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published in(发表于) 2013/12/6 12:15:25
Talk about air defense identification zone: no need for the others

Talk about air defense identification zone: no need for the other sooner or later, Japan and the United States to accept | venting _ Professor identification | | focus news

  Sea air defense identification zone wrestling "sooner or later, Japan and the United States to accept"


China East air defense identification zone being the recent international attention.


Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei on December 5 at a press conference, said: "we have repeatedly stressed that China East air defense identification zone is to safeguard the country's sovereignty and territorial airspace security initiatives, in line with international law and practice, States should be understanding, respect and cooperation. ”


A day earlier, XI Jinping, China's President, met with the visiting United States when Vice President Joe Biden, both sides also discussed this issue. XI Jinping reiterated China's principled position designated sea air defense identification zone.


According to Hong Lei's introduction, the East China Sea since the publication air defence identification zone, be understood by more and more countries agree that at present in 19 countries and 3 regions 55 airlines to inform the Chinese side of the flight plan. But Japan insisted the Government's domestic Airlines flight plans not to inform the Chinese side.


At the same time, Japan specifically called for the Chinese to withdraw air defense identification zone. United States has not specifically called for the Chinese to withdraw, but indicated that he did not acknowledge, does not accept the China East air defense identification zone. In fact, the United States first delineated as early as the 50 's of the last century had its own air defense identification zone, Japan and subsequently established the air defense identification zone in the late 60 's. Currently has more than 20 countries and regions in the world to establish an air defense identification zone.


"For the China East air defense identification zone, United States and Japan will accept. "Professor Wang xiangsui at Beihang University Centre for strategic studies Director in 21st century business Herald reporter, said," since China designated an air defense identification zone, it will stick. ”


Long-term study international law, Singapore National University law school Associate Professor Wang Jiangyu also believes that establishment of the air defense identification zone, China as a military power to uphold national security problems inherent to, marked on the exercise of their legitimate rights.


 Requires informed the foreign aircraft is "international practices"


Of the 21st century: the Chinese Foreign Ministry said China designated sea air defense identification zone in accordance with international law and practice. What are designated air defense identification zone covered by international law? What is the usual international practice?


Wang Jiangyu: sets the rules of the air defense identification zone is not prohibited under international law, but a number of international conventions, as required under the Chicago Convention on international civil aviation to identify settings does not prejudice freedom of the air. Western countries generally be understood to include not only the freedom of navigation of civil aircraft, as well as military aircraft and foreign military freedom of action.


China's Foreign Ministry referred to international practice, should mean the world including the United States, a dozen countries have set up an air defense identification zone, in which United States established the oldest, the rule is most clear. It is important to note, United States provisions on the identification of areas, there are also "law". United States federal law (Title 14, Section 99, Code of Federal Regulations) stipulates that the United States identify aircraft in the region, to the United States Government has informed the relevant authorities the flight plan, and open two-way communication, to the United States provide recognition signals.


But in practice, the United States did not strictly enforce the regulations, without notification to identify foreign aircraft tend to turn a blind eye. Past Soviet military aircraft entered the United States to identify, are generally not informed the flight plan, United States was monitored. Although the United States informed the law itself provides that United States generally opposed in practice of similar provisions in other countries. MOD air defence identification zone of the East China Sea, China aircraft recognition rules should be referred to a United States rules proposed reporting requirements, but also flexible to perform, this is known as the "international practices".


Of the 21st century: after China announced the establishment of the air defense identification zone, Japan insisted China revoked, such a request is reasonable?


Wang xiangsui at: I think Japan asked for the withdrawal of air defense identification zone is not justified. Because in this region of China, is the East China Sea the State concerned are entitled to designated air defense identification zone.


As for the United States did not recognize the problem, even if the United States does not recognize, the Chinese side has to do. Does not recognize will bring some trouble even include a safety threat to the aircraft. Does not inform the House if civil aircraft, military aircraft for observation. In this respect, United States airlines have been acknowledged by Chinese air defense identification zone, and flew over the briefing has been to China.


Wang Jiangyu: Japan is very strange, typical of his gangster-like logic and overbearing demands. Japan air identification zone is set as early as 1969, 2010 extended, full coverage of Diaoyu Islands and China's chunxiao oil fields now, and not just China's exclusive economic zones overlap, and distance very close to China's coast.


Japan set, whatever is logically and morally or legally, are not eligible to demand that China withdraw.


Japan such a requirement embodies has continued for more than a century for China's "bullying" great psychological, although Japan military close to the Chinese coastline surveillance has become commonplace, Japan just won't tolerate China for basic prevention.


 Located recognition area, without prior consultation with others


Of the 21st century: which has United States civil aviation company flight plan communicated to the Chinese case, the Japan Government continues to ban Japan Airlines reported to the Chinese side, this will be of any consequence?


Wang Jiangyu: in time of peace, should not be a big problem, since civil aircraft typically open two-way communication, and will actively cooperate with the patrol aircraft or Government agency concerned inquiry, but inevitable mistakes. In times of war or emergency, the risk of miscalculation is very big.


Of the 21st century: us says dissatisfaction with the Chinese designated air defense identification zone one of the reasons is the Chinese side without prior consultation with the countries concerned. Prior consultation is to establish air defense identification zone must be one of the programs?


Wang xiangsui at: United States Air Defense identification zone was established as early as 1950, nor has it and consultations in China.


Wang Jiangyu: subject to negotiation, of course, is not a necessary procedure, an establishment of the air defense identification zone, belonging to the domestic law, does not violate any international laws, without the consent of the other States. But from the perspective of international relations, help to alleviate other countries to be vigilant in its prior consultations, such as the United States Air Defense identification zone it has set itself, and consult allies. Of course, United States was not "enemy States" prior consultation.


  Recognition is a big country of basic security needs


Of the 21st century: a country's air defense identification zone coverage is generally determined?


Wang xiangsui at: there are no specific criteria, based mainly on the security threat and need them to be.


Wang Jiangyu: usually take into account the following elements: the need to maintain national security and naval warning distance; the level of development of their military technology, such as radar detection distances and military response capability.


Of the 21st century: East China Sea Air Defense identification zone with Japan and Korea air defense identification zone overlaps, duplication, how to solve?


Wang xiangsui at: apt to overlap in disputed cases. China and Japan on the Diaoyu Island sovereignty dispute, you advise you, I liked me. Contentious negotiations, Japan does not recognize the controversy is deceiving, we designated air defense identification zone have disputed. Does not recognize the controversy means that you are not ready to negotiate to resolve the problem, but resolved through unilateral action. This is actually an outdated Imperial mentality, especially to Japan, even more so, I think it needs to change.


Wang Jiangyu: this only through negotiation. As setting recognition is a unilateral act, determined in accordance with the domestic law of a State-wide, there is no clearly demarcated under international law.


Of the 21st century: on the air defense identification zone, Chinese Defense Ministry spokesman has clarified the difference between zones and its airspace. Air Defense identification zone over the zones, exclusive economic zones and these concepts differ?


Wang Jiangyu: these are different concepts. Air Defense identification zone and the exclusive economic zone of large range overlaps may occur, but the former extent of the establishment of the latter does not. Zones are located within the territory of a State, for defence or war need to prohibit unauthorized aircraft flew.


Of the 21st century: what is the significance of establishing the air defense identification zone?


Wang xiangsui at: first, in order to protect national security, because the baseline of the territorial sea 12 nautical miles away from the Chinese. Under the conditions of the modern aviation technology, sufficient to protect the 12 nautical miles from the naval safety, after all, once you have left our reaction time is very short. Demarcation of air defense identification zones could be expanded in the future direction of Chinese naval defense, screening of relevant threat, which is conducive to China's national security. Airspace and territorial waters is a historical concept, the concept of sovereignty, air defense identification zone is not, it is based on the new threat, the new zone set for the defense of their country.


Second, China's neighboring countries, mainly Japan and Korea air defense identification zone have been established, such recognition is closer, in effect giving rise to a threat to China some degree of sea and sky. Like our vessels when law enforcement in the Diaoyu Islands, Japan can use to detect and identify air defense identification zone, interfering with our shipping duties. Delineation of the air defense identification zone in China after Japan degree of observation and monitoring of such flights, or even intervention.


Wang Jiangyu: I think this is a good thing. First, as a large country, air defense identification zone is to safeguard the basic needs of national airspace safety, I should say, should have established this. Establishment of the air defense identification zone, China as a military power to uphold national security problems inherent to, marked on the exercise of their legitimate rights, but also to other countries showed China's determination and ability to safeguard the interests of its own security and sovereignty. Second, set the air defense identification zone, but also to China and Japan in the East China Sea contested rights set an important bargaining chip, changed the previously only Japan has unilaterally recognized district and to limit China's situation.


(Cub reporter Shen Jun to you make a contribution to this article)

(Edit: SN094)
December 06, 2013 21st century business Herald
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教授谈防空识别区:无须知会他国日美迟早要接受|放空识别区|教授|焦点_新闻资讯

  东海防空识别区角力 “日美迟早要接受”


  中国划设的东海防空识别区成为近期国际焦点。


  中国外交部发言人洪磊12月5日在记者会上说:“我们多次强调,中国划设东海防空识别区是维护国家主权和领土领空安全的正当举措,符合国际法和国际惯例,各国应予以理解、尊重和配合。”


  此前一天,中国国家主席习近平会见来访的美国副总统拜登时,双方也谈及这一问题。习近平重申了中国划设东海防空识别区的原则立场。


  据洪磊介绍,东海防空识别区公布以来,得到越来越多国家的理解认同,目前已有19个国家和3个地区的55家航空公司向中方通报了飞行计划。但目前日本政府坚持要求国内航空公司不要向中方通报飞行计划。


  同时,日本明确要求中国撤销防空识别区。美国虽未明确要求中国撤销,但也表示不承认、不接受中方的东海防空识别区。事实上,美国早在上世纪50年代就率先划定了自己的防空识别区,日本随后也在上世纪60年代设立了防空识别区。目前世界上已有20多个国家和地区设立了防空识别区。


  “对于中国东海防空识别区,美国和日本迟早要接受。”北京航空航天大学战略问题研究中心主任王湘穗教授在接受21世纪经济报道记者采访时表示,“中国既然划设了防空识别区,就会坚持到底。”


  长期研究国际法的新加坡国立大学法学院副教授王江雨也认为,设立防空识别区,是中国作为一个军事大国维护国家安全的题中应有之义,标志着中国对自己正当权利的行使。


  要求外来航空器通报是“国际惯例”


  《21世纪》:中国外交部表示,中方划设东海防空识别区符合国际法和国际惯例。划设防空识别区涉及的国际法有哪些?通常的国际惯例是什么?


  王江雨:国际法上没有禁止设置防空识别区的规则,但是一些国际公约,如关于国际民航的《芝加哥公约》要求识别区的设置不能妨害航空自由。西方国家一般将此理解为不仅包括民航飞机的自由航行,也包括军用飞机和外国军事行动的自由。


  中国外交部所指的国际惯例,应该是说世界上包括美国在内的十几个国家已经设立了防空识别区,其中美国设立时间最早,规则也最明确。要注意的是,美国关于识别区的规定,也有“有法不依”的情况。美国联邦法律(Title 14, Section 99, Code of Federal Regulations)规定,在美国识别区内的航空器,必须向美国政府有关机关通报飞行计划,并且开通双向通信,及时向美国提供识别信号。


  但是在实践中,美国并不严格执行这个规定,对未经通报进入识别区的外来航空器往往睁只眼闭只眼。过去苏联军机进入美国识别区,一般不会通报飞行计划,美国也只是加以监视。尽管美国自身法律有通报规定,美国在实践中一般反对其他国家的同类规定。中国国防部的《东海防空识别区航空器识别规则》应该是参考了美国的相关规则,提出通报要求,但执行起来也会灵活掌握,这就是所谓的“国际惯例”吧。


  《21世纪》:在中国宣布设立防空识别区后,日本坚持要求中国撤销,这样的要求是否合理?


  王湘穗:我认为日本要求撤销防空识别区是很没有道理的。因为中国处在这一区域,是东海有关国家,有权划定防空识别区。


  至于美国不承认的问题,即使美国不承认,中方也得这么做。不承认会带来一些麻烦甚至包括对航空器的安全威胁。如果民用航空器总是不进行通报,会有军用飞机进行观察。在这方面,美国已有民航公司承认了中国防空识别区,并且已经向中国进行了飞越的通报。


  王江雨:日本的要求很奇怪,属于典型的强盗逻辑和霸道要求吧。因为日本早在1969年就设置了航空识别区,2010年将其扩大,现在全面涵盖钓鱼岛和中国的春晓油田等,不仅与中国的专属经济区重叠,而且距离中国海岸线很近。


  日本既然设置在先,无论是逻辑上、道义上还是法律上,都没有资格要求中国撤销。


  日本这种要求,体现了一种已经持续百年以上的对中国的“霸凌”式优越心理,就是尽管日本军机贴近中国海岸线侦察已经成为常态,日本就是容不得中国有基本的防范。


  设识别区无须事先与他国协商


  《21世纪》:在已经有美国民用航空公司向中方通报飞行计划的情况下,日本政府仍然禁止日本航空公司向中方报备,这会带来什么后果?


  王江雨:和平时期,应该没有什么大问题,因为民航机一般会开通双向通信,并且会积极配合有关巡逻机或政府机构的询问,但也难免出现有差错的情形。在战争时期或紧急状态下,误判的风险就很大。


  《21世纪》:美方说不满中方划设防空识别区的理由之一,是中方没有事先与相关国家协商。事先协商是设立防空识别区必须的程序之一吗?


  王湘穗:美国早在1950年就设立了防空识别区,它也没有和中国协商。


  王江雨:协商当然不是必经程序,一国设立防空识别区,属于国内法行为,不会违反任何国际法,所以无须征得其他国家同意。但从国际关系角度讲,事先协商有助于缓解其他国家的警惕心,比如美国觉得自己设立的防空识别区,都会和盟国商议。当然,美国是不会和“敌国”事先协商的。


  识别区是大国安全的基本需要


  《21世纪》:一国防空识别区的覆盖范围一般是如何确定的?


  王湘穗:没有特定的标准,主要根据安全威胁和需要而定。


  王江雨:通常要考虑如下要素:维护国防安全所需要的海空预警距离;本国军事技术的发展程度,比如雷达的探测距离和军机的反应能力。


  《21世纪》:东海防空识别区与日本和韩国的防空识别区部分重叠,出现重叠时如何解决?


  王湘穗:在存在争议的情况下容易出现重叠。中国与日本在钓鱼岛主权上有争议,你主张你的,我主张我的。有争议就要进行谈判,日本不承认争议是掩耳盗铃,那我们就划定防空识别区来看有没有争议。不承认争议就意味着不准备谈判来解决问题,而是通过单方面的行动来解决。这其实是一种过时的帝国心态,尤其对日本来说更为如此,我觉得它需要好好改变。


  王江雨:这个只有通过协商了。因为设置识别区是单方行为,根据一国国内法确定范围,没有国际法上的明确划界。


  《21世纪》:关于防空识别区,中国国防部新闻发言人曾经特别澄清了它与领空和禁飞区的区别。防空识别区与禁飞区、专属经济区上空这些概念有何不同?


  王江雨:这些属于不同的概念。防空识别区和专属经济区可能会出现大范围的重叠,但前者的设立并不以后者为限。禁飞区一般设于某国领土之内,为了国防或战争需要,禁止未经许可的航空器飞行。


  《21世纪》:我国设立防空识别区有何意义?


  王湘穗:其一是为了保障国家安全,因为领海基线离中国只有12海里。而在现代航空技术的条件下,12海里不足以保障来自海空的安全,毕竟一旦有事,留给我方的反应时间非常短。划定防空识别区以后可以扩大中国对于海空方向的防御范围,对有关威胁进行甄别,这有利于中国的国家安全。领空领海是历史概念、主权概念,防空识别区不是,它是根据新的威胁,为保卫国家而设定的新区域。


  其二,中国周边国家,主要是日本和韩国都设立了防空识别区,这些识别区离我们很近,实际上造成了对中国海空某种程度的威胁。比如我们的船只在钓鱼岛进行执法时,日本可以利用防空识别区进行侦察和识别,干扰我们的船只执行公务。中国划定防空识别区后就能对日本这样的飞行进行一定程度的观察和监视,甚至干预。


  王江雨:我认为这是一件好事。第一,作为一个大国,防空识别区本是维护国家领空安全的基本需要,应该说早就该设立了。设立防空识别区,是中国作为一个军事大国维护国家安全的题中应有之义,标志着中国对自己正当权利的行使,也向其他国家展示中国维护自身安全和主权利益的决心和能力。第二,设置防空识别区,也给中国以后和日本在东海争夺权益设置了一个重要筹码,改变了以前只有日本单方有识别区并以之来局限中国的局面。


  (实习记者申俊函对此文亦有贡献)


(编辑:SN094)
2013年12月06日03:33
21世纪经济报道
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