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The author:(作者)aaapublished in(发表于) 2013/12/16 0:44:11 Shenzhen farmers market fire： build a fire violation storing up problems
Shenzhen "12·11" behind the fire: rural land unauthorised "infinite loop"
Lu Litao WANG Yu-Feng
11th, Shenzhen Rong Jian farmers market fire claimed 16 lives.
According to Shenzhen's official disclosure of these 16 people, including three generations of a family of six people, the smallest victims as young as 2 years old.
The evening of 11th, Shenzhen Mayor Xu Qin made a return to deep from the central economic work Conference, convened under the auspices of the "12·11" fire in the scene of the accident. At present, the calm remains in the aftermath of the fire.
Shenzhen City-wide safety inspection to proceed expeditiously, there is a "triple play" farmers market, fruit market, small stalls and small shops, a focused, comprehensive and thorough investigation and remediation, to avoid the recurrence of similar incidents.
At the same time, a series of questions remain to be solved. Why operations, warehousing and accommodation "triad" of chaos? Why the illegal construction has not been dealt with as a crowded farmers ' market? In the case of fires unspecified reasons, did not die of grief, problems exposed in the fire are thought-provoking.
Fire market belongs to unauthorised
Rong Jian farmers market, located in Guangming Chuk Yuen Estate Community Dongjiang industrial area, used to be the Chuk Yuen Estate Community typical of the transformation and upgrading.
And many communities built in Shenzhen factory for lease to keep the community economy, the Chuk Yuen Estate Community experienced the development path. In 2007, the Dongjiang industrial zone, a large number of factories idle down, businessman Xu Ri sent to rent the plant, and industrial plants, building 21, converted into agricultural products wholesale market.
Rong Jian are ABCDE in five districts of agricultural markets, packed up the fruit, dry goods, groceries and other wholesale distribution businesses more than 500 households. Fire stations located in area b, dominated by wholesale fruit merchants. B 30 stalls, Seventeen-Eight stalls were burnt beyond recognition, black stain paint peeling.
The first newspaper reporter querying business data found that Rong Jian sent agricultural and sideline products trade company limited by Xu Ri as General Manager, capital 95,000 yuan, with 95% shares. For bulk food sales at the farmers market on October 19 this year had expired, reply environmental impact review is due on October 9.
Familiar with the matter told, Xu Ri sent two brothers responsible for day-to-day management, after the accident, Xu's two brothers are under control, Xu Ri return did not show up.
On the 11th, held a news conference, was asked about Rong Jian after alteration of power market by way of the old factory is the formal approval for construction of formalities, as well as through fire control acceptance, official is not a direct answer, said arrangements for staff to obtain the relevant information for verification.
The person familiar with the matter said, Rong Jian industrial building converted to did not report procedures, belonging to the collective of industrial land in the countryside, is broadly defined as unauthorised.
In such a mess of people and goods within the farmers market, some shops illegally built a lot of tin sheds, "triple play" buildings, accommodation and production, warehousing, management and other violations in the same space.
Guangming Gongming Office Party Secretary Guo Feng said yesterday at the press conference, though they did against a big, but many take the building down and build.
Nearby shops to the newspaper confirmed that Guangming, Chuk Yuen Tsuen this year, very strict security checks on safety in the agricultural market, "often to check the goods are blocking junctions, have a pile of old, common sense also put out the fire, on fire escape and so on. ”
The "three-in-one" built to lift fire storing up problems, and issue fire-fighting equipment in the agricultural market, also affected the time of fire. Shenzhen Zhang Xiaowei said fire brigade Chief of staff, insufficient fire-fighting equipment does exist in the market, rescue, fire hydrant the fire on the East side, but pressure is not enough effective range of less than 10 metres.
Illegal construction profit-driven
Why not report procedures, fire equipment standards of agricultural markets can not be a farmer's market for public consumption, and the five-year-old?
These people told, repeatedly requested the root Chuk Yuen Estate Community on the Rong Jian, Guangming farm market rectification. However, where communities have their helpless villagers social insurance shall be borne by the village collective, this land as plant efficiency is too low, as farmers market rents higher, once you close the farmers market, community great for loss of earnings, the new Administration has failed to make up this revenue to the village, this illegal construction was inherited.
Collective illegally built on land belonging to Shenzhen's problem left over by history. Even after 1992 and twice in 2004 after reconstruction of rural urbanization, the city's former agricultural accounts personnel have all been converted to city dwellers, rural land has been converted to state-owned, Tongjian, industrial plants, but in fact a lot of the land is still remain in the form of village collective.
It also became one of the important sources of income of village collective joint-stock company. "The villagers became residents, but social security requires collective commitment, the village Committee and the village of joint-stock company's management can only rely on the land to generate income. A three-year term, and efficiency is not high, dividends no, nobody wants him. "This person said to the newspaper.
This to a certain extent, resulting in a joint community collective motivation of developers illegally built.
Assistant to the Director of the Center for real estate, Zhuo Jiehui told this newspaper that, under the current system is imposed by the need to transfer the State-owned rural land development, does not allow direct listing of collective land circulation in rural areas, in recent years an economic downturn, a high vacancy rate in industrial plants, unable to supplement the current system, the right to do, you can secretly change of use to generate income.
At the same time, because of widespread illegal construction, Shenzhen checked against significant opposition, easily find contrary to process intensification of contradictions, checked against the difficulty in implementing, illegal building becomes an infinite loop, and also natural quality, fire, and other hazards.
Institutionally, find contrary to territorial management, special Street enforcement team to carry out the investigation, the Shenzhen regulatory supervision team of the Land Commission is only responsible for checking against the guidance, will only intervene when crime cases. Street Office and the development of the community is inextricably links find contrary to even be promoted to advance.
The SAR marked difference in internal and external
Shenzhen map, Rong Jian, Gongming Street belonged to the original customs area, junction is located in Shenzhen and Dongguan, more remote.
While Shenzhen Special economic zone after the expansion, increased the areas beyond the original SAR infrastructure, social security and other spending, such as Rong Jian building post Avenue in front of the agricultural market was just completed last year, but there are clear disparities both within and outside of the SAR, such disparities in road transport, water supply and drainage facilities, social welfare and urban management in all its aspects.
The reporter on the scene saw fire occurred near the building dominated by factories and farmers, road traffic chaos, is far from original kannai district urban landscape.
"Here, just as in rural areas. "Rong Jian opened three years of Mr CHENG told the grocery store, mostly near the factory, Rong Jian shops, supermarkets around the factory farm to pick up cargo, but because of market size, competition, profit is not high.
He sighed and said, especially a bad economy, many factories appeared vacant, small supermarket business, farmers market business has also been affected. In order to cut costs and fire consciousness, many fruit merchants in stalls built tin shacks, a few lived in it.
"Fire protection manuals written on the document itself does not allow live, but they are trying to save money, if my family went out to rent monthly expenditure of at least in more than 2000 dollars. "Mr Cheng said.
深圳“12·11”大火背后：农村土地违建的“死循环”
卢丽涛 王玉凤
11日凌晨，深圳市荣健农批市场的一场大火吞噬了16条生命。
据深圳官方披露，这16人中，包括一家六口的三代人，最小的遇难者年仅2岁。
11日晚，深圳市市长许勤专程从中央经济工作会议返深，主持召开“12·11”重大火灾事故现场会。目前，火灾善后安抚事宜仍在进行。
深圳全市范围内迅速开展安全生产大检查，对存在“三合一”现象的农批市场、水果市场、小档口、小作坊等进行重点、全面、彻底的排查和整治，避免再次发生类似事故。
同时，一连串疑问仍有待解开。为何出现经营、住宿和仓储“三合一”的混乱情况？为何违建一直未被查处还作为人流密集的农贸市场使用？在火灾原因未明、悲痛未泯的情况下，火灾中暴露的问题仍发人深思。
起火市场属于违建
荣健农批市场，位于光明新区根竹园社区东江仔工业区，曾经是根竹园社区转型升级的典型。
与深圳众多社区靠自建厂房出租来维持社区经济一样，根竹园社区也经历了这样的发展路径。2007年，东江仔工业区内大批厂房闲置下来，商人许日送承租了这片厂房，并把21栋工业厂房改建成了农副产品批发市场。
荣健农批市场分为ABCDE五个区，密密麻麻容纳了水果、干货、杂货等批发销售商户500多户。火灾地点位于B区，以水果批发商户为主。B区的30个档口中，有十七八间档口被烧得面目全非，黑迹斑驳。
《第一财经日报》记者查询工商资料发现，荣健农副产品贸易有限公司由许日送任总经理，出资9.5万元，占95%的股份。该农批市场的散装食品销售在今年10月19日已经到期，环境影响审查批复也已于10月9日到期。
知情人士对本报说，因许日送的两个弟弟负责日常管理，事故发生后许的两个弟弟已经被控制，许日送还未现身。
在11日举行的新闻发布会上，被问及荣健农批市场经由旧厂房改造后是否办理过正规的报批报建手续，以及是否经过消防验收，官方并未正面回答，只是称正在安排工作人员对相关资料进行调取核实。
上述知情人士说，荣健农批由工业厂房改造而来确实没有报建手续，属于农村集体工业用地，也是广义上的违建。
就在这样一个人和货物杂乱的农批市场内，还被一些商户违建了很多铁皮棚子，成为“三合一”建筑，即住宿与生产、仓储、经营等在同一空间内违章使用。
光明新区公明办事处党工委书记郭峰昨日在发布会上称，虽然查违力度很大，但很多乱搭乱建拆了又建。
附近商户也向本报证实，今年光明新区、根竹园村委，农批市场的保安对安全生产检查非常严格，“经常来检查货物是不是挡住了路口，有没有乱堆乱放，还宣传灭火常识，着火了怎么逃生等。”
“三合一”乱搭乱建给火灾埋下隐患，而农批市场内消防设备存在问题，也影响了救火的时间。深圳消防支队参谋长张晓伟称，农批市场消防设备确实存在不足，救援时，在东侧利用消防栓灭火，但压力不足，有效射程不足10米。
违建的利益驱动
为何一个没有经过报建手续、消防设备不达标的农批市场能够成为公共消费的农贸市场，且存在了五年之久？
上述知情人士对本报说，光明新区曾多次要求根竹园社区对荣健农批市场整改。但社区也有其无奈之处，村民社保均由村集体承担，这块地作为厂房使用效率太低，作为农批市场租金更高，一旦关闭这个农批市场，社区收入损失极大，新区政府也无法给村里补上这笔收入，这座违建就这样被延续下来。
集体土地上的违建属于深圳的历史遗留问题。虽然经过1992年和2004年两次农村城市化改造后，全市原农业户口人员已全部转为城市居民，农村集体土地已转为国有，但事实上很多土地仍以统建、工业厂房的形式留在村集体中。
这也成为村集体股份制公司收入的重要来源之一。“村民虽然成为居民，但社保是需要集体经济来承担的，村委和村股份制公司的管理层只能靠土地来创收。三年一届，效益不高，分红不行，就没有人选他了。”上述知情人士对本报说。
这在一定程度上，造成了社区集体联合开发商违建的动机。
房地产研究中心主任助理卓洁辉对本报表示，根据现行土地制度，农村土地要先征收为国有再进行出让开发，农村集体土地不允许直接上市流转，这几年经济下行，工业厂房空置率很高，现行体制无法补证、确权，就只能私自改变用途来创收。
同时，因为违建遍地开花，深圳查违办阻力很大，查违过程中还容易激化矛盾，查违难以执行下去，违法建筑就成为死循环，也自然成为质量、消防等问题的隐患。
在体制上，查违是属地管理，特别街道办有执法队进行一线查处，深圳市规土委监察大队只是负责查违的指导，有重案要案时才会介入。因街道办和社区有着千丝万缕的发展联系，查违即使有推动也难以推进。
特区内外差距明显
在深圳的版图上，荣健农批所在的公明街道属于原关外地区，地处深圳和东莞交界处，较为偏远。
尽管深圳特区扩容后，加大了对原特区外地区基础设施、社会保障等方面的投入，例如荣健农批市场前的楼岗大道就是去年刚建成的，但特区内外仍存在明显差距，这些差距表现在道路交通、给排水设施、社会福利和城市管理等各个方面。
本报记者也在现场看到，大火发生地附近建筑以厂房和农民房为主，路上交通杂乱，与原关内地区城市面貌相差甚远。
“这里还是像农村。”在荣健农批开了三年杂货店的郑先生对本报说，附近大部分是工厂，工厂周围的小店、超市会到荣健农批来拿货，但因为市场规模大，竞争也大，利润并不高。
他叹了口气说，尤其经济不好，很多厂房出现空置，小超市生意不好，农批市场的生意也受到影响。为了节省成本加上消防意识淡薄，很多水果商就在档口搭建铁皮棚，一家几口都住在里面。
“消防手册上写了档口本身不允许住人，但他们就是为了省钱，如果出去租房一家人每月开支至少在两千多块。”郑先生说。
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