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The author:(作者)aaapublished in(发表于) 2013/12/16 0:41:11 Ouyang Ziyuan Moon lacks meaningful said myopia
Ouyang Ziyuan
Famous celestial chemistry and geochemist, participation and guidance of China's lunar exploration short-term objectives and long-term planning of the development, is the first Chief Scientist of the lunar exploration program, academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences, fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, developing, International Academy of Astronautics. Current Institute of geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences researcher, Senior Adviser to the National Astronomical Observatory, Senior Adviser to the leading group for China's lunar exploration.
Last night in the South, Chang the third succeeded in achieving a soft landing in the Moon at that moment, the first Chinese lunar exploration program Chief Scientist Ouyang Ziyuan "irrational fears, but calm conviction that something will be in accordance with the scheduled programme" complex feelings instantly turned into joy. As participants of the Moon exploration project planning and guidance, as well as the first Chief Scientist of China's lunar exploration program, Ouyang Ziyuan has recently accepted the South has an exclusive interview with Xinhua, explained the question to some users online, while detailing the United States Lunar the significant social benefits.
Design of the flag is special not on the national anthem project
The Moon, the lander Tower ", third" Rover "rabbit" who each bring a national flag. Under the plan, today, "the rabbit" will come out of the arms of the lander, and each photo, the Chinese national flag on the Moon features the scene will be forever frozen. But netizens are curious, this flag on the Moon and common flag have no difference? The flag on the Moon, the national anthem will not float on the Moon?
Ouyang Ziyuan said that due to the harsh Lunar environment, without the air activities, great temperature difference between day and night, no global magnetic field, strong cosmic radiation. To adapt to the environment of the Moon's surface, flag material in very different ways, and not have flagpoles of national flags. As regards the issue of playing the national anthem, said Ouyang Ziyuan, the lander and the Rover shoot each other flags, already have a symbolic significance, there is no need to spend an additional set of playback devices to play the national anthem, increase the weight.
Second phase is to implement the manned moon landing
Ouyang Ziyuan said China's lunar exploration program is divided into "round", "down", and "return" 3 phase, in fact, this is only the first stage of China's lunar exploration program, completed the first phase of the task, and will also implement the second phase of manned lunar and establish a base on the Moon's phase III project.
In addition to Moon, if you want to probe other planets, the difficulty may not be more difficult than the moon. Ouyang Ziyuan, Lunar and planetary exploration is the biggest differences between the planets too far from the Earth, flying the route for too long. Simple soft landing technology, in a soft landing on Mars than the Moon easier, the vacuum of the lunar surface, you cannot use a parachute or air cushion and 1% of the atmospheric pressure on the surface of Mars, you can use a parachute or air cushion landing. More than 90 per cent of the atmosphere of Venus more than atmospheric pressure, Venus surface temperatures up to 480 ° c, especially difficult landing Jinxing. Landing landing the reader or visit to Venus's surface, because the temperature is too high, it is difficult to work properly.
Construction
1 reasons for not establishing any orbital module?
Answer: costs are too high and no significance
South: Online article, orbital module is Chang ' e third weakness is not set, it is impossible to shoot its fall during the months of complex and exciting mobile. Considered "spent a lot of effort but cannot be fully demonstrated, it would be at a disadvantage. Lunar exploration, deep space probes are still lacking real meaning. ”
Ouyang Ziyuan: current maximum thrust rocket long March b rockets, 3rd, the lander and the Rover's quality-conscious, will not increase the weight again, let alone increase an orbital module to take a fall during the months of complex and exciting mobile. If using another rocket launch the orbital module to watch "fall during the months of complex and exciting mobile" high cost, need not. The key is having the landing technology, rather than the performance, not to mention the Lunar soft landing in United States and the Soviet Union in the last century has tried 19 times.
Lunar 2 currently lack real meaning?
Answer: sighted! Promoting scientific and technological progress
South: netizens believe that Lunar and deep space exploration is currently still lacks real meaning.
Ouyang Ziyuan: this is a myopic view. Chinese Lunar and deep space exploration, huge push for scientific and technological progress, economic development and structural adjustment of the important promotion role, the cultivation and growth of new high-tech talent, to the emergence and development of new disciplines, improve civilians ' scientific literacy and to improve and enhance the quality of life of the people and so on, will have an incalculable and play a huge role. United States implementation of the Apollo manned lunar program in science, technology, military, economic, political and personnel made many achievements are a case in point.
3 How to use Moon energy?
Answer: electricity transmitted back to Earth!
South: when it comes to energy on the Moon, many scientists are the abundant solar energy. On Earth, solar energy, solar power on the Moon what's surprising? Sun on the Moon, how does to the planet?
Ouyang Ziyuan: solar energy on Earth and on the moon are not the same. The Sun came up on the Moon is half a month, and there are no clouds and no weather, Sun was shining the surface of the Moon, so solar energy densities are much larger than Earth. And there are no buildings on the Moon, laying unlimited solar panels, and fax it back to earth can be achieved already, using laser or microwave transmission can be resolved. He said that this is the cleanest energy source, and it was much better than using solar energy on the planet, on Earth, there is no way to get rich in solar energy.
Also has scientists suggested to Moon Department a root belt, belt long 11,000 km, wide 400 km, if said this belt made solar power battery Board, moon solar transmission to Earth of what location, are has a design, if said this programme can achieved if, Earth Shang of humanity future generations, what energy are don't has, enough has, but this works volume extremely vast, just human a ideal.
4 when to use energy and resources of the Moon?
A: really rich in energy, was the first to detect
South: when will my use of energy on the Moon?
Ouyang Ziyuan: Besides a solar power on the Moon in addition to another energy was inspired by the Sun, is as likely to be the future of humanity the ultimate energy---controlled nuclear fusion power. Seven countries including China plans to France together to build an international thermal nuclear reactor, spend about 10 billion euros, promoting the development of key technology of controlled nuclear fusion power generation. Helium -3 may in the future become the raw material of controlled nuclear fusion.
Chang first has proven, full moon in the Lunar soil layer content distribution and abundance of helium-3, at least more than 1 million tons of helium-3. Controlled nuclear fusion power generation to commercialization to meet humanity's energy needs for at least 10,000 years, and that human society is a long-term, stable, and safe, clean, affordable controlled nuclear fusion energy raw materials. But for now, the transport of materials to the moon to build bases, using the Moon's energy, economic and technical costs are too high.
In addition, the moon has vast deposits of mineral resources, such as rare earths, titanium, uranium, thorium, potassium, iron, phosphorus and helium-3, which are almost inexhaustible source of. But there is no urgency to exploitation of mineral resources of the moon. Scientists have a duty to advance the proven Moon which contains mineral resources, their distribution, the amount of grade and resources, provides a scientific basis for conditional development and utilization.
5 United States consumption of huge amounts of the Moon, what?
A: the Apollo program input-output ratio 1:14
South: because of the current conditions falls far short of the extent to which the use of lunar resources, Moon exploration plan against spending huge amount of money, there are also netizens who expressed incomprehension, that is too much? Americans went up 6 times, are now not going to the Moon, we'll continue on the Moon exploration is meaningful?
Ouyang Ziyuan: 50 's of the last century, United States and the Soviet Union, the two superpowers began one of the most intense military competition---the moon. This process will push human spaceflight technology on an all-time high, and also produced a lunar science and planetary science, led a series of high and new technology development, but also gave birth to a large number of new industrial groups, comprehensive promotion of human socio-economic, technological and military development, United States made great economic and social benefits.
United States began in the early 60 's the Apollo lunar exploration program, invested at that time was $ 25.4 billion, equivalent to us $ 136 billion in 2005, is the largest in human history, one of the most expensive projects. Apollo had been attended by more than 20,000 companies, more than 200 universities, more than more than 80 scientific research institutes, more than 400,000 people. Due to the emergence of the Apollo program, led to the 60-70 's of the last century for more than 20 years, including guided rockets, radar, radio, synthetic materials, a large number of high-tech industries, such as computer group was born. All of these technologies and the application to the civil aspect, pulling the entire technology development and industrial prosperity. So, Apollo program achieved great results.
The Apollo program produced more than 3,000 kinds of new technology, every technology which has many, many patent, for aerospace, military, communications, materials, medicine and health, computer, and so there is a huge boost. United States debt, start input-output ratio is 1:4., recent United States announced Project Apollo 1:14 input-output ratio, it should be said that United States Apollo program is leading the 60-70 on behalf of more than 20 years of the last century almost all the innovation and development of high-tech, has spawned a large number of the birth and growth of new industry groups.
While the United States and the Soviet Moon race, United States win the final victory. Since after the debacle of the Soviet Union, United States did not do the lunar exploration nearly 30 years United States to focus on two aspects, one is the development of the space shuttle, because they can round-trip times used; the second is the development of the international space station, they don't engage in moon exploration. But in 2005 they have regrets, I feel that this is a huge strategic error, they are confined to low orbit for too long, they have to return to the Moon, to fully probe the solar system.
This version of article: South-Xinhua
Xinhua News Agency, c FP for
(Original title: "landing on Mars or easier than landing on the Moon")
欧阳自远
著名的天体化学与地球化学家，参与并指导中国月球探测的短期目标与长远规划的制定，是中国月球探测计划首任首席科学家，中国科学院院士、发展中国家科学院院士，国际宇航科学院院士。现任中国科学院地球化学研究所研究员，国家天文台高级顾问，中国月球探测领导小组高级顾问。
南都讯 昨晚，嫦娥三号在月球成功实现软着陆那一刻，中国探月工程首任首席科学家欧阳自远“莫名担忧，但又冷静确信一切会按照预定方案进展”的复杂心情也瞬间转为欣喜。作为探月工程计划制定的参与者和指导者，以及中国探月工程的首任首席科学家，欧阳自远近日接受南都记者专访，解释了网上部分网友的疑问，同时详细介绍了美国探月带来的巨大社会效益。
国旗为特制没设计放国歌项目
此次落月，着陆器“嫦娥三号”和月球车“玉兔”身上都各自带了一面国旗。根据计划，今天，“玉兔”会从着陆器怀抱中跑出来，然后会相互拍照留念，中国国旗在月球广寒宫的场景将被永恒定格。不过有网友好奇，这面登上月球的国旗和普通国旗有没有区别呢？国旗上月球了，国歌会不会在月球上飘荡呢？
欧阳自远说，由于月球环境恶劣，没有大气活动，日夜温差极大，没有全球性磁场，宇宙辐射比较强。为适应月球表面环境，国旗的材质有很大不同，更不是用有旗杆的国旗。至于播放国歌的问题，欧阳自远说，着陆器与月球车互相拍摄国旗，已经具有标志性意义，完全没有必要再增加一套播音设备播放国歌，增加重量。
第二阶段是实施载人登月
欧阳自远称，中国探月工程分为“绕”、“落”、“回”3个阶段，事实上，这仅是我国探月工程的第一阶段，待第一阶段任务完成后，还将实施载人登月的第二阶段和在月球上建立基地的第三阶段计划。
除探月以外，如要探测其他行星，难度未必比探月更难。欧阳自远称，月球与行星探测最大的区别是行星距离地球太远，路途飞行时间太长。仅仅以软着陆技术而言，在火星上软着陆比月球更容易，月球表面的真空，不能使用降落伞或气垫；而火星表面有1%的大气压，可以使用降落伞或气垫软着陆。金星的大气达到90多个大气压，金星表面温度达到480℃，软着陆金星特别艰难。着陆器或巡视器降落到金星表面，由于温度太高，难以正常工作。
释疑
1 为何不设轨道舱？
答：成本太高也无意义
南都：网上有文章认为，没有设置轨道舱是嫦娥三号的缺点，所以无法拍摄其落月时复杂而精彩的机动过程。认为“花了大力气却无法充分表现出来，这未免过于吃亏。月球探测、深空探测目前仍缺乏实际意义。”
欧阳自远：当前我国最大推力的火箭是长征3号乙火箭，着陆器和月球车的质量已经精打细算，不可能再增加重量，更不能增加一个轨道舱来拍摄落月时复杂而精彩的机动过程。假如再利用另外一个火箭发射轨道舱来观看“落月时复杂而精彩的机动过程”，成本太高，必要性也不大。关键是掌握着陆技术，而不是为了表演，何况月面软着陆美国和苏联在上世纪已经实施过19次。
2 目前月球探测缺乏实际意义？
答：目光短浅！可推动科技进步
南都：有网友认为，月球探测与深空探测目前仍缺乏实际意义。
欧阳自远：这是一种眼光短浅的看法。中国开展月球探测与深空探测，对于科技进步的巨大推动，对经济发展与结构调整的重要提升作用，对新型高科技人才队伍的培养与成长，对新兴学科的诞生与发展，提高全民的科学素质以及人民生活质量的改善与提高等各个方面，都将产生并发挥难以估量的巨大作用。美国实施阿波罗载人登月计划在科技、军事、经济、政治和人才诸多方面所取得的成就是一个实例。
3 如何利用月球能源？
答：发电传回地球！
南都：不少科学家在谈到月球上的能源时，都会提到其丰富的太阳能。地球上也有太阳能，月球上的太阳能有啥稀奇的？而且太阳晒在月球上，怎么给地球用呢？
欧阳自远：月球上的太阳能和地球上的不一样。月球上的太阳一出来就是半个月，又没有云，又没有天气活动，太阳光直射月球表面，所以太阳能的能量密度比地球大得多。而且月球上没有任何建筑物，可以无限制铺设太阳能电池板，而且把它发的电传回地球早已可以实现，用激光或微波传输可以解决。他说，这是最清洁的能源，而且比地球上用太阳能好多了，地球上根本就没办法取到那么丰富的太阳能。
还有科学家建议给月球系一根腰带，腰带长1.1万公里，宽400公里，假如说这个腰带做成太阳能发电电池板，月球太阳能传输到地球的什么位置，都有一个设计，假如说这个方案能够实现的话，地球上的全人类子孙万代，什么能源都不要了，足够了，但是这个工程量极其浩大，只是人类一种理想。
4 何时用上月球的能源与资源？
答：确实蕴藏丰富能源，得先探明情况
南都：我国何时能用上月球上的能源？
欧阳自远：月球上除了有丰富的太阳能之外，还有一种能源是受启发于太阳，即可能是人类未来的终极能源———受控核聚变发电。包括中国在内的七个国家计划在法国共同建一个国际热核反应堆，大约花费100亿欧元，推进受控核聚变发电的关键技术的进展。未来氦-3很有可能成为受控核聚变的原料。
嫦娥一号已经探明，全月球的月壤层中氦-3含量的分布与资源量，至少有100多万吨氦-3。假如受控核聚变发电能够商业化，可以满足全人类至少一万年的能源需求，而且这将是人类社会长期、稳定、安全、清洁、廉价的受控核聚变的能源原料。但是目前而言，运输材料到月球去建造基地，利用月球能源的经济技术成本太高。
另外，月球确实蕴藏有极其丰富的矿产资源，如稀土、铀、钍、钾、钛、铁、磷和氦-3，几乎都是取之不尽，用之不竭。但目前还没有必要急着开发利用月球的矿产资源。科学家有责任事先探明月球蕴藏有哪些矿产资源，它们的分布、品位和资源量，以备有条件开发利用时提供科学依据。
5 美国耗巨资登月得到了什么？
答：阿波罗计划投入产出比1：14
南都：由于当前的条件还远没有达到利用月球资源的程度，对于耗费巨量资金实施的探月计划，也有网友表达了不解，认为是不是代价太大？美国人先后上去了6次，现在都不登月了，我们再继续在月球上探索是不是有意义？
欧阳自远：上世纪50年代，美国和苏联两个超级大国展开一场最激烈的军事竞争———探测月球。这一过程将人类的航天技术水平推上了前所未有的高度，另外也产生了月球科学与行星科学，带动一系列高新技术的发展，同时也诞生了一大批新型的工业群体，全面促进了人类社会的经济、科技、军事的发展，美国取得了巨大的经济和社会的效益。
美国在上世纪60年代初开始的阿波罗探月计划，当时的投资是254亿美元，相当于2005年的1360亿美元，是人类有史以来规模最大，耗资最多的科技项目之一。参加阿波罗计划的有两万家企业、200多所大学、80多个科研机构，总人数超过40万人。由于阿波罗计划的出现，导致了上世纪60年代-70年代20多年包括火箭、雷达、无线电制导、合成材料、计算机等一大批高科技工业群体的诞生。所有这些技术又应用到民用方面，带动了整个科技发展和工业的繁荣。所以，阿波罗计划取得巨大的效益。
阿波罗计划产生了3000多种新的应用技术，每一项应用技术里面都有很多很多专利，对航天航空、军事、通信、材料、医疗卫生、计算机等都有巨大的推动作用。美国算了一笔账，开始的投入产出比是1：4 .5，最近美国公布阿波罗计划投入产出比1：14，应该说美国阿波罗计划是引领了上世纪60-70年代20多年几乎全部高新技术的创新与发展，也催生了一大批新兴工业群体的诞生与成长。
而美国和苏联的探月竞赛，美国取得最后的胜利。自从苏联彻底失败后，美国不搞月球探测了，近30年来美国把精力集中在两个方面，一是发展航天飞机，因为可以往返多次使用；二是发展国际空间站，他们再也不搞月球探测了。但2005年他们后悔了，感觉到这是一个巨大的战略上的错误，他们被限制在低轨道的时间太长了，他们要重返月球，要全面探测太阳系。
本版采写：南都记者 刘军
新华社、C FP供图
(原标题：“着陆火星或比着陆月球更容易”)
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