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The author:(作者)aaapublished in(发表于) 2013/12/16 0:35:18 Experts talk about Lunar soft landing： 1 successful hundred plans in China are not used
From the beginning in the late 50, launched the first lunar landing shock was the former Soviet Union, "Moon", and the United States "wanderers" series detectors, but they submitted the initial report card is a series of "failed".
Lunar soft landing is one of the most critical and most thrilling aspect: the first success of the former Soviet Union until the 12th attempt, United States also sampled the 3 failed sowing rear landing safely.
Chang, third is China's launch of the first soft landing probes and outside visits.
It is 130th human lunar exploration activities.
"The moon lady" Moon was the aviation history of the world from an Asian powerhouse's first attempt. China's first astronaut into space from only ten years, China will build its own space station in a few years. ---Germany Frankfurter Allgemeine
Chang, third moon probe last night success, China has become the third in the world capable of independent States applying for Lunar soft landing. This is China's first extraterrestrial object landing spacecraft, the fewest since 1976 after the Soviet Luna 24 probe human lunar soft landing for the first time.
In 1978, the United States presented to the Chinese soil in 1 gram piece of the Moon, is the 17th spacecraft Apollo brought back from the Moon's surface. Scientist Ouyang Ziyuan said: "through the study of this specimen, we wrote 40 papers. ”
Now, China is no longer necessary with United States soil delivered. "Three girls" first successful Moon, followed by real astronauts landed.
If the last century was United States century, now visited by the Chinese century.
A
First of the former Soviet Union fell
Tried 12 times finally succeeded
China Academy of space technology II, a researcher at yesterday's interview with a Chengdu commercial daily news said, "Chang, third moon was perfect, set for the lander before more than 100 kinds of plans has not been used, completed entirely in accordance with the established planning. ”
In the course of human exploration of the Moon, States show scientific and technological strength, failed to have to bear the huge pressures on the one hand, where the first lunar probe, launched by the Soviet Union in 1959, and moon pass by until the 12th attempt been successful.
Going sideways
From 5,995-kilometer
"The Moon" on the 1th rub shoulders on the Moon
On January 2, 1959, the former Soviet Union launched the first lunar probe, human history---"Lunar" 1th, nicknamed "the dream". At that time, the former Soviet Union is full of hope and faith, because previously, the Soviet space agency has dispatched emissaries to the Moon made three failed attempts.
"The Moon" 1th's goal is to get closer to ratiocination on the escape from Earth's gravity field, directly "to the Moon", and then hit the Moon's surface. Unfortunately there is, "Moon" 1th in 5,995-kilometer and pass the Moon from the Moon, failed to hit the moon.
"Wasn't"
"The Moon" on the 7th point too early
"The Moon" on the 8th it is a little late
May 9, 1965, the former Soviet Union launched the "Moon" 5th detector, was a lunar soft landing attempt. When the "Moon" and the distance lunar surface, 5th at the time of the final stages of preparing to land due to equipment failure, braking rocket ignition failure, scientists can only listen, it sends out a signal, no choice but to let it hit the Moon at a great speed and damage. Reportedly, Germany an astronomical observatory, saw the impact kicked up Lunar soil to form the longest cent, wide 225-kilometer dust clouds.
Succession followed the former Soviet Union launched "the Moon" on the 7th and "the Moon" 8th detectors, but unfortunately once again. Premature ignition of the former, the latter distance as the probe when the ignition has been very close to the Moon's surface, leading to it have not been reduced to a safe landing speed will hit the Moon's surface. At the moment of impact, all of the signal transmission to stop suddenly on the "Moon" on the 8th already damaged.
The first successful
The world's first
"The Moon" on the 9th the first soft landing
On February 3, 1966, full of hope, "the Moon" on the 9th eventually landed safely on the lunar surface. 7 hours later, transmitted to Earth a panoramic photo of the Moon's surface.
In order to complete this human creation in the former Soviet Union began in January 1959 launch of 24 series Lunar vehicle, made 11 failed Lunar soft landing.
United States first
Fall Moon
Stunned by success
Compared with the former Soviet Union, United States first moon road is very bumpy, is all the more difficult. United States early Lunar launch 5 "pioneer" probe is hardly a success, its failure is the main cause, the rocket does not have enough thrust, the probe never flew to the Moon, with almost no work.
Beginning in 1961, the United States fired 9 times "wanderers" series detectors are "wanderers" hit in the body directly to the Moon, aims to provide reference data for the moon landing.
Until 1966, the Cruiser, 1th new probe after 64 hours of flight, successful soft landing on the Moon storm Ocean, was considered very likely to mess this project successful.
I can't believe
"Land, Earth can't do anything"
Falling Moon success is a miracle
On May 30, 1966, carrying United States first moon probe---Cruiser 1th of rocket, launch the final stage of preparation. "Lunar exploration success rate this time period? "A staff member couldn't help but ask. "1 per thousand," replied the project manager baobo·luodelike.
In June of that year's Edition of the New York Times reported the Cruiser, 1th falls during the months: the final close, down month process starting from 41 minutes before landing, when its flight speed is approximately 2 kilometers per second. There was a series of instructions from Earth gave it a flip flop---90 degrees, then deflected 60 degrees, then flip to 94 degrees. Since then, the braking rocket firing, Cruiser, 1th gradually landed, its speed and altitude quickly decrease. "From that point on, the probe entered the autonomous State, the Earth can't do anything. ”
Previous practical experience no lunar soft landing, people think 1th can fall months for survey success would have been a miracle.
On June 2 of that year, United States for the fall months the national television broadcast. After the expected time of moon a few minutes, television pictures have popped up in the Moon's surface and one foot Cruiser 1th. The image stayed for quite a long time, so it was joked: "project personnel may have been astonished by the successful landing, they don't know what to do next. ”
His fate
"Cruiser" series "blind drop"
Fall months are inclined
"To knows, had United States survey who series detector fell months Shi are is ' blind drop ' Ah," United States NASA Moon exploration analysis group members, and scientists jiefu·pulaixia in accept Xinhua News Agency reporter interview Shi said, survey who detector fell months Shi only simple to Executive prior design good of landed program, then resigned, which in fell months midway failed had two times, remaining 5 times security landing.
"Without a United States Lander, both the Cruiser and the Apollo, is the true level landings, they fall months are leaning," Ripley says this is because the lunar surface are rugged, has many craters and rocks.
Writing obituaries
"Apollo" Moon ago
Prepared the statement failed
You know, while you're still alive, have been given you written obituary, this is definitely not a good thing. 40 years ago when Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin and other astronauts have not in Mare tranquillitatis region of the moon landing, the then United States President Richard Nixon had failed to ready for a moon mission statement: "God has let the person to travel to the moon to rest in this place. ”
Chengdu business newspaper reporter Zhao q
This integrated group articles such as Xinhua News Agency, people's daily online legal evening news
China's moon exploration · significance
Moon, what's the use?
Zhang quanling: and our close relationship with
CCTV host Zhang quanling yesterday to prepare for the tower "third mission trip broadcast special reports", went to Beijing Planetarium at Americans sent more than 30 years ago that 0.5 grams of moon rocks.
Zhang quanling in microblogging wrote, "Americans do not have any information of his that year. Study on Ouyang Ziyuan, academician of 0.5 g, draw Apollo back from chenghai, 17th. Americans are quite surprised. Total Division of Chang-Ye Peijian was in Switzerland to see Americans exhibited ' a piece of the Moon ', filled with emotion, ' people rushed out after the subject ', determined to fly to the moon. Low know behind the ambition is not willing to adhere to, dream. ”
Zhang quanling in microblogging, "said Moon was asked on the mountain villages and old school children have to do with anything? In fact quite close to this. Internet technology from the United States Lunar technology to Space Center Houston computer together. Now many good schools to open courses on the Internet. Rural schools in Inner Mongolia this year at private charities to help with math online courses of the Beijing people's Congress came under synchronous classes, scores soared. This is an example only. Really a lot. Meteosat meteorological disaster reduction of loss, hunger and poverty have a direct relationship. Moon fuel technologies, such as the promotion of technology helps reduce haze, booster technology available in a high-rise fire ... ... For me, ' satisfy human curiosity ' is important enough. ”
China's moon exploration · power
Starting from 0.5 grams of rock
Chinese people toward the solar
"We here the lander and the Rover will land," in the national astronomical observatories of China, 7/f, Office, in that more than 1 m in diameter, more marked on the surface of various place names of beautiful models of the Moon in front of China's lunar exploration program Chief Scientist Ouyang Ziyuan said pointing to an area on the model.
"25 years ago, my research starting from 0.5 gram piece of the Moon rock samples. "Ouyang Ziyuan said that in 1978, then-United States President Jimmy Carter, Assistant to the President for national security affairs Zbigniew Brzezinski during his visit to China, presented a special gift to China---a small finger-size piece of Lunar rock samples. Sample casting in a plexiglass box, looks great from the outside, there is only 1 gram of weight. Authorities soon found far away in Guiyang, Ouyang Ziyuan.
"We take this 1 gram of moon rocks cut into two pieces, a save, a piece of research. Americans give rock samples, it is actually our tests in the detection capabilities and research level, although this is unstated. But then it turns, our results or let the Americans are very convincing. "Said Ouyang Ziyuan, 0.5 g stones, we issued a total of 14 research article, confirmed the stones were Apollo 17th acquisition, confirming the Capture Location, or even confirm whether the stone is located there is sunlight, and so on. Is set in the "pressure and power", China began its lunar exploration program.
"We all got up early up late for decades, without a holiday. Because there was no core information on the Moon, we can only gather research information in the public domain in other countries, also with the United States, Britain, Germany and other countries in collaborative research, accumulating astrochemistry and lunar exploration related research foundation. "Said Ouyang Ziyuan, Moon is a good starting point, China also undertake a comprehensive exploration of the entire solar system.
(Edit: SN091)December 15, 2013 Chengdu business daily(专家谈月面软着陆：中国1次成功百种预案未用上|月球|探测器|成功_新闻资讯
■从上世纪50年代末开始，为月面着陆而发起首波冲击的是前苏联“月球”号和美国“徘徊者”号系列探测器，但在它们递交的初始成绩单上却是一连串“失败”。
■月面软着陆是最关键、最惊心动魄的一个环节：前苏联直到第12次尝试才首获成功，美国也在品尝了3次失败苦果后方平安着陆。
嫦娥三号是我国发射的第一个地外软着陆探测器和巡视器。
这也是人类第130次探月活动。
“嫦娥”落月是世界航天史上来自一个亚洲大国的首次尝试。如今距中国首名航天员进入太空仅十年，而几年后中国就要建设自己的空间站了。———德国《法兰克福汇报》
嫦娥三号探测器昨晚成功落月，中国成为世界上第三个有能力独立自主实施月球软着陆的国家。这是中国航天器首次地外天体软着陆，也是自1976年前苏联Luna 24探测器之后，人类月球探测器首次软着陆。
1978年，美国赠送给中国一块1克重的月球土壤，是阿波罗17号飞船从月球表面带回来的。科学家欧阳自远说：“通过对这块标本的研究，我们写出了40篇论文。”
现在，中国已经再也没有必要借助美国送来的土壤了。“三姑娘”首次落月就成功，真正的宇航员登陆也将紧随其后。
如果说上个百年是美国的世纪，那么现在迎来了中国的世纪。
前苏联的第一落
试了12次终于成功
中国空间技术研究院研究员庞之浩昨日接受成都商报记者采访时表示，“嫦娥三号落月非常完美，之前为着陆器设置的100多种预案都没有用上，完全按照既定规划完成。”
在人类探索月球的历程中，各国一方面显示科技实力，一方面也要承受失败带来的巨大压力，其中前苏联于1959年发射的月球探测器与月球擦肩而过，直到第12次尝试才首获成功。
跑偏了
距离5995千米
“月球”1号擦肩月球
1959年1月2日，前苏联发射人类历史上第一个月球探测器———“月球”1号，绰号“梦想”。当时，前苏联对它充满了希望和信心，因为此前，前苏联航天机构已经对向月球派遣使者做了三次失败的尝试。
“月球”1号的目标是以接近第二宇宙速度摆脱地球引力场，直接“奔向月球”，然后撞击月球表面。遗憾的是，“月球”1号在距离月球5995千米处和月球擦肩而过，未能命中月球。
“火候不对”
“月球”7号点太早了
“月球”8号又点迟了
1965年5月9日，前苏联发射“月球”5号探测器，是进行月球软着陆的尝试。当“月球”5号距离月面64千米、在准备降落的最后阶段时，由于设备故障，制动火箭点火失灵，科学家只能听着它发出的信号，无奈地任它以极大的速度直接击中月球并损毁。据说，德国的一个天文台，看到撞击扬起的月壤形成了长225千米、宽85千米的尘云。
随后前苏联接连发射了“月球”7号和“月球”8号探测器，但不幸再次上演。前者点火过早，后者由于点火时探测器已经距离月球表面很近，导致它尚未减低到安全着陆速度就撞击到月球表面。在撞击的瞬间，所有的信号传输骤然停止，说明“月球”8号已经损毁。
首次成功
世界第一颗
“月球”9号首次实现软着陆
1966年2月3日，满载着希望的“月球”9号最终安全地在月球上降落。7小时后，向地球传送了首张月球表面的全景照片。
为了完成这一人类创举，前苏联从1959年1月开始发射了24颗系列月球飞行器，进行了11次失败的月面软着陆。
美国的第一落
翻着跟头奔月
被成功惊呆了
与前苏联相比，美国的首次探月之路十分坎坷，显得更为艰难。美国探月初期发射的5颗“先驱者”探测器几乎没有一个获得成功，其失败的主要原因是，火箭没有足够的推力，探测器根本没有飞抵月球，基本没有发挥作用。
1961年开始，美国发射了9次“徘徊者”系列探测器，是用“徘徊者”的身躯直接砸向月球，目的是为在月面硬着陆提供参考数据。
直到1966年，勘测者1号新型探测器经过64个小时的飞行，成功在月面风暴洋软着陆，曾被认为很可能搞砸的这一项目终获成功。
难以置信
“降落时，地球人啥也做不了”
落月成功是个奇迹
1966年5月30日，携有美国首个落月探测器———勘测者1号的运载火箭，已进入发射最后准备阶段。“这次探月的成功率有多少？”一名工作人员忍不住发问。“千分之一，”项目经理鲍勃·罗德里克回答道。
当年6月的一期《纽约时报》报道了勘测者1号落月的过程：最后的接近、落月过程从着陆前41分钟开始，当时它的飞行速度约为每秒2公里。从地球上传来的一系列指令让它翻起了跟头———先翻转90度，然后偏转60度，接着再翻转94度。此后，制动火箭点火，勘测者1号逐渐降落，其速度和高度快速降低。“从这时起，探测器进入自主飞行状态，地球人啥也做不了。”
由于此前完全没有月面软着陆实际经验，人们认为勘测者1号如能落月成功将是个奇迹。
当年6月2日，美国对此次落月进行了全国电视直播。在预计落月时间过了几分钟后，电视画面中突然出现了月球表面和勘测者1号的一只脚。这个画面停留了相当长一段时间，以至于有人戏言：“项目人员可能被成功着陆惊呆了，他们也不知道下一步要干什么。”
听天由命
“勘测者”系列“盲降”
落月时都是倾斜的
“要知道，当初美国勘测者系列探测器落月时都是‘盲降’啊，”美国航天局月球探索分析小组成员、科学家杰夫·普莱夏在接受新华社记者采访时说，勘测者探测器落月时只能简单地执行事先设计好的降落程序，然后听天由命，其中在落月中途失败过两次，其余5次安全着陆。
“没有一个美国着陆器，无论是勘测者还是阿波罗，是真正水平着陆的，它们落月时都是倾斜的，”普莱夏说，这是因为月面凹凸不平，有很多陨石坑和石头。
写好讣告
“阿波罗”登月前
早就准备好失败的发言
要知道，当你还活着的时候已经有人给你写好了讣告，这绝对不是什么好事。40年前，当阿姆斯特朗和奥尔德林等宇航员还没有在月球静海地区着陆时，时任美国总统尼克松就已经准备好了一段登月计划失败的发言：“上帝已经让这个前往月球的人长眠于这个地方。”
成都商报记者 赵倩
本组稿件综合新华社 人民网 法制晚报等
中国探月·意义
登月有什么用？
张泉灵：和我们关系紧密
央视主持人张泉灵昨日为准备“嫦娥三号登月之旅直播特别报道”，特意去北京天文馆看了看那0.5克美国人30多年前送的月球岩石。
张泉灵在微博中写道，“当年美国人没告之其任何信息。欧阳自远院士用0.5克研究，得出是阿波罗17号从澄海取回。美国人颇惊。再有嫦娥总师叶培建当年在瑞士见美国人展出‘一片月球’，感慨万千，‘人不争先但需恐后’，立志奔月。知落后有志向不菲薄肯坚持，梦方近。”
张泉灵在微博说，“有人问登月和山村里上破学校的孩子有什么关系？其实这关系还挺紧密的。互联网技术来源于美国登月技术，要把休斯敦航天中心的电脑连起来。现在很多好学校把公开课放在网上。今年内蒙古一乡村学校在民间慈善机构的帮助下用北京人大附小的数学网络公开课同步上课，成绩大涨。这只是一个例子而已。真的很多。气象卫星对减少气象灾害的损失、解决饥饿和贫困问题有着直接的关系。登月技术中的燃料技术如推广可帮助减少雾霾，加压泵技术可利用于高楼灭火……于我而言，‘满足人类好奇心’已经足够重要。”
中国探月·动力
从0.5克的月岩开始
中国人走向整个太阳系
“我们的着陆器和月球车将会在这里着陆，”在中国国家天文台7楼的办公室里，在那个直径超过1米、表面上详细标注着各种地名的精美月球模型面前，中国月球探测工程首席科学家欧阳自远指着模型上的一块区域说道。
“25年前，我的研究就从一块0.5克的月球岩石样品开始。”欧阳自远说，1978年，时任美国总统卡特的总统国家安全事务助理布热津斯基访华时，向中国赠送了一件特殊的礼物———一块小指尖大小的月球岩石样品。样品铸在一个有机玻璃盒内，从外面看起来很大，其实只有1克的重量。有关部门很快找到了远在贵阳的欧阳自远。
“我们将这1克月球岩石切成两块，一块保存起来，一块用来研究。美国人赠送月岩样品，其实也是在探测我们的测试能力和研究水平，虽然这话没有明说。但后来的事实证明，我们的研究结果还是让美国人很信服。”欧阳自远说，就这0.5克石头，我们共发表了14篇相关研究文章，确认石头是阿波罗17号采集的，确认了采集地点，甚至确认了石头所在地是否有阳光照射等等。就是在这样的“压力和动力”下，中国开始了自己的探月计划。
“几十年我们都早起晚睡，没有假日。因为根本没有探月方面的核心资料，我们只能收集研究别的国家的公开资料，也与美、英、德等国开展合作性研究，积累天体化学和月球探测的相关研究基础。”欧阳自远说，月球只是一个起点，中国还将对整个太阳系进行全面探索。
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