Chinese expert proposed to control transgenic soybeans into Edible bean market
2015 China soybean yields only 5% per cent of world production, self-sufficiency rate is only about 12%.
China's accession to the WTO has been for 15 years. 15 years ago, in accordance with the commitment to agricultural trade liberalization after WTO entry, China has canceled the import tariff barriers such as soybean, rapeseed. Compared to corn, rice and wheat and other food staples in China's WTO commitments, soybeans trade protection is the smallest and highest degree of market opening varieties of commodities. As a result, flood of foreign genetically modified soybeans.
China is the origin of soybean, however, with the accession to the WTO, China has become the world's largest importer of soybeans, total consumption of about 1/3 of world soybean production, imports accounted for 64% of the world-wide trade. With the increasing of soybean imports, has raised security concerns and fears of China's soybean industry.
2015 China soybean yields only 5% per cent of world production, self-sufficiency rate is only about 12%. In 2014, China began eliminating corn subsidies policy, instead of soybean cultivation with subsidies, which could become a new opportunity for the development of soybean industry in China? Soybean in the way of what China? In the recently held ", da hinggan mountains, China soybean industry development Summit Forum", the scholars and conducted in-depth discussions.
--Status--
Subsidies to promote soy collection "growth"China's general administration of customs published data show, in November 2016, China imported 7.84 million tons of soybean, 50.5% higher than in October, compared to 2015 by 6%, its highest point in nearly a year, mainly because of the crushing plants in time for the shopping season ahead of stock. 1-November China's soybean imports 74.24 million tons, amounting to us $300,643,640,000.
In 2016, the target price of soybeans in China for 4800 Yuan/ton. According to information released by the national grain and oils information center, 2015 subsidies has issued a target price of the soybean harvest, which provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning, respectively subsidize 130.87 Yuan/MU, 139.72 Yuan, 200 Yuan/Mu/Mu above are higher than the subsidy amount. This promoted the planting structure adjustment in China, increased soybean acreage.
According to Ministry of agriculture statistics in 2016, soybean plantings 7.156 million hectares and total production of 12.5 million tons. Sown area 566,000 ha more than 2015, 8.6% growth, yield increase of 890,000 tons. Among them, the soybean acreage increased by 53% in the Northeast, in Heilongjiang province, an increase of 64%. But due to Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia Bureau this year subjected to hail, drought and early frost, South by storm disaster reduction, which makes China's soybean production increases less than the area of growth.
However, the State grain and oil information center predicted that soybean acreage continues to expand would be 2017, "the probability of the event."
--Challenge--
Planting low income less seed science and technologyGaijunyi, a Professor of Chinese Academy of engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University believes that China's soybean industry is the biggest challenge facing price. At present, international GM soy CIF about 3000 Yuan/ton, and domestic soybean price 3900 Yuan/ton, which spreads about 20%.
Greater hinggan mountains in Inner Mongolia on the reclamation area is located in the black soil zone in Northeast China, is rich in non-GMO soybean. Hulun Buir farm Group Chairman Zhang Fuli said: "many farmers on the brink losses. "The current reclamation area is close to import soybeans soybean production cost, sales price. Because of the reclamation area farther away from the distance of large processing enterprises, higher freight, processing enterprises have to bear the costs of storage. Comparative effectiveness is concerned, many soybean processing companies not to purchase soybeans in Heilongjiang reclamation region, and lead to sluggish sales of soybean in Heilongjiang reclamation region, and soybeans at the loss of equilibrium or output.
Moreover, technology extension is difficult. Zhang Fuli said that under the conditions of market economy, farmers seek benefits in order to maintain production and living, in view of the current status of domestic soybeans slump, most farmers in terms of cost savings, "moving minds" and weaken the investment in science and technology. Tillage land reduction program, capital goods investment havens preferably low, management is simple to extensive; post-harvest storage category, regardless. "This year, the reclamation area has suffered serious drought in 50 years since meteorological records, soybeans flower and serious, by preliminary estimates, soybean production is about 40%. ”
"Land utilization of soybean crops, production of 1 ton of land used in soybean is the production of 1 ton of corn three times, relatively low efficiency. In the process of agricultural modernization, natural to the most efficient transfer of land resources. "Soybean breeding Sun Huan, lead researcher researcher at Jilin Academy of agricultural sciences said.
2014 Heilongjiang planting corn per Mu net profit to 203 Yuan, and net profits of only 31 oil bean, a difference of nearly 6 times. Shandong yuwang ecological food meal Division General Manager Xu Zhenjiang said comparative returns low soybean acreage is the main cause of reduced; also is suitable for temperate high protein soybean seed planted in IV, v product less, unstable quality, agro-Enterprise docking mode is not mature, and so on.
--Advice-
Special food for breeding soybean varietiesOn soybean production Development Department of agriculture guidelines requirements, expanding the area, soybean area by 2020 to reach 140 million hectares in 2015, an increase of 40 million acres. Increasing yield per unit area, soybean average yield of up to 135 kilograms by 2020, 2015, increasing to 15 kg. Improve quality by 2020 consumption of soybean protein content by 2% oil soybean oil 1%. Improve efficiency by accelerating technological innovation, system innovation, strengthening policy support, increase production efficiency and cost-saving and efficiency, improve quality and efficiency.
"Imports of GM soya oil is high, prices low, had firmly occupied the press market, domestic soybean in China is hard to compete with, there is no need to compete. Chinese-made non-GMO and high protein content in soybean, tofu, soy milk, bean sprouts, fermented soy, protein isolate soy market has advantages. Rejuvenation of Chinese soybean industry, you must take the road of eating, special, special. "Sun Huan believes that imports and domestic soybean is not a commodity in China, belong to two different markets. Protection of domestic soybean in China strategy and policy is to use and manage markets.
Soy is a high quality protein source, soy has thousands of years of traditions and customs in China.
Researcher at the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of crop science Han Tianfu suggested that controlling genetically modified soybean entering Edible bean market, suitable for different soybean varieties of Edible bean products, development, form an absolute advantage. Requires a high proportion of soluble protein like tofu soybean; soy soybean demand high in protein and stachyose, linolenic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid in low vegetable soybeans should choose cane sugar, high levels of aspartic acid and glutamic acid varieties; soy sauce soybeans should choose unsaturated fatty acids, sugars, high globulin and lipid content of the species.
"The higher the oil content in soybean is not possible, protein quality and composition influence the quality and flavor of bean products, selecting one of edible soybean varieties, is the only way for China domestic soybean promotion. "Sun Huan and other experts said.
Gaijunyi believes that survival depends on the efficiency and technology of the soybean industry. The innovation of the average yield of up to 200 kilograms, the potential yield of up to 300 kg, established system of breeding and propagation; integration of breeding, breeding techniques, machinery and equipment research and development, to achieve full mechanization and Informatization of high technology.
Increasing subsidies increase the application of technology and investment
The current market, sales of soybeans and is not based on the quality classification, bean product sales is "high quality and high price." Daxinganling in Heilongjiang reclamation region of natural conditions, environmental pollution, disease and pest-free light, soybean oil and isoflavones, high levels of vitamin e, carotenoids, good quality characteristics. "In sales, however, these advantages do not turn into actual price advantage. "Zhang Fuli said.
So, Zhang Fuli said, national in actual production in the, not only should for bean agricultural provides quality good, and resistance strong, and excellent characteristics stable of excellent varieties, also should for bean agricultural purchased species give subsidies, subsidies lines should not below seed purchase price of 50%, incentive breeding units production good seed, support bean agricultural planting good seed; give bean agricultural improved soil subsidies, encourages and support bean agricultural increased Shi biological organic fertilizer, gradually reduced fertilizer application volume, both can improved soil, improved soil harden degree, and can upgrade agricultural quality.
To ensure the healthy development of soybean industry, must also increase the application of technology and investment. Such as improved cultivation techniques to improve cultivation quality of cultivated land, enhancing the field management to improve technical arrival rate, creating efficient green production integration mode, easy maneuverability, and conducive to large rapid promotion.
(Editors: xiaowugang UN845)
2017-01-03 08:33:25
Surging news
中国专家建议控制转基因大豆进入食用豆市场
2015年中国大豆产量仅占世界总产量的5%，自给率仅12%左右。
中国加入世贸组织已经整整15周年。15年前，按照承诺入世后实行农产品贸易自由化，中国取消对大豆、油菜籽等进口关税壁垒。相比于玉米、大米和小麦等粮食品种，在中国的入世承诺中，大豆是贸易保护程度最小、市场开放程度最高的大宗商品品种。也因此，国外转基因大豆随之潮水般涌入。
中国是大豆原产地，但随着加入世贸组织，中国逐渐成为全世界最大的大豆进口国，共消费了世界大豆总产量的1/3左右，进口量占全世界贸易量的64%。随着大豆进口的逐年递增，引发了人们对于中国大豆产业安全的种种顾虑与担忧。
2015年中国大豆产量仅占世界总产量的5%，自给率仅12%左右。2014年，中国开始取消玉米补贴政策，转而对大豆种植进行补贴，这是否能成为中国大豆产业发展的新契机？大豆该走什么样的中国化道路？在日前举行的“中国·大兴安岭大豆产业发展战略高峰论坛”上，学者和企业对此进行了深入探讨。
——现状——
补贴政策促大豆种收“双增长” 中国海关总署发布的数据显示，2016年11月中国进口大豆784万吨，比10月提高50.5%，比2015年同期提高6%，创下近一年来的最高点，这主要是因为压榨厂赶在消费旺季到来前补充库存。1—11月份中国累计进口大豆7424万吨，金额达3006.4364亿美元。
2016年，中国种植大豆的目标价格为4800元/吨。据国家粮油信息中心公布的信息，2015年收获大豆的目标价格补贴已下发，其中黑龙江、吉林和辽宁三省分别补贴130.87元/亩、139.72元/亩、200元/亩以上，均高于上年补贴额度。这促进了中国种植结构调整，增加大豆播种面积。
据农业部统计，2016年中国大豆播种面积为715.6万公顷，总产量为1250万吨。播种面积较2015年增加56.6万公顷，增幅8.6%，产量提高89万吨。其中，东北地区大豆种植面积增加了53%，黑龙江省增幅达64%。但由于今年黑龙江、内蒙古局地遭受雹灾、旱灾和早霜，南方局地受暴雨灾害等而减产，这使中国大豆产量增幅不及面积增长幅度。
不过，国家粮油信息中心预测，2017年大豆播种面积继续扩大将是“大概率事件”。
——挑战——
种植收益低豆种少科技推广难 中国工程院院士、南京农业大学教授盖均镒认为，中国大豆产业面临的最大挑战是价格。当前，国际转基因大豆到岸价约3000元/吨，而中国国产大豆售价约3900元/吨，两者价差约20%。
内蒙古大兴安岭垦区地处东北黑土带上，盛产非转基因优质大豆。呼伦贝尔农垦集团董事长张福礼说：“多数豆农基本处在亏损边缘。”目前农垦区大豆生产成本已接近进口大豆销售价格。由于垦区距离大型加工企业距离较远，运费较高，加工企业还要承担存储费用。从比较效益而言，许多大豆加工企业无法来垦区采购大豆，导致垦区大豆销售不畅，种植大豆基本处在亏损或产出平衡状态。
而且，科技推广应用较难。张福礼说，在市场经济条件下，豆农都追求效益以维持生产生活，鉴于当前中国国产大豆低迷状况，多数豆农在节省成本上“动起脑筋”，弱化科技投入。耕整土地上减少程序，生产资料投入上避优选廉，田间管理上简单粗放；收获后存储上品类不分。“加上今年垦区遭受了有气象记录以来50年不遇的严重伏旱，大豆落花严重，经初步测算，大豆减产约40%。”
“大豆是土地利用率较低的作物，生产1吨大豆所用土地是生产1吨玉米的三倍，相对效益低。在农业现代化过程中，土地资源自然会向效率最高的作物转移。”吉林省农业科学院大豆育种首席研究员孙寰研究员说。
2014年黑龙江种植玉米每亩净利润为203元，而种植油豆净利润仅31元，二者相差将近6倍。山东禹王生态食业有限公司低粕事业部总经理徐振江说，比较收益低是大豆种植面积减少的主因；此外是适合第四、第五积温带种植的高蛋白豆种少、品质不稳定、农企对接模式不成熟等。
——建议——
选育专用的食用大豆品种 农业部《关于促进大豆生产发展的指导意见》要求，扩大面积，力争到2020年大豆面积达到1.4亿亩，比2015年增加4000万亩。提高单产，力争到2020年大豆平均亩产达到135公斤，比2015年提高15公斤。提高品质，力争到2020年食用大豆蛋白质含量提高2个百分点，榨油大豆含油率提高1个百分点。提高效益，通过加快科技创新、经营体制创新、加大政策扶持，实现增产增效、节本增效、提质增效。
“进口转基因大豆含油高、价格低，已牢牢占领了压榨市场，中国国产大豆很难与之竞争，也没有必要竞争。中国国产大豆非转基因、蛋白含量高，在豆腐、豆浆、豆芽、发酵类大豆、分离蛋白等食用大豆市场有优势。振兴中国大豆产业，就必须走食用、特用、专用之路。”孙寰认为，进口和中国国产大豆已不是同一个商品，分属于两个不同市场。保护中国国产大豆的策略和政策就是利用、管控好两个市场。
大豆是最优质蛋白源，中国有几千年食用大豆的传统和习惯。
中国农业科学院作物科学研究所研究员韩天富建议，控制转基因大豆进入食用豆市场，开发适于加工不同食用豆制品的专用大豆品种，形成绝对优势。如豆腐用大豆要求可溶性蛋白比例高；豆浆用大豆要求蛋白质和水苏糖含量高，亚麻酸、油酸和亚油酸含量低；菜用大豆应选择蔗糖、天门冬氨酸与谷氨酸含量高的品种；酱油用大豆应选择不饱和脂肪酸、糖分、球蛋白及脂肪含量高的品种。
“大豆不是含油越高越好，蛋白的质量和组分影响豆产品的质量和风味，选育一对一的食用大豆品种，是中国国产大豆振兴的唯一出路。”孙寰等专家均如此表示。
盖均镒认为，大豆产业的生存决定于效益和科技。必须创新出平均亩产达200公斤、潜力亩产达300公斤的品种，建立育繁推一体化育种体系，育种技术、机械和仪器设备研发，实现全程机械化、信息化的高产技术等。
增加补贴加大科技应用和投入
当前市场，销售的大豆并没有根据质量分级，豆产品销售中是“优质不优价”。如大兴安岭垦区自然条件好、环境无污染、病虫发生轻，其大豆具有油分、异黄酮、维生素E、类胡萝卜素含量高，外观品质好等特点。“但在销售中，这些优点并没有变成实际的价格优势。”张福礼说。
因此，张福礼表示，国家在实际生产中，不仅应为豆农提供质量好、抗逆性强、优良特性稳定的优良品种，还应为豆农购种给予补贴，补贴额度应不低于种子购买价格的50%，激励育种单位生产好种子，扶持豆农种植好种子；给予豆农改良土壤补贴，鼓励和扶持豆农增施生物有机肥，逐步减少化肥施用量，既能改良土壤，改善土壤板结程度，又能提升农产品品质。
为确保大豆产业健康发展，还必须加大科技应用和投入。如加强栽培技术改进，提高耕地耕种质量，加强田间管理，提高技术到位率，创建绿色增产高效集成模式，简单易懂可操作性强，利于大面积快速推广等。
(责任编辑：肖武岗 UN845)
2017-01-03 08:33:25
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