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The author:(作者)aaapublished in(发表于) 2013/12/12 9:25:09 Been disclosed in 1983 “strike“ inside
That was later widely discussed, speculation, and even rendered a legal storm. Their influence continues to this day, many details of the case but not yet decrypted.
1983 Senior launched crack down on criminal activities, there is a well known abbreviation: cracking down on crime.
This "fast" approach for handling cases of judicial campaigns, disruptive changes to the laws of the time, and had a profound impact on the subsequent judicial practice.
1983 crackdown launched when the then Minister of public security, Liu said, "strike hard campaign, far-reaching significance, such as its guiding ideology, momentum, size and effect in terms of, is the second after the 1950 suppression of counter-revolutionary movement, adhere to the people's democratic dictatorship and a historic landmark. ”
Judicial crisis, mass movement
That was a big jagged year. In February of that year, the "two Kings in Northeast China," Wang Zongwei brother Wang Zongfang, flee with the gun-fighter sent shock waves. In May, suffered educationally hijacked airliner that flew out Korea. Beihai Park events, kongjiang road, Shanghai, has resulted in a wide range of negative impacts.
Deeper background is the "cultural revolution" after the deterioration of the security situation. The early 80, a large number of educated migrants, large numbers of people becoming unemployed, adding to instability in the society. In 1978, the national security and criminal cases from 530,000, 1981 this figure jumped to 890,000.
On July 19, 1983, Deng Xiaoping to the then Minister of public security, Liu said, "for the current serious criminal offence to crack, judgment and execution, heavier, faster and strike-is the power to enhance the dictatorship of the party, this is a dictatorship".
On August 25 of that year, the CPC Central Committee issued the decision to crack down on criminal activities, formally opened a mammoth 83 strike, motion lasts as long as three years.
"China from the late 80 's subsequent crackdown on criminal policy has its historical necessity. "Law School Professor Wang Mingliang at Fudan University southerly reporter analysis," from the late 80 's, entered a period of social transformation in our country, social problems facing almost as in Western countries: high crime rates, the public fear of crime increasing. In this sense, social realities facing China and some Western countries have certain similarities. ”
Wang Mingliang believes that "cracking down on crime is a way of governance under specific historical conditions. Decides to strike or not, not the regime, but a certain historical period of political, economic and cultural conditions. ”
This was a mass movement. In 1983, said of the decision to crack down on criminal activities, "the whole party to mobilize, heads on, layer upon layer is responsible for extensively mobilize the masses, unified action network a network, and a battle and a battle call, be sure to make sure it has power, and vibration. ”
People database information crackdown started, as of September 23, 1983, received public prosecutor's judicial organs across the country to expose the perpetrators of material over more than 440,000 has surrendered more than more than 31,000 criminals surrendered to security authorities.
"Strike can show national dignity and the role of the public calm. This policy is supported by the public, mainly for the public, and this severely condemned and punished, in the face of crime and insecurity about one function of the sense of tension and maintaining solidarity, is a standard ' expression of Justice ' gesture. "Analysis of Professor Wang Mingliang at Fudan University law school.
Crackdown resulted in a short time the deterrent did not fundamentally change criminal laws. According to the Chinese criminal policy review: the "strike-hard" statistics of the book from the perspective of criminal policy, after the 1983 crackdown, 1984, 1985 crime rates have declined, but since 1986 has skyrocketed.
"Strike-with ' quick-fix ' effects in the shortest time, momentum press crimes, mainly due to the Government can focus justice resources in a short time, to a certain extent, control the factors that cause crime. "Wang Mingliang said," but the strike was limited in scope. Strike only for serious crimes, not petty crime applicable means of cracking down on crime. ”
This is a legal storm. Of the decision to crack down on criminal activities, "said three battles in three years, to arrest criminals according to the law a large sentence a large detention a large write-off account a large number of the city, and killed a number of serious crimes, not criminals who kill less than assuage the people's anger. ”
Exactly how many people were sentenced to death during the strike, has yet to see release. Now has never been a public figure, is the Publishing House of the Communist Party of China CPC information Chronicle of power for more than 40 years. The book mentions that on October 31, 1984, relating to crack down on serious criminal activities summary of the battle of first and second deployment report said of the campaign, at the battle of the first, the Court sentenced 861,000 people, of which 24,000 persons under sentence of death, "this is the largest concentration since 1950 counter-insurgency campaign against. ”
Era of hooliganism in context
83 strike hard, a typical charges for hooliganism. Hooliganism due to its complex and vague, legal profession called "pockets". Famous case Zhu Guohua and Chen Xiaomeng, Hu Xiaoyang, and so on. The principals in the case are the children of high ranking officials, to hooliganism to be sentenced to death.
The Communist Party of China (1983), gangs are defined in document worded extremely harsh, calling them "under the new historical conditions resulting from the social scum, triad elements. They kill anyone, rape, hijacking, robbery, arson, explosion and the ship cruelty to innocent people, they hate socialism, policing does great harm to society. ”
It said, "to catch the gangs, rogue leader determined to kill".
In 1984, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate, Ministry of public security of the advice on how to identify and deal with gang (84) high inspection (r) 12th, think, avoid using legal instruments "gangs" concept, with "rogue group" appellation. The document also says, "should not be ' clean sweep ', understood as the total catch sentenced, nor should they head scoundrel to be ' determined to kill ', understood to be killed" and "should be of different cases, each gang member for the deserved punishment. ”
"Advent" 14 years after the hooliganism as an independent offence history.
March 14, 1997 session of the national people's Congress at its fifth session for consideration and adoption of the People's Republic of China Criminal Law Amendment Act, break the hooliganism into coercive indecency and insulting offence against female, child molesters, assembling a crime of adultery, crimes of affray, up fights crime.
Along with "83 strike hard", is the last century 80 's ideology of "clear the spiritual pollution campaign." Family dance party in the 80 's of the last century are considered embodiment of spiritual depravity, induced by one of the causes of hooliganism.
By Guiyang municipal Public Security Bureau feeds of the confessions of a rogue dealer, embodied in the modern law of 1984. The original author for a journalist. In his confession he said, "but a journalist like me fall into a shameful rogue criminals". The author says, he used deceptive means and a relationship over a female classmate. Later learned to dance, in the home a family dance party, "the jump the more emptiness, spiritual decadence". The author said he was "legal, moral thinking about completely indifferent, think women all day long, uncomfortable, finally evolved to play with, the rape of women, and the ' art ' for shooting nude pictures, become sinners of the people. ”
Strike fallout
On September 2, 1983, passed by the national people's Congress regarding the severe punishment of criminals who seriously endanger public security decision, three major decisions, disruptive modification to the criminal code, providing for a dozen kinds of crimes such as hooliganism "can be more than the maximum punishment under the Penal Code punished until the imposition of the death penalty".
The speedy trial of criminals who seriously endanger public security program's decision provides: "murder, rape, robbery, explosion and other criminals who seriously endanger public security should be sentenced to death, the main facts of the crime are clear, well-founded grievances great and speedy trials in a timely manner. "" Major criminal facts are clear, the evidence should be sentenced to death ", three conditions should be judged after that result, but the Court decided to introduce as a prerequisite.
Relating to speedy trial seriously endanger public security article 2nd of criminal procedure decision: "criminal appeal period listed in the preceding article and the people's procuratorates protest period prescribed by section 131th of the criminal law of 10th to 3rd. ”
It also affected the 1996 crackdown. On June 18, 1996, the legal daily published an article the perpetrators scares reported in six days. Reports said the Jilin province High Court and siping city intermediate people's Court in accordance with the imposed a "' strike hard ' which crime, knife-wielding attackers killed in civilian police" criminals. The criminal modus operandi Tian Xiaowei kills on May 13, on May 19 in the siping is executed. From the investigation, pre-trial, indictment, trial, trial, death penalty review to final performance II, 7 programs with a total of 6 days.
Problem on the crackdown, the justice system is also summarized. For example, Tianjin Municipal authorities that year concluded, "should correct the problem also exists in the work, such as the characterization of hooliganism are not allowed, and some cases coarse, individual districts is inconsistent with official practice and there have been misjudged. ”
After the 1983 strike hard, and 1996 and 2001 nationwide crackdown on two occasions. Retrieving people's daily graphic database of journalists, finds also appear more than once in the judicial activity of the crackdown in recent years. Today, the crackdown has become one of the important words in judicial practice.
Thematic co-ordination: Southern Bureau Chief Han Fudong
Reference materials
People database
Cui Min the reflection of the 80 's "strike-hard" campaign
Liu's memoirs
South reporter KOLON
Source: Southern Metropolis daily
(Original title: cracking down on crime "a double-edged sword")
那是被后世广泛讨论、猜测甚至渲染的一场司法风暴。其影响持续至今，但诸多案件详情仍未解密。
1983年由高层发动的严厉打击刑事犯罪活动，有一个广为人知的简称：严打。
这场以“从重从快”为办案方针的司法运动，对当时的法律做出了颠覆性改变，并对后来的司法实践产生了深远影响。
1983年严打发动之际，时任公安部部长刘复之称，“严打战役，意义极为深远，就其指导思想、气势、规模和效果等方面来说，是继1950年至1952年镇压反革命运动之后，坚持人民民主专政的又一具有历史意义的里程碑。”
司法风暴，群众运动
那是大案交错的一年。当年2月，“东北二王”王宗坊和王宗玮兄弟，持枪亡命，举国震惊。5月，卓长仁劫民航客机飞逃韩国。此前的北海公园事件、上海控江路事件等，也都造成了广泛的负面影响。
更深的背景是“文革”后治安形势的恶化。上世纪80年代初，数量庞大的知青返城，大批人成为待业青年，加剧了社会的不稳定因素。1978年，全国治安与刑事案件立案53万起，1981年这个数字蹿升至89万起。
1983年7月19日，邓小平向时任公安部部长刘复之指出：“对于当前的各种严重刑事犯罪要严厉打击，判决和执行，要从重，从快；严打就是要加强党的专政力量，这就是专政”。
当年8月25日，中共中央发出《关于严厉打击刑事犯罪活动的决定》，正式揭开了声势浩大的83严打，运动持续了三年之久。
“中国自上世纪80年代以后采取的严打刑事政策有其存在的历史必然性。”复旦大学法学院教授汪明亮向南都记者分析，“自上世纪80年代以后，我国进入社会转型期，面临的社会问题几乎与西方国家一样：高犯罪率、公众犯罪恐惧感日趋强烈。在此意义上讲，中国与西方一些国家所面临的社会现实具有一定的相似性。”
汪明亮认为，“严打是特定历史条件下的一种国家治理方式。决定严打与否的不是政权形式，而是一定历史时期的政治、经济及文化方面的条件。”
这是一场群众运动。1983年的《关于严厉打击刑事犯罪活动的决定》称，“要全党动员，首长动手，层层负责，广泛发动群众，统一组织行动，一网一网地撒，一个战役一个战役地打，务必做到有威力，有震动。”
据人民数据库资料，严打展开后，截至1983年9月23日，全国各地政法机关收到群众检举揭发犯罪分子的材料44万多件，已有三万一千多名犯罪分子向公安机关投案自首。
“严打能够起到展现国家威严以及安抚公众的作用。该策略之所以获得公众的支持，主要是对于公众而言，这一严厉谴责与惩罚的过程，具有在面对犯罪与不安全时抒发紧张与维持团结一体感的功能，是一种标准的‘表达式正义’姿态。”复旦大学法学院教授汪明亮分析。
但严打在短时间内造成的威慑力并不能从根本上改变犯罪规律。据《中国刑事政策检讨：以“严打”刑事政策为视角》一书统计，1983年严打后，1984年、1985年犯罪率下降了，但1986年以后就直线上升。
“严打具有‘速效性’，能在最短的时间内发生功效，把犯罪势头压下，主要在于政府能够在短时间内集中司法资源，在一定程度上控制引发犯罪发生的各种因素。”汪明亮说，“但严打的作用范围是有限的。严打只能针对严重犯罪，对轻微犯罪不能适用严打手段。”
这是一场司法风暴。《关于严厉打击刑事犯罪活动的决定》称，“在三年内组织三个战役，依法将刑事犯罪分子逮捕一大批，判刑一大批，劳教一大批，注销城市户口一大批，并且杀掉一批有严重罪行、不杀不足以平民愤的犯罪分子。”
严打期间到底有多少人被判死刑，至今未见公布。目前仅见的公开数字，是中共党史资料出版社出版的《中国共产党执政四十年》一书的记载。该书提到，1984年10月31日，《关于严厉打击严重刑事犯罪活动第一战役总结和第二战役部署的报告》说，在第一战役中，法院判处861000人，其中判处死刑的24000人，“这是1950年镇反运动以来规模最大的一次集中打击。”
流氓罪的时代语境
在83严打中，一个典型罪名为流氓罪。流氓罪因其罪名的庞杂和模糊，被法律界称为“口袋罪”。著名的案件有朱国华案和陈小蒙、胡晓阳案等。这些案的主犯均为高干子弟，都以流氓罪被判处死刑。
中共中央(1983)31号文件定义了流氓团伙分子，措辞极为严厉，称他们“是新的历史条件下产生的新的社会渣滓、黑社会分子。他们以杀人越货、强奸妇女、劫机劫船、放火爆炸等残酷手段来残害无辜群众，他们仇恨社会主义，对社会治安危害极大。”
文件称，“对流氓团伙分子要一网打尽，对流氓头子要坚决杀掉”。
1984年，《最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部关于怎样认定和处理流氓集团的意见》(84)高检发(研)12号认为，在法律文书上避免使用“流氓团伙”的概念，改用“流氓集团”的称谓。该文件还认为，“不应把‘一网打尽’理解为全部捕判，也不应把对流氓头子要‘坚决杀掉’理解为一律杀掉”，“应当区别不同情况，给每一个流氓集团成员以应得的惩处。”
“问世”14年之后，流氓罪作为一个独立罪名成为历史。
1997年3月14日第八届全国人民代表大会第五次会议审议并通过了《中华人民共和国刑法修订案》，将流氓罪分解为强制猥亵、侮辱妇女罪，猥亵儿童罪，聚众淫乱罪，聚众斗殴罪，寻衅滋事罪。
伴随着“83严打”的，是上世纪80年代意识形态领域的“清理精神污染运动”。家庭舞会在上世纪80年代被视为精神堕落的体现，诱发流氓罪的原因之一。
由贵阳市公安局供稿的《一个流氓犯的自白》，载于1984年1期的《现代法学》。该文作者原为一个新闻工作者。他在自白中称“但我这样一个新闻工作者却堕落成了可耻的流氓罪犯”。作者称，他用欺骗的手段和过去的一位女同学发生了两性关系。后来学会跳舞，在家里举办起了家庭舞会，“越跳思想越空虚，精神越颓废”。作者称自己“什么法制、道德挂念统统淡漠了，成天想女人，图舒服，终于发展到玩弄、奸污妇女，并以‘艺术’为名拍摄裸体照片，成了人民的罪人。”
严打后续影响
1983年9月2日，全国人大常委会通过《关于严惩严重危害社会治安的犯罪分子的决定》等三个重大决定，对刑法做了颠覆性修改，规定对流氓罪等十几种犯罪“可以在刑法规定的最高刑以上处刑，直至判处死刑”。
《关于迅速审判严重危害社会治安的犯罪分子的程序的决定》规定：“对杀人、强奸、抢劫、爆炸和其他严重危害公共安全应当判处死刑的犯罪分子，主要犯罪事实清楚，证据确凿，民愤极大的，应当迅速及时审判。”“主要犯罪事实清楚，证据确实，应当判处死刑”，三个条件本应是审判后得知的结果，但该决定将之作为了开庭的前提条件。
《关于迅速审判严重危害社会治安的犯罪分子的程序的决定》第2条规定：“前条所列犯罪分子的上诉期限和人民检察院的抗诉期限，由刑事诉讼法第131条规定的10日改为3日。”
该决定也影响了1996年的严打。1996年6月18日，《法制日报》刊载了一篇《凶犯六天伏法》的报道。报道称，吉林省高级法院及四平市中级法院依法从重判处一名“在‘严打’中顶风作案、持刀行凶杀害民警”的犯罪分子。该犯田晓伟于5月13日行凶作案，5月19日在四平被执行枪决。从侦查、预审、起诉、一审、二审、死刑复核到最后执行，7道程序总共用了6天时间。
对严打产生的问题，司法系统内部也有总结。比如当年的天津市有关部门就总结认为，“工作中也存在着应该纠正的问题，如对流氓罪定性不准，有的案件工作粗糙，个别区县院曾有不符合办案程序的做法和发生错案等。”
1983年严打之后，又有1996年、2001年两次全国范围内的严打。记者检索人民日报图文数据库，发现严打在近年的司法活动中也多次出现。时至今日，严打已经成为司法实践中一个重要词语。
专题统筹：南都首席记者 韩福东
参考资料
人民数据库
崔敏著《反思八十年代“严打”》
《刘复之回忆录》
南都记者 高龙
来源：南方都市报
(原标题：严打“双刃剑”)
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