢在这里长待。”老郑说。

　　政府之忧：如何化解半年经济

　　对于候鸟养老模式的出现和升温，当地政府有些后知后觉。

　　陆杰华认为，海南省候鸟式养老模式始于民间自发，影响扩大后才受到社会关注，当地公共设施建设、社会治理和制度建设等远远落后于候鸟人群的增长速度，现有的人口服务管理体制还不适应候鸟老人的需要。

　　正因为此，在候鸟老人的承接上，“重房地产开发，轻公共服务供给”的问题比较突出。

　　由于候鸟老人购房主要集中在80平方米左右的中等户型，导致当地房地产市场中小户型销得很快，但是大户型往往卖不出去。

　　整体上看，对于候鸟老人的到来，当地政府可谓喜忧参半。

　　从有利方面看，候鸟老人成为当地重要的房产买家，直接助推了房价，提升了市场热度。候鸟老人的日常生活消费水平高于当地人群，也在一定程度上拉动了消费，增加了就业。

　　从不利方面看，候鸟老人的存在造成当地“半年经济”的特点明显，候鸟们在的半年，需求较强盛，候鸟们飞走后，需求又降下来。

　　菜价是个最直观的反映。老胡告诉《第一财经日报》记者，小区附近菜市场的菜价现在跟北京差不多，不过等到春节后人一走，菜价就明显降下来了。

　　“半年经济”的存在令当地政府有些苦恼，公共服务资源旺季不足，淡季闲置，按冬季配置养不起，按平时配置又会出现供应不足。

　　为此，陆杰华建议，海南省应制定休闲养生、养老产业和服务业中长期发展规划，把候鸟老人的服务和管理纳入“十三五”规划，同时加大公共服务建设力度，满足本地人和候鸟老人的基本需求，并通过旅游产品开发和创新，缩小“半年经济”落差。

>责任编辑：张冬

文章关键词：
海南 老人

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