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The author:(作者)aaapublished in(发表于) 2013/12/12 9:28:55 Shanghai flying Beijing improve pilot standards
Post reporter LI Meng
Fog, haze and reduced visibility, flights landing probability will ever improve. Passenger throughput ranks in the top ten of the country's airport to Beijing Capital International Airport the flight captain, running blind drop must have type II qualification. Shanghai Airport for flights to Beijing were also included. Earlier this year, the civil aviation authority issued a request will be implemented starting January 1 next year. Yesterday, the company informed, such as spring and autumn, has carried out intensive training, currently over 80% pilots already have this special ability.
Improves flight landing probability
"Blind drop" generally means that pilots cannot be seen with the naked eye controlled flight with airport runway landing. "With dark clouds covering the Thunder dropped, it will affect the pilot's Visual field. "The East China air traffic management Bureau, the relevant parties, blind landing system by fall, yaw and steering beacon consisting of three groups of devices. When the plane off the runway, dozens of kilometers, different devices play a role in plane sends radio waves. Eventually, the synthesis of radio signals in the air, creating a precise routes available for landing, displayed on the aircraft instrument panel. Pilots in accordance with the fall trajectory, constantly calibrate the height, direction and speed of the aircraft and eventually landed smoothly on the runway.
This person stressed that landed with blind drop is not so dark. According to the uniform standards of the international civil aviation industry, a blind drop is divided into three categories. Landing the kind blind drop of high standard is around 800 m, 60 m. II blind drop landed standard is 400 m, cloud height of 30 meters. Blind drop is subdivided into three classes, a, b and c grades. Only three class c standard for visibility and cloud height are zero metres, is completely blind in the sense of falling.
"When the weather conditions are not ideal, a blind drop increases probability of flights landed. "Civil Aviation Administration are people admitted, many passengers have complained, the same destination case, why can the foreign airline flight landing in a dark cloud, while they travel on a domestic airline flight had to alternate at other airports. "One factor is that the pilots do not have blind drop for second class qualification. ”
The person with respect, civil aviation system through national pilot to increase skills, improving flight punctuality. In addition to summer thunderstorms, a blind drop reduced flights have been affected by the haze. "The frequent fog and haze in the country recently, to starting II blind may be more. ”
Under the provisions of the civil aviation authority operating passenger throughput ranks in the top ten for airport to Beijing Capital International Airport's flight commander, effective January 1, 2014, blind drop running qualification must have type II. Xinhua learned from the CAA website, in 2012, the Shanghai Pudong and HongQiao airport passenger throughput ranked respectively rank highly. This means that, next year, the Beijing-Shanghai flights medical aircraft must have a blind drop for second class qualification. In addition, this provision also relates to Guangzhou, Chengdu, Shenzhen and other places to capital flight captains.
Nationwide is difficult
For airliner pilots, get your license in a variety of assessment does not include master blind landing system. Therefore, following the requirements of the civil aviation authority issued, companies have to seize "catch-up" to training the pilots. Civil Aviation Huadong Administration emphasized that assessment of trained pilots ultimately by the civil aviation authority.
"It seeks mainly to require pilots to enhance management of automatic flight control and special situations. "Spring Airlines pilot insisted yesterday, whether the captain or co-pilot must have accumulated after a certain number of flight hours, had participated in the training qualifications. At present, the company has been 80% around the pilots passed the examination.
The reporter learns, pilots with more than half of China Eastern to obtain such qualifications. Juneyao airlines yesterday also said that most pilots have completed training. In fact, prior to this, most of the domestic driving large distance such as Airbus A330, Boeing B767 aircraft pilots are required to have two classes of blind drop status. Current trends in domestic civil aviation pilots Associates universal.
Interviewed a number of civil aviation industry are mentioned, blind-landing system, in addition to the pilot requirements, also include elements such as airborne equipment and airport hardware devices. China's Shanghai Pudong airport, Beijing Capital Airport, Guangzhou Baiyun Airport few airports, such as with a blind landing system for category II.
Blind drop device in addition to equipment with high precision, are expensive, but on surrounding radio clearance requirements for standard, routine maintenance is also very high. II the blind drop requires every four months for a flight check, by special plane on a blind drop check the accuracy of the device. Therefore, at the domestic level to promote such a system is difficult. However, the CAA has eight passenger throughput for the country more than 20 million passengers, 18 large and medium airport passenger throughput to 50.02 billion passengers, respectively, made a blind landing system installed, use two or three class implementations.
(Original title: top ten Airport Beijing promote pilot standards: a blind drop to haze in class II)
早报记者 李萌
即使雾霾天气，能见度下降，航班降落的概率也将比以往提高。全国旅客吞吐量排名前十位的机场至首都机场的航班机长，必须具备二类盲降运行资格。上海两机场飞往北京的航班也被包含其中。这项民航局于今年年初下发的要求，将在明年1月1日开始正式执行。昨日，春秋等公司告知，已经开展集中培训，目前超过八成飞行员已经具备了这种特殊能力。
可提高航班降落概率
“盲降”的大致意义是，飞行员在肉眼无法看清机场跑道的情况下操控航班降落。“乌云覆盖，雷雨降至，就会影响飞行员的目视范围。”华东空管局相关人士介绍，盲降系统由下滑、航向和指点信标三组装置组成。当飞机离跑道几十公里时，不同的装置各自发挥作用，向飞机发送无线电波。最终，无线电信号在空中合成，勾勒出一条可供降落的精确路线，显示在飞机仪表盘上。飞行员按照这个下滑轨迹，不断校准飞机的高度、方位和速度，最终平稳降落在跑道上。
该人士强调，盲降也并非在伸手不见五指的情况下降落。按国际民航业的统一标准，盲降共分三类。一类盲降的降落标准是能见度800米左右、云比高60米。二类盲降的降落标准是能见度400米、云比高30米。三类盲降又细分为A、B、C三个等级。只有三类C的标准为能见度和云比高均为零米，才是完全意义上的全盲降。
“在天气情况不理想时，盲降可提高航班降落概率。”民航管理部门相关人士坦言，很多旅客曾抱怨，同样目的地情况下，为何国外航空公司的航班可以在一片乌云中降落，而自己搭乘的国内航空公司班机却只得备降在其他机场。“其中一个因素就是，飞行员不具备二类盲降资格。”
该人士直言，民航局系统通过国内飞行员增加这种技能，而提高航班正点率。除了夏季雷雨天气外，盲降减少航班受雾霾的影响。“近来雾霾在国内频发，二类盲降或许会更多地启动。”
根据民航局的规定，运营旅客吞吐量排名前十位的机场至首都机场的航班机长，自2014年1月1日始，必须具备二类盲降运行资格。记者从民航局网站查询获悉，2012年，上海浦东和虹桥机场的旅客吞吐量分别位列全国第三、四位。这意味着，明年起，京沪航班的执飞机长必须具备二类盲降资质。除此之外，这项规定还涉及广州、成都、深圳等地飞往首都的航班机长。
全国推广尚有难度
对于民航客机飞行员而言，获得飞行执照的诸多考核中，并不包括掌握盲降系统。因此，民航局的要求下发后，各公司纷纷抓紧“补课”，对飞行员进行专题培训。民航华东管理局强调，受训飞行员最终要通过民航局的考核。
“这主要是要求飞行员增强对自动飞行的管理和特殊情况的控制能力。”春秋航空资深飞行员昨日强调，无论机长还是副驾驶，必须在积累了一定飞行小时数后，才能有参与培训的资格。目前，该公司已经有八成左右飞行员通过了考核。
记者获悉，东航获得此种资质的飞行员超过半数。而吉祥航空昨日也表示，绝大部分飞行人员已经完成受训。实际上，在此之前，绝大部分国内驾驶空客A330、波音B767等大型远程客机的飞行员都被要求具备二类盲降资格。目前国内民航有向飞行员全员普及的趋势。
受访的多位民航业内人士均提及，盲降系统除了对飞行员有所要求外，还包括机载设备和机场的硬件设备等要素。目前我国只有上海浦东机场、北京首都机场、广州白云机场等少数几个机场拥有了二类盲降系统。
盲降设备除本身设备精确度高、价格昂贵外，对周边无线电净空标准、日常养护的要求也很高。二类盲降，就要求每四个月进行一次飞行校验，由专门的飞机对盲降设备的精确度进行校验。因此，在国内大范围推广这种系统尚有难度。不过，民航局已经对全国八个旅客吞吐量2000万人次以上、18个旅客吞吐量500-2000万人次的大中型机场，分别提出了安装、使用二、三类盲降系统的实施方案。
(原标题：十大机场飞北京航班提升机长 标准：要能在雾霾中二类盲降)
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