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The author:(作者)aaapublished in(发表于) 2013/12/16 0:34:46 Deputy Minister of land： land reform is not free trade
Land reform is not a free trading (Insider interview · learning and carrying out 18 the spirit of the third plenary session)
Vice-Minister of land and resources--interview with Hu Cunzhi
In accordance with the current legal system in China, and rural Homestead is the collective economic organizations of farmers allocated land used for building. In other words, just the collective economic organizations to use this piece of land. Therefore, non-members of the collective economic organization whether it is buying or otherwise use possession of rural residential land, are in violation of the law, not subject to legal protection.
Why the rural land system reform
Reporter: downsides of rural housing land system in China?
Hu Cunzhi: present rural land system in four "focus": the first is land acquisition and distribution problems, inadequate planning and plan implementation, resulting in scattered rural Homestead layout, land distribution is not always guaranteed. Second, land-using concentrately to promote enough to manage, resulting in extensive use, there is one family home, exceeds the allowed figure occupies. Three on land usufruct is inadequate security and lack of power coexist. On one hand, House is actually the empowerment was not enough, at present, only the right to use, and therefore beyond the power problems have emerged, such as rent, violation of canopy. The other hand, also existed in the land of farmers ' usufructuary right to protect, among other issues. Four is to leave the problems at Homestead, exit mechanism is not perfect, and therefore produces a lot of empty villages, vacant land, cause the land to be reasonable.
Reporter: now more involved in land-use cases, what is the reason?
Hu Cunzhi: did find quite a few housing violations in law enforcement, but also to see that volume scope Homestead law, total area is not that much. A case study of land satellite image 2010 law enforcement inspection, Guangxi, Guizhou, Gansu and other farmers build illegal land use, up to 50% per cent number, covering an area of only 15% per cent of the total number of illegal land use area. However, we also need to strengthen the management, at the same time, to improve and perfect the present system, tilt indicators of land use and planning, increase protection of the land acquisition and distribution, from the source to reduce illegal multiple trends.
How rural land system reform and consummation
Reporter: what is the direction of the reform of rural land system?
Hu Cunzhi: reform of the rural land management system must adhere to two, first of all, the fundamental objective of the reform is to improve and maintain the land system of China's basic, ownership of two equal protection, set up the various elements of land suitable for the demands of the market economy in China and orderly flow, equal exchange, the rational use of the land market. Second, the starting point of the reform is to maintain a good collective land rights of farmers, farmers ' land rights are effectively protected, increasing farmers ' property income.
On the system of rural residential land, was further expanded in the direction of the reform of power, giving people more rights of property, rather than the land can be traded freely. Now farmers ' rights, possession and use rights have been fully reflected, but right in proceeds does not fully revealed. So, the next step on the reform of rural land system, first and foremost is to guarantee land usufruct, for rural housing land use right now, management problems, improve the good land management system, while exploring farmers ' houses on the homestead property return path.
However, including the land reform of the rural land management system, no matter how, must adhere to collective ownership, control, plan, four important principles to protect the farmers ' land rights.
Press Conference: improving the land management system, the next step will start with what aspects?
Hu Cunzhi: improving the land management system, do a good job in three areas: first, we must improve the system of land acquisition and distribution to make it more rational, normative; second, to improve land management systems and promote the economical and intensive use of land, while guaranteeing the land usufruct; third, we should establish and improve land withdrawal system, housing land use more reasonable.
Reporter: now work which had been carried out by the Ministry of land and resources?
Hu Cunzhi: follow the Central Government's deployment, three years ago, Ministry of land and resources has been launched right of rural collective land ownership register certification. At present, the rural collective land right registration rates at 97%. Meanwhile, beginning this year China's overall development, including rural Homestead of collective-owned construction land right registration certification, at present the work is widespread in the provinces, which will provide land management and land usufructuary right to lay the groundwork.
In addition, to ensure that the House "should do", currently the Ministry of land and resources has been clearly defined need not less than 5% indicators for rural housing land use and construction, recently working on preparing rural housing land-related policies and measures, taking into account the "verification after the first" approach, to ensure the House "should do". That in Homestead management system sound, and "two figure a table" management measures in place, and completed has rural collective construction with to and Homestead does right registration made card of place, according to local actual needs, according to applications conditions and with to standard batch put Homestead, in with to plans indicators Shang first "accounted", to end of for summary, reported write-off has using of indicators, ensure Homestead using get practical guarantees.
How housing collateral of property rights transfer pilot advance
Reporter: there are many people that the housing property rights transfer is the transfer by the Homestead, urbanites to buy land in the countryside, is that correct?
Hu Cunzhi: this is the orientation of the reform of the rural land management system misunderstood. In accordance with the current legal system in China, and rural Homestead is the collective economic organizations of farmers allocated land used for building. Homestead is made and the members of the collective economic organizations closely associated, meaning that only the collective economic organizations can use this land. Therefore, non-members of the collective economic organization whether it is buying or otherwise use possession of rural residential land, are in violation of the law, not subject to legal protection.
Reporter: housing collateral of property rights transfer, why not in full swing, but at first the pilot prudence promoting?
Hu Cunzhi: a deliberate transfer of promoting farmers ' mortgage-backed, there are four aspects to be considered. First, the fundamental starting point of reform is to explore ways to increase farmers ' property and income, not to settlement construction land targets, or to meet the needs of urban construction land. Secondly, in farmers ' housing mortgage transfer, transfer is significantly associated with land issues, covering issues related to economic issues and to carefully handle. Third, land collateral is well worth exploring, once the mortgages come true, on issues involving the transfer of. Combined with rural housing one family, one of China's basic national conditions, because housing is a farmer on the Homestead the only housing, housing transfer, whether there is a real housing security of farmers, which mainly related to social issues, so be careful. IV, collateral transfer process also encountered integration problems. Housing go out, to whom, and who will accept, clearly defined in the law, only members of the collective economic organizations can use Homestead, so we need to deal with the corresponding legal relations. Through pilot carefully and secure to move forward on this issue is very necessary, only in this way, farmers raised third plenum housing mortgage transfer properly.
宅基地改革方向不是自由买卖(权威访谈·学习贯彻十八届三中全会精神)
——专访国土资源部副部长胡存智
按照我国现行法律制度，农村宅基地是本集体经济组织的农民所分配的用于建房的土地。也就是说，只有本集体经济组织的人才能使用这块宅基地。所以，非本集体经济组织成员无论是购买还是以其他方式使用占有农村宅基地，都是违反法律的，不受法律保护。
农村宅基地制度为什么要改革
记者：我国农村宅基地制度有哪些弊端？
胡存智：目前农村宅基地制度存在四大“病灶”：一是宅基地取得和分配上存在问题，规划和计划落实不够，导致农村宅基地布局散乱，宅基地分配有时得不到保障。二是在宅基地管理上对节约集约用地促进不够，导致粗放利用，存在一户多宅、超标占地的情况。三是在宅基地用益物权上保障不足和权能不足并存。一方面，宅基地被实际赋予的权能还不够，目前只有使用的权利，因此出现了超越权能的问题，比如乱出租、违章搭盖等。另一方面，在一些征地过程中也存在对农民宅基地用益物权保障不足等问题。四是在宅基地退出方面存在问题，退出机制还不够健全，因此形成大量空心村、闲置地，导致用地不合理。
记者：目前涉及宅基地的违法用地案件较多，是什么原因？
胡存智：在执法监察中确实发现了不少宅基地违法情况，但也要看到，宅基地违法虽然数量大范围广，但面积总量并不多。以2010年土地卫片执法检查为例，广西、贵州、甘肃等地农民建房违法用地，宗数比例高达50%—80%，面积却只占全部违法用地面积的15%—20%。尽管如此，我们还是要加强管理，同时，也要改进和完善现在的制度，在用地指标和规划上给予倾斜，使得宅基地的取得和分配有更多保障，从源头减少违法多发的趋势。
农村宅基地制度如何改革完善
记者：农村宅基地制度改革的方向是什么？
胡存智：农村土地管理制度改革必须坚持两条，首先，改革的根本目标是要健全和维护我国基本的土地制度，平等保护两种所有权，建立起适合我国市场经济要求的各种土地要素有序流动、平等交换、合理利用的土地市场。第二，改革的出发点是要维护好农民集体的土地权益，使农民的宅基地权利得到切实的保护，增加农民财产性收入。
具体到农村宅基地制度上，改革的方向是进一步扩大权能，赋予农民更多财产权利，而不是宅基地可以自由买卖。目前在农民宅基地的权利中，占有和使用的权利已经得到了充分体现，但收益权未能充分显现。所以，下一步对农村宅基地制度的改革，首要的是切实保障宅基地的用益物权，针对现在农村宅基地在使用、管理方面存在的问题，完善好宅基地管理制度，同时要探索宅基地上的农民住房的财产性收益的路子。
但是，包括宅基地在内的农村土地管理制度不管怎么改革，都必须坚持集体所有制、用途管制、城乡统筹、维护农民土地权益四个重要原则。
记者：完善宅基地管理制度，下一步将从哪几方面着手？
胡存智：完善宅基地管理制度，要做好三方面工作：一是要完善宅基地的取得和分配制度，使其更加合理、规范；二是要完善宅基地管理制度，促进宅基地的节约集约使用，同时保障宅基地用益物权；三是要建立健全宅基地退出制度，使宅基地的利用更加合理。
记者：目前国土资源部已经开展了哪些工作？
胡存智：按照党中央国务院的部署，国土资源部已在三年前开展了农村集体土地所有权的确权登记颁证工作。目前，农村集体土地的确权登记率达到了97%。与此同时，今年开始我国全面开展包括农村宅基地在内的集体建设用地确权登记颁证工作，目前该项工作正在各省普遍开展，这将为宅基地管理和宅基地用益物权保障奠定好基础。
此外，为确保宅基地“应保尽保”，目前国土资源部已经明确规定各地要拿出不少于5%的用地指标用于农村宅基地使用和建设，近期还正在研究准备出台农村宅基地有关政策措施，考虑采用“先用后核销”的办法，以保证宅基地做到“应保尽保”。即在宅基地管理制度健全、“两图一表”管理措施到位、完成了农村集体建设用地和宅基地确权登记发证的地方，根据当地实际需求，按照申请条件和用地标准批放宅基地，在用地计划指标上先“记账”，到年底进行汇总，上报核销已使用的指标，确保宅基地使用得到切实保障。
住房财产权抵押担保转让试点怎么推进
记者：有很多人认为住房财产权可转让就是宅基地可转让，城里人就可以去农村买宅基地了，是这样吗？
胡存智：这是对农村土地管理制度改革的方向性误解。按照我国现行法律制度，农村宅基地是本集体经济组织的农民所分配的用于建房的土地。宅基地的取得是和本集体经济组织成员密切关联的，也就是说，只有本集体经济组织的人才能使用这块宅基地。所以，非本集体经济组织成员无论是购买还是以其他方式使用占有农村宅基地，都是违反法律的，不受法律保护。
记者：住房财产权抵押担保转让为何不全面铺开，而是要先试点，慎重稳妥推进？
胡存智：慎重稳妥推进农民宅基地抵押担保转让，有四个方面的考虑。第一，改革的根本出发点是探索增加农民财产性收入的路子，不是为了解决建设用地指标，也不是为了满足城市建设用地的需要。第二，农民住房的抵押担保转让中，转让则会明显涉及相关的土地问题，其中涉及经济问题和相关问题要慎重处理好。第三，宅基地抵押担保是非常值得探索的，一旦抵押权实现的时候，就涉及转让问题。结合中国农村住房一户一宅的基本国情，由于宅基地上的房屋是农民唯一住房，房屋转让后，农民是否有切实的住房保障，这方面主要涉及社会问题，因此要慎重。第四，抵押担保转让过程中，还会遇到房地一体化问题。房屋转出去了，转给谁了，谁来接受，在法律上有明确的规定，只有本集体经济组织成员才能使用宅基地，所以我们还要处理好相应的法律关系。因此通过试点慎重稳妥来推进这个问题是十分必要的，只有这样，才能把三中全会提出的农民住房的抵押担保转让处理好。
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