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The author:(作者)aaapublished in(发表于) 2013/12/11 8:48:15 PHS frequencies are not into the 4G band， three operators running out of time in vain，
PHS frequency is not inconclusive three carriers into the 4G band dark war-PHS and PHS band, China Mobile, China Unicom, China Telecom 's-IT information PHS frequency is not inconclusive three carriers into the 4G band dark war
PHS again caught people's attention, this time not only left more than 10 million users, but behind the spectrum resources.
On December 4, the Ministry of industry and information technology official issuance of TD-LTE licences to three carriers, plus the TD-LTE completed in November has already been allocated spectrum resources, China's formal entry into the 4G era. In the spectrum allocated to the operators, the three carriers won their respective bands. But think that TDD is the most excellent 1900-1920MHz PHS band does not appear in this distribution.
In fact, back in October 2002, the former Ministry of information industry has clearly 1880-1920MHz as main working frequency of the TDD. Subsequently, the three carriers around this resource, and launched a protracted battle.
As the only operating 3G TD-SCDMA, China Mobile is default to the PHS band of course owner. Over the years, China Mobile is constantly beg for this portion of the band. But PHS operators, China Telecom and China Unicom have not talked yet, protect the interests of the PHS users under the slogan, this portion of the band was held off until now.
Now with China Telecom and China Unicom gained TD-LTE business licensing, both carriers also had "new ideas" that claimed the right to inheritance of PHS by China Telecom and China Unicom frequency. Surrounding PHS frequency attribution, games between the three carriers will continue.
Do not achieve optimal resource
Spectrum resources for wireless communications is the equivalent of real estate developers to reserve land resources, no spectrum, everything is talking about. With "crazy," the band will not only directly affect the quality of phone calls and network transmission, also decided that the operators in the field of base stations into high and low.
3G times, China Telecom CDMA2000 is a 800MHz band, China Mobile TD-SCDMA is the band and 1800MHz and 2.1GHz for China Unicom WCDMA band.
According to the principle of communication, communication and signal transmission loss is proportional to the frequency, the larger the higher the frequency transmission loss; in the same transmission loss cases, distance is inversely proportional to the frequency, that is, the higher the frequency, transmission distance and shorter.
In simple terms, is the high frequency of high energy consumption, transmission distance short, requires the establishment of a large number of base stations; whereas the low frequencies with high penetration, coverage, such as excellent frequency characteristics, reduces carriers ' network costs.
The early part of the operator's mobile phone consumers even dubbed the "window". Compared with the embarrassment of China Mobile and China Unicom, as China Telecom uses 3G band 800MHz at low frequencies, thus 3G in the three carriers signal is best.
In November 2013, 4G frequency allocation.
Latest Division of TD-LTE frequency bands showed that mobile access to 130MHz, 1880-1900MHz, 2320-2370MHz, and 2575-2635MHz, respectively; China Unicom won the 40MHz, 2300-2320MHz, 2555-2575MHz respectively; China Telecom, 40MHz, 2370-2390MHz, 2635-2655MHz, respectively.
Judging from the allocation of spectrum resources, in addition to part of China Mobile 1800MHz band resources, three operators were given a high-band spectrum resource.
From a global perspective, three bands of 700MHz/1.8GHz/2.6GHz the mainstream 4G band selected for overseas operators. Among them, the spectrum has been regarded by the operator 4G 700MHz NET the gold band.
In China, the 700MHz spectrum are radio controlled, and for the resources, big brothers are already eyeing the field of communications, and has always plotting a designated it to one's own account.
Early in "China Wi-Fi integration Conference 2011" on China Mobile official has said, should be opened as soon as possible 700MHz bands for LTE development, which is conducive to LTE to provide quality mobile broadband services.
In addition, the experts suggested that the 700M bands need to be planned and broadcasting cede parts of the 700M band of idle resources, telecom carrier to develop mobile services, in particular TD-LTE and FDD-LTE.
However, given the difficult triple the pace and intricate web of interests, radio and TV make analog TV frequencies, this is unlikely.
PHS frequencies fight and industrial change
Low frequency resource in radio, hands, is expected to be unreachable, telecoms competition for existing high quality spectrum resources has become more competitive.
In accordance with ITU regulations, amounted to 55M and 2010-2025MHz band 1880-1920MHz band bandwidth for TDD. 1880-1920MHz Chinese 3G standard TD-SCDMA core frequency is also the best resource, but the band has long been used for PHS.
PHS (PHS) official titles should be mobile phone, mainly refers to fixed phones are no longer fixed in one location, is free to move within the wireless network coverage, use, anytime and anywhere to answer and local and domestic and international phone calls.
In 1996, raised in Yuhang, Zhejiang Telecom Secretary Xu Fuxin PHS PHS grafted to a fixed telephone network, using a network of China Telecom, PHS wireless technology on the front end, becomes an established small phone fixed online. In January 1998, Zhejiang Yuhang district official opening of PHS, marking the PHS's formal entry into the Chinese market.
In 1998 the Ministry of information industry 1900-1920MHz 20MHz frequency of planned for PHS (PHS) system frequencies, which were shared by China Telecom and China Netcom. After restructuring in telecommunications, PHS business operated by China Telecom and China Unicom, this portion of the band now rests in the hands of the two carriers.
In 2001, the former Ministry of information industry issued on the cleanup of the circular of the 1885-2025MHz and 2110-2200MHz bands, provided the core band using a period at the end of 2002, abruptly withdrawn after the expiration, assigned by the Ministry of information industry.
In October 2002, according to the ITU Radio Regulations amended, the Ministry of information industry issued the third generation public mobile communication system of the issues of frequency planning, clear 1880-1920MHz (including 1900-1920MHz) for TDD mode in third generation public mobile communication system of main working frequency.
At the same time, PHS system occupies the main band TDD, as well as the 3G-o-band WCDMA and CDMA2000 systems there are different levels of electromagnetic interference, including more serious interference with the WCDMA system, Ministry of information industry, China Telecom and China Unicom's PHS business to exit the 1915-1920MHz frequency.
However, in this case PHS subscribers in China has entered a rapid growth, in August 2002, the PHS opened in more than 200 cities in mainland China, the system network capacity of more than 11 million lines, number of Internet users more than 6 million. In December of that year, PHS business in addition to the Beijing and Shanghai area once.
Quickly swells PHS users market, recover the idea of frequency has not been realized.
In the meantime, operate as TD-SCDMA, the only principal, sound production in China has been constantly moving on various occasions, and beg for this portion of the spectrum resource.
In May 2008, raised China Mobile, TD-band is insufficient, to recover the PHS TD occupied by band. In July of that year, China Mobile's Technology Department an internal meeting of stakeholders on TD Union, current TD commercial trial of frequency resources already feels cramped, and assigned as soon as possible and calls on the Ministry of industry and information technology, 1880-1920MHz band, said he hoped the next year (2009) can enable the early frequencies.
China Mobile's strong "forced" PHS operators, China Telecom and China Unicom during the 2008 communication exhibition responded by saying: "PHS users on a user is in a particular market segment, existing CDMA users and different in nature, and existing GSM users can vary. 3-5 year, PHS users will not go away. "
China Telecom and China Unicom, to protect interests of 70 million xiaolingtong users for reasons fall rebuffed the PHS network and the surrender of frequency resource requirements.
In 2009, once again, the Ministry of industry and information technology issued a notice asking 1900-1920MHz band PHS should be completed before the end of 2011 clear net work back, it use frequencies unconditionally back; operating companies in the 1900-1920MHz band wireless access system, stop the expansion and development of new user and may not expand coverage; to be developed by China Telecom and China Unicom retreated net programmes.
In 2011, the PHS to clear the net back end again, encountered problems and had previous ones, how users place, how to ensure that the interests of consumers?
Current data shows that the end of 2011, PHS has 18.6 million users, only mandatory clearing by carrier frequencies back screen is not realistic. The clear fall frequency network again nothing came of it.
According to latest data of the Ministry of industry and information technology, to the end of the first quarter of 2013, PHS users will still have about 10 million households in China. During this period, though PHS to a sole delisting official news, China Telecom and China Unicom are clarified for the first time did not receive notification. As to when the PHS clear frequencies back screen, there is still the absence of a clear message.
Prior to this, development of TD's burden has been borne by China Mobile, but 1900-1920MHz already explicitly for the development of TD, PHS frequency defaults to belong to all China Mobile, China Mobile has always wanted to get this part of the spectrum resources as soon as possible.
By the year 2013, 1900-1920MHz clarity of ownership began to blur.
So far this year, there have been rumors, China Telecom and China Unicom are likely to get a TD license.
In June, China Telecom Chairman Wang Xiaochu said frequencies are the deepest resources of telecom services, any operator will inevitably be mixed network, cover the FDD in many major markets, and for urban areas with high traffic volume will be gradually adopting TDD way to absorb excess traffic.
On August 8, China Unicom Chairman Chang Xiaobing said the estimated State and licences for 3G in similar, first a TD-LTE licence, therefore, China Unicom recently has undertaken a TD-LTE test.
On December 4, the dust has settled. Ministry of industry and information technology official 4G licences were issued to three carriers, China Mobile, China Unicom and China Telecom have access to TD-LTE network operating licence. This also means, the three carriers are eligible to claim a PHS band TDD used to develop their own network, after all, the policy only specifies the frequency for TDD, but does not specify a carrier. Claiming the right to inherit China Telecom and China Unicom PHS frequencies.
In addition, the rumored internal meeting of China Telecom, China Telecom executives made "together with China Unicom, both committed to PHS frequencies left for TDD".
But PHS frequencies has been regarded as a unique resource of China Mobile's apparent reluctance to give up easily. In 2013, GTI Asia Conference, China Mobile Chairman XI guohua said, "have to use TDD technology used by many not very good non-symmetrical use spectrum efficiently. "The meaning of this is occupied by the PHS band.
November 2013, the latest TD-LTE band Division showed, China Mobile access to 1880-1900MHz, 2320-2370MHz, 2575-2635MHz band; China Unicom getting 2300-2320MHz, 2555-2575MHz band; China Telecom access to 2370-2390MHz, 2635-2655MHz band.
Here, there is no PHS 1900~1920MHz figure. Around the PHS frequencies belong, game between the three carriers will continue.
小灵通频率未入4G频段 三大运营商暗战无果 - 小灵通,小灵通频段,中国移动,中国联通,中国电信 - IT资讯小灵通频率未入4G频段 三大运营商暗战无果
小灵通再次引起了人们的关注，这次不是其仅剩的1000多万用户，而是背后的频谱资源。
12月4日，工业和信息化部正式向三大运营商发放TD-LTE经营许可，加上在11月已经分配完成的TD—LTE频谱资源，中国正式进入4G时代。在此次分配给运营商的频谱资源中，三大运营商获得了各自的频段。不过被认为是TDD性能最为优良的小灵通1900—1920MHz频段在此次分配中并未出现。
事实上，早在2002年10月，原信息产业部就已明确1880-1920MHz为TDD的主要工作频段。随后，三大运营商围绕着这一资源，展开了旷日持久的攻防战。
作为3G时代TD-SCDMA唯一的运营主体，中国移动被默认为是小灵通频段的当然所有者。这些年来，中国移动不断讨要这部分频段。不过小灵通的运营商中国电信和中国联通一直没有松口，在保护小灵通用户利益的口号下，这部分频段被保留至今。
而今随着中国电信和中国联通获得了TD-LTE经营许可，这两家运营商也有了“新的想法”，中国电信和中国联通声称有权继承小灵通使用的频率。围绕着小灵通频率归属，三大运营商之间的博弈仍将继续。
未获得最优资源
频谱资源对于无线通信就相当于房地产开发商储备的土地资源，没有频谱，一切都是奢谈。拥有“靠谱”的频段不仅会直接影响手机通话和网络传输的质量，还决定运营商在基站领域投入高低。
3G时代，中国电信CDMA2000用的是800MHz的频段，中国移动TD-SCDMA用的是1800MHz和2.1GHz的频段，而中国联通WCDMA也是用2.1GHz的频段。
根据通信原理，通信信号传输损耗与频率成正比，即频率越高传输损耗越大；在同样传输损耗情况下，传输距离与频率成反比，即频率越高，传输距离越短。
简单来说，就是高频率能耗高，传输距离短，需要建立大量基站；而低频率则具有高穿透性，大覆盖性等优良的频谱特性，能降低运营商的建网成本。
初期，部分运营商的手机甚至被消费者戏称为“窗边机”。与中国移动和中国联通的尴尬相比，由于中国电信使用的3G频段是低频段的800MHz，因而在三大运营商中3G信号最好。
2013年11月，4G频率划分。
最新划分的TD-LTE频段结果显示，中国移动获得130MHz，分别为1880-1900MHz、2320-2370MHz、2575-2635MHz；中国联通获得40MHz，分别为2300-2320MHz、2555-2575MHz；中国电信获得40MHz，分别为2370-2390MHz、2635-2655MHz。
从此次分配的频谱资源来看，除中国移动获得部分1800MHz频段资源外，三家运营商都拿到了高频段频谱资源。
从全球来看，700MHz/1.8GHz/2.6GHz三大频段为海外运营商选择的4G频段的主流。其中，700MHz频谱一直被运营商视为4G布网的黄金频段。
在我国，700MHz频谱已被广电控制，而对于这一资源，通信领域的大佬们早就虎视眈眈，并一直谋划着将其划到自己的帐下。
早在“2011中国无线网络融合大会”上，中国移动相关负责人曾表示，应尽快开放700MHz频段用于LTE发展，这样有利于LTE提供优质的移动宽带服务。
此外，也有相关专家建议，需对700M频段进行统一规划，广电让出700M频段的部分闲置资源，给予电信运营商开展移动业务，特别是TD-LTE与FDD-LTE。
但是，鉴于三网融合的艰难步伐以及错综复杂的利益关系，广电让出模拟电视的频段，这种可能性微乎其微。
小灵通的频率之争及产业变局
低频率资源在广电手上，可望而不可及，电信运营商对现有优质频谱资源争夺越发激烈。
按照国际电联规定，1880-1920MHz频段以及2010-2025MHz频段共计55M带宽用于TDD。其中1880-1920MHz是国产3G标准TD-SCDMA的核心频率也是最优资源，不过这一频段早已用于小灵通。
小灵通(PHS)的正式称谓应是移动固话，主要是指固定电话不再固定在某个位置，可在无线网络覆盖范围内自由移动使用，随时随地接听、拨打本地和国内、国际电话。
1996年，浙江余杭电信局局长徐福新提出把PHS无线市话嫁接到固定电话网上，用中国电信网络，前端接上PHS的无线技术，就成了一个建立在固定网上的小手机。1998年1月，浙江余杭区正式开通小灵通，标志着小灵通正式进入中国市场。
1998年原信息产业部将1900—1920MHz共20MHz频率规划为小灵通(PHS)系统频率，由当时的中国电信与中国网通共用。在经过电信业重组之后，小灵通业务由中国电信和中国联通运营，这部分频段现在也掌握在这两家运营商手中。
2001年，原信息产业部发布《关于清理1885-2025MHz及2110-2200MHz频段有关问题的通知》，规定这些核心频段使用有效期截至2002年底，期满后将无条件收回，由信息产业部另行分配。
2002年10月,根据国际电联《无线电规则》的修订，原信息产业部印发了《关于第三代公众移动通信系统频率规划问题的通知》，明确1880-1920MHz（含1900-1920MHz）为第三代公众移动通信系统TDD方式的主要工作频段。
同时，由于小灵通系统占用了TDD主要工作频段，以及对3G邻频段的WCDMA系统和CDMA2000系统存在不同程度的电磁干扰，其中对WCDMA系统的干扰较为严重，信息产业部要求中国电信与中国联通的小灵通业务退出1915—1920MHz频率。
不过，此时国内小灵通用户数已经进入了快速增长区间，2002年8月，小灵通在中国大陆200多地市开通，系统网络容量达1100多万线，网上用户数超过600万。当年12月，小灵通业务在除京、沪之外的地区全面开禁。
面对快速膨涨的小灵通用户市场，收回频率的想法没有实现。
在此期间，作为TD-SCDMA唯一的运营主体，中国移动在各种场合不断发声，讨要这部分频谱资源。
2008年5月，中国移动提出，TD频段不够用，要收回被小灵通所占用的TD频段。当年7月，中国移动技术部相关人士在TD联盟的一个内部会议上表示，当前TD试商用的频率资源已经感觉局促，并呼吁工业和信息化部尽快指配1880-1920MHz的频段，称希望明年（2009年）年初就能启用该频段。
面对中国移动的强势“逼宫”，小灵通的运营商中国电信和中国联通在2008年通信展期间回应称：“小灵通用户是在特定细分市场上的用户，和现有的CDMA用户不同质，和现有的GSM用户也不同。三到五年内，小灵通用户都不会消失”。
中国电信和中国联通以保护7000万小灵通用户的利益为理由，回绝了小灵通退网以及移交频率资源的要求。
时间到了2009年，工业和信息化部再次发布通知，要求1900—1920MHz频段小灵通应在2011年底前完成清频退网工作，其所用频率无条件收回；运营企业应对在用的1900-1920MHz频段无线接入系统，停止扩容和发展新用户，不得扩大覆盖范围；中国电信和中国联通须制定相关的退网方案。
2011年，小灵通再次到了清频退网的大限，此时遇到的问题和此前几次一样，用户如何安置，消费者的利益如何保证？
当时的数据显示，2011年年底，小灵通仍有1860万用户，仅靠运营商的力量强制性的清频退网并不现实。此次清频退网再次不了了之。
根据工业和信息化部的最新数据，至2013年一季度末我国小灵通用户仍有1000万户左右。在此期间，虽然不断有小灵通于某月某日正式退市的消息传出，但中国电信和中国联通都在第一时间及时的澄清没有收到相关通知。至于小灵通何时完成清频退网，目前仍未有明确的消息。
此前，发展TD的重任一直由中国移动一家来承担，而1900—1920MHz早已明确用于发展TD，因此小灵通的频率资源默认为属于中国移动一家所有，中国移动也一直希望尽早拿到这部分频段资源。
时间到了2013年，1900—1920MHz的本来清晰的归属权开始变得模糊起来。
今年以来，不断有传言称，中国电信和中国联通都有可能获得TD牌照。
6月，中国电信董事长王晓初表示，频率是制约电信运营商服务最核心的资源，任何运营商都不可避免将进行混合组网，在众多大市场上采用FDD进行覆盖，而对于市区高话务量地区将逐步采用TDD方式来吸收多余的话务量。
8月8日，中国联通董事长常小兵表示，估计国家会与发3G牌照类似，会先发TD-LTE牌照，因此，联通最近已开展TD-LTE试验。
12月4日，尘埃落定。工业和信息化部正式向三大运营商发放了4G牌照，中国移动、中国联通、中国电信都获得TD-LTE网络运营许可。这也意味着，三大运营商都有资格要求获得小灵通的频段用于发展自己的TDD网络，毕竟政策只规定这一频率用于TDD，但未指明给某一家运营商。中国电信和中国联通声称有权继承小灵通使用的频率。
此外，有传言称在中国电信的内部会议上，中国电信的高层提出“希望与中国联通一起，双方共同致力于将小灵通频率留下用于TDD”。
不过一直将小灵通频率视为独有资源的中国移动显然不愿意轻易放弃。在2013年GTI亚洲大会上，中国移动董事长奚国华就表示，“必须要用TDD技术将许多没有被很好使用的非对称频谱高效地利用起来。”而这所指的就是小灵通所占用的频段。
2013年11月，最新划分的TD-LTE频段结果显示，中国移动获得了1880-1900MHz、2320-2370MHz、2575-2635MHz频段；中国联通获得2300-2320MHz、2555-2575MHz频段；中国电信获得2370-2390MHz、2635-2655MHz频段。
在这里面，并没有小灵通的1900～1920MHz的身影。围绕着小灵通频率归属，三大运营商之间的博弈仍将继续。
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