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The author:(作者)aaapublished in(发表于) 2013/12/17 15:38:56 Fog and haze forced cars to speed up layout _ Sina news
Fog and haze forced cars to speed up layout
Vehicle exhaust emissions became the city "with ten haze v" the dilemma of primary sources, core competition in the global auto market in the future is bound to be a new power struggle ... ...
Text/the lookout news weekly reporter Lu Wenjun
Recently, the haze pollution swept almost half of China, more and more increased the pressure treating haze, as one of the major sources of urban pollution, motor vehicle exhaust emission has become a must on issues that are important, how to accelerate the development of new energy vehicles has once again become the focus.
"Haze-free" forced zero emissions
At present, the traffic pollution has become China's important sources of urban PM2.5 particulate pollutants, fog and haze weather are frequent, haze control car governance thinking has been widely referred to, compared to the current restrictive administrative initiatives, such as konggou, limit, new car alternative ideas of zero emissions is becoming a hot topic.
Many industry insiders predicted that by 2030 China's car popularization rate close to the level of developed countries, and by then China's total oil demand reached 600 million tons, protection and pollution pressures unprecedented.
Professor Wang Zhe School of Tongji University automotive told the correspondent, current energy bottlenecks and pollution forced engine of accelerating the layout of new energy vehicles, especially in the current urban pollution, is recognized as one of the greatest sources of vehicle exhaust emissions, not only manufacturing the PM2.5 and carbon monoxide 80%, hydrocarbons and 56% oxides of nitrogen at 50%.
SAIC motor passenger vehicle company Technical Center, Jackson, Deputy Director Zhu, General Manager of the company as well as to our reporters, some mature EV uses the most secure performance of lithium iron phosphate battery system as a power source, zero pollution, zero-emissions can be done. It is estimated that the SAIC developed E50 pure electric vehicles compared with normal household gasoline-fueled cars, can be reduced by nearly 3 tons of carbon emissions every year.
Energy saving-oriented new energy vehicles, has become the world's new industry high ground, United States, and Japan, Europe has taken the lead in starts, have developed a national plan to upgrade into the automobile industry.
Introduce Wang Zhe, United States last year launched the "EV-Everywhere" national innovation programme for electric vehicles, raise high performance lithium-ion battery materials, plug-in electric vehicles, lightweight technologies such as key technical support Germany releases national electric vehicle platform last year, from the national level investment to jointly develop; Japan have a more detailed plan in terms of technical facilities, support for electric vehicles popularity. United States research report, 2013-2020-year compound annual growth rate of the global electric vehicle industry will reach 39%.
New energy vehicles three trends
At present, the international new energy vehicles form three major trends:
First, the hybrid vehicle market is gradually maturing. Toyota, for example, has sold 500duowanliang cars in the world. Hybrid vehicles has also achieved excellent energy-saving emission reduction effect, reducing carbon dioxide emissions by about 34 million tons (about 11,000 square kilometers of forests 1 absorption). United States-General Motors, Ford and Germany VW and BMW in developing hybrid technology and products.
Second, electric cars could come from behind. States firmly supports electric vehicle development, has begun to go-to-market. 2012 United States electric vehicle sales of the top three, is GM's Chevrolet Volt and Toyota Prius Plug-in hybrid and the Nissan leaf, sales over 25,000 cars last year. Up to now, leaf's global sales had reached more than 80,000 vehicles. Nissan Japan domestic, also more than 700 additional fast-charging stations in the second half to further enhance the leaf's ownership.
Thirdly, new energy vehicles for fuel cells has entered the market. In 2008, the Honda sedan already in United States production and sales. United States GM's fuel cell vehicle technologies is a world leading level, will be in mass production in 2015. At the same time, it is also developing a new generation of fuel cell vehicles, next-generation hydrogen fuel cell volume has reduced by half, reduce the weight of 220 pounds, only one-third of the Platinum material, costs have dropped considerably. Apart from General Motors, Honda, and Toyota, Daimler, Hyundai has announced that in the year 2015 or 2017 to mass production of fuel cell vehicles, and Japan, Europe began extensive hydrogen refueling stations.
Experts believe that, in the face of international competition, the domestic new energy vehicles was not late start, takes a leading position in a lot of technology, should be seized "bend overtaking" opportunities. For example, in the commercial vehicle, the application of new energy vehicles in China in a leading position.
Rewa district, Shanghai new energy companies to develop "battery" + capacitor "dual-bus has been in domestic commercial operation, adorning the hundreds of vehicles operating as a bus in Shanghai, energy saving, safety stand out for effect. Also, using this technique of loading container trucks off the Assembly line, to replace heavily polluting trucks in the future, significantly improve the level of environmental protection.
"Commercial double electric technology of new energy vehicles, we have been the world's leading, but experienced many years of testing under climate, road conditions, safety and reliability to meet overall business conditions. Now Chinese cities bus lines or using cars for Public Affairs began using the technology, China's superiority in this field clearly, countries should accelerate the preferential policies implemented, offer more support of new energy sources for commercial vehicles, which are environmental benefits obvious. "Shui hua, Chairman of shuaihongyuan to the correspondent said.
How China close-press
In the context of Europe, America and Japan new energy vehicles started to break, no late start of China's new energy automobile industry, personal press, occupy industry highs and avoid lagging behind in conventional cars long's dilemma? In response, Chen Qingtai, a researcher at the development research center of the State Council that the "need to understand trends in China, and promptly adjust development strategies. ”
For one thing, in the face of alternative technologies should be open to new entrants. This round of automotive Powertrain revolution, first not to shine big manufacturers such as General Motors, Ford, or in Detroit, but was born in Silicon Valley, its representative there is no automotive background of Tesla. We're on development policy to encourage new entrants, "monkey wrench".
Second, the development of new energy vehicles in China will have to find market opportunities. Electric energy saving, auto-zero-emissions, mass reducing dependence on oil, is an externality, particularly in manufacturing, immature, not convenient for electric vehicles, combined with the absence of urgent production requirements, the lack of internal power. So, to go out of the industrialization of new energy vehicle trouble, the buyer can no longer simply rely on financial subsidies, but to add to a company's internal power, encourage their seeking market opportunities.
Chen Qingtai, "said Tesla has caused wide public concern recently, one important point that it does not care about price and cares more about rich people beat us to enjoy advanced technology to target customers, looking to find a new path of development. From the development of China, in addition to conventional development, core is to find market opportunities, rather than rely on Government subsidies for a long time. ”
Third, select sustainable and leverage policy tools. Fuel cars after more than 100 years of technical courses, spending habits, particularly the establishment of chains of interest, has a dramatic inertia and social influence. United States, and Germany, and France, and Italy and Japan and other developed countries new energy policies, focus does not impair the market competition, but the policy effects are magnified through the market.
Of course, the development of new energy vehicles in China very important aspect is to promote the use of environmental, including charging convenience becomes the current breakthrough new energy cars into the average family's primary problem. Shanghai Electric formed electric car service company, specializing in intelligent charger for electric network operation and maintenance, battery-leasing business. At present, have been built in Shanghai electric vehicle charging battery swap station 17, cumulative charge battery swapping service 16,000 times, service more than 1.82 million kilometers.
"There is experimenting, the future will be a lot of laying of charging infrastructure, innovation and charge for services, by facilitating the environment, allowing more people to use new energy cars, break this bottleneck. At present, the new energy vehicles in price disadvantage, by State subsidies and licensing policies have eased, maintenance sessions much more than conventional gasoline and diesel cars save, long-term use of economy is very strong. "Power electric service company, Deputy General Manager of Shanghai Dong Yujin told your correspondent. □
New energy vehicles not far away
At the national level, new energy automotive applications began to pick up speed. At China International industry fair held recently in Shanghai, became the focus of new energy vehicles. But at this industry site, became the selling of new energy vehicles, on opening day and 15 people in the scene ordered produced in Shanghai roewe E50 pure electric cars.
In the just-ended at the Guangzhou auto show, remain the highlights of new energy vehicles. Participating auto companies, both hosts GAC Faw, SAIC and Dongfeng, took out the latest new energy vehicle exhibitors, national car companies such as BYD, Chery, will also show new energy vehicles as key.
Like, domestic first "full Shi full mixed three nuclear" power system plug electric type mixed power sedan roewe 550, in specific workers condition Xia is a pure electric, in general situation Xia also can as mixed power car using, is electricity, and with oil are can drive, its Supreme speed can up 203 km, fuel-efficient rate up to 70% above, endurance mileage 500 km above, settlement has some consumers for new energy car endurance mileage insufficient of worries.
Correspondent interviewed many of the first use of new energy vehicles in Shanghai consumers are basically "anyone who likes", who really uses its strength soon appeared. Such as one purchase electric of young owners told we reporter, as second car car, electric is fashion, also is environmental, "as long as charging conditions allows, completely can select, and Shanghai license plate so your, new energy car can free Shang cards, comes a to equivalent to cheap has more than 100,000 yuan, using cost very low, annual province out oil fee at least million to block, as travel also is is affordable of. ”
As the first issue special licences for new energy vehicles free city, Shanghai's licensing policy has become one of the most attractive policy. Add high nearly 100,000 yuan of subsidies the State, local, and licence offers eighty thousand or ninety thousand Yuan in Shanghai, really attracted many buyers of new energy. At present, the Shanghai first electric vehicles have been sold more than 300 vehicles.
"High subsidies, much cheaper electricity than with oil. "Some of the earliest use of pure electric vehicles in Shanghai Zhou Peng revealed, electric vehicle charging two or three hours, you can meet the needs of working the next day 60 km. If charging after 10 o'clock in the evening, you can enjoy the best of Shanghai 0.31 Yuan/kWh of electricity prices during the night. Compared with gasoline vehicles, electric cars driving hundreds of kilometers costs only for US dollars. According to petrol vehicles about 8 km fuel consumption rises, costs around 60 terms, about one-twelveth of the electric car is the cost of gasoline cars. □
大雾霾倒逼电动汽车加快布局
机动车尾气排放成为国内城市“十面霾伏”困境的主污染源，未来全球汽车市场竞争核心必然是新能源动力之争……
文/《瞭望》新闻周刊记者陆文军
近期，雾霾污染几乎席卷半个中国，越来越加大了治霾的压力，作为城市污染的主要源头之一，机动车尾气排放已经成为不得不重视的问题，如何加快新能源汽车发展再次成为焦点。
“霾祸”倒逼零排放
目前，交通污染已成为中国城市PM2.5等颗粒污染物的重要来源，雾霾天气频频发生，控车治霾的思路又被广泛提及，相比当下控购、限行等限制性行政举措而言，零排放的新能源汽车替代思路成为热门话题。
不少业内人士预测，到2030年我国汽车的普及率会接近发达国家的水平，届时我国石油总需求量达到6亿吨，保障压力和污染压力空前巨大。
同济大学汽车学院教授王哲告诉本刊记者，当前能源瓶颈和环境污染成为倒逼新能源汽车加快布局的动力，尤其是在目前城市污染中，机动车尾气排放是公认的最大污染源之一，不仅制造了PM2.5，而且一氧化碳占到80%，碳氢化合物占56%，氮氧化物占50%。
上汽乘用车公司技术中心副主任、捷能公司总经理朱军也向本刊记者介绍，国内一些成熟的纯电动汽车使用了性能最安全的磷酸铁锂电池系统作为动力源，可以做到零污染、零排放。据测算，上汽开发的E50纯电动车与普通家用燃油轿车相比，每年能够减少将近3吨的碳排放量。
节能减排为导向的新能源汽车，已经成为全球新兴产业的制高点，美国、日本、欧洲等已率先启动，纷纷制定了一些国家计划来推进汽车产业升级。
王哲介绍，美国去年推出“EV-Everywhere”电动汽车国家创新计划，提高对高性能锂离子电池材料、插电式车辆技术、轻量化技术等关键技术的支持；德国去年也发布国家电动汽车平台，从国家层面投入资金共同开发；日本在技术设施方面有比较详细的规划，支持电动汽车普及。美国研究报告称，2013～2020年全球电动汽车产业的复合年增长率将达到39%。
新能源汽车三大趋势
目前，国际上新能源汽车形成三大发展趋势：
其一，混合动力汽车市场逐步成熟。以丰田为例，全球已经销售了500多万辆混合动力汽车。混合动力汽车也取得了非常好的节能减排效果，减少二氧化碳排放约3400万吨(约相当于1.1万平方公里森林1年吸收量)。美国通用、福特和德国大众、宝马都在开发混合动力技术和产品。
其次，电动汽车可能后来居上。各国都坚定支持电动汽车发展，已开始走向市场。2012年美国电动汽车销售的前三名，是通用的雪佛兰沃蓝达、丰田普瑞斯插电式混合动力车和日产聆风，去年销售均超2.5万辆。截至目前，聆风全球销量已达8万多辆。日产在日本国内，下半年还要增设700多个快速充电站，进一步提高聆风的保有量。
其三，燃料电池的新能源汽车已经进入市场。2008年，本田轿车已经在美国生产和销售。美国通用在燃料电池汽车的技术上也是处于全球的领先水平，将在2015年量产。同时，它也在开发新一代的燃料电池汽车，新一代氢燃料电池体积缩小了一半，重量减轻了220磅，应用的铂金材料仅为三分之一，成本大大下降。除通用、本田外，丰田、戴姆勒、现代也都宣布，在2015年或者2017年要量产燃料电池汽车，而且日本、欧洲都开始大规模铺设加氢站。
专家认为，面对国际竞争，国内新能源汽车起步并不晚，很多技术还处于先进地位，应当抓住“弯道超车”的机会。比如，在商用车方面，中国的新能源汽车的应用处于领先地位。
如上海瑞华新能源公司开发的“电池＋电容”双电客车，已经在国内多地投入商业运营，陆续将有数百辆作为公交车在上海运行，节能、安全效应都很突出。而且，使用这种技术路线的载重集装箱卡车也即将下线，未来可以替代重污染载重汽车，大幅提升环保水平。
“双电技术的商用新能源汽车，我们已经是全球领先，而且经历了多年各种气候、路况条件下的测试，安全可靠性完全可以满足全面商用条件。现在，中国多个城市的公交线路或公务用车都开始使用这项技术，中国在此领域的优势很明显，国家应该加快优惠政策落实，加大扶持商用车新能源化，这对于环境效益最明显。”瑞华公司董事长帅鸿元向本刊记者说。
中国如何贴身紧逼
在欧美日新能源汽车开始突破的背景下，起步并不晚的中国新能源汽车产业，如何贴身紧逼，占据产业高点，避免重蹈在传统汽车领域长期落后的窘境？对此，国务院发展研究中心研究员陈清泰认为，“我国必须看清趋势，迅速调整发展策略。”
其一，面对替代性技术，应该欢迎新的进入者。这一轮汽车动力技术革命当中，首先闪耀的不是通用、福特等大制造商，也不在底特律，而是诞生于硅谷，其代表即是没有任何汽车背景的特斯拉。我们在发展政策制定上要鼓励新进入者“搅局”。
其二，我国新能源汽车发展必须找到市场机会。电动汽车的节能，自身的零排放，大规模减少对石油的依赖，都是属于外部性，尤其对生产制造者来说，电动汽车不成熟、不方便，加上没有急迫生产的需求，缺乏内在动力。所以，要走出新能源汽车产业化困境，不能再单纯依托财政的买方补贴，而是要增加企业的内生动力，鼓励其寻求市场机会。
陈清泰说，“特斯拉最近引起了关注，其中重要的一点就是其针对不在乎价格而更在乎抢先享受先进技术的富有人群为目标客户，从而另辟蹊径找到了一条新发展道路。从中国发展来看，在常规发展之外，核心是找到市场机会，而不是长期靠政府补贴。”
其三，选择可持续并有杠杆效应的政策工具。燃油汽车经过一百多年形成的技术路线、消费习惯，特别是建立的利益链条，有着巨大的惯性和社会影响力。美国、德国、法国、意大利和日本等发达国家的新能源汽车政策，都注重不削弱市场竞争，而是通过市场使政策效应得到放大。
当然，我国发展新能源汽车很重要的环节就是提升使用环境， 其中突破充电便利性成为当前新能源汽车进入普通家庭的首要问题。上海电力专门成立电动车服务公司，专业从事智能充换电服务网络运营维护、电池租赁等业务。目前，已经在上海建成电动汽车充换电站17座，累计充换电服务1.6万次，服务里程超过182万公里。
“目前还在进行尝试，未来还将大量铺设充电设施，创新各种充换电服务，通过便利的环境，让更多人敢于使用新能源汽车，突破这一瓶颈。目前，新能源汽车在价格上的劣势，通过国家地方补贴和牌照政策已经有所缓解，在使用维护环节中比传统汽柴油车节省得多，长期使用的经济性很强。”上海电力电动车服务公司副总经理董渝瑾告诉本刊记者。□
新能源汽车不再遥远
在国内，新能源汽车应用开始悄然提速。在上海近期召开的中国国际工业博览会上，新能源汽车成为焦点。而且在本届工博会现场，新能源汽车成为了销售热点，开幕当天就有15位市民现场订购了上海出产的荣威E50纯电动轿车。
在刚刚落幕的广州车展上，新能源汽车依然是展会亮点。参展的汽车企业，不论东道主广汽还是一汽、上汽、东风，都拿出了最新的新能源汽车参展，而比亚迪、奇瑞等民族车企业，同样也将新能源汽车作为展示重点。
比如，国内首款“全时全混三核”动力系统插电式混合动力轿车荣威550，在特定工况下是一个纯电动车，在一般情况下也可以作为混合动力汽车使用，也就是用电、用油都可以驱动，其最高时速可达203公里，节油率高达70%以上，续航里程500公里以上，解决了一些消费者对于新能源汽车续航里程不足的担忧。
本刊记者在上海采访了不少首批使用新能源汽车的消费者，基本都是“谁用谁喜欢”的情况，只要真正使用，其优势很快显现出来。譬如一位购买电动汽车的年轻车主告诉本刊记者，作为第二辆车，电动汽车很时尚，也很环保，“只要充电条件允许，完全可以选择，而且上海车牌那么贵，新能源车可以免费上牌，一来一去相当于便宜了十多万元，使用成本非常低，每年省出油费至少万把块，作为代步还是很实惠的。”
作为国内首个发放新能源汽车免费专用牌照的城市，上海的牌照政策已经成为最具吸引力的政策。国家、地方相加最高近10万元的补贴，加上上海动辄八九万元的牌照优惠，着实吸引了不少新能源购车者。目前，上海第一批电动汽车已经销售了300多辆。
“除了补贴高，用电比用油便宜得多。”上海最早一批用上纯电动汽车的周朋透露，电动汽车充电两三个小时，就可以满足第二天上下班60公里的需要。如果在晚上10点以后充电，可以享受上海地区0.31元/千瓦时的夜间电价。与汽油车相比，电动车百公里行驶成本仅为4～5元。按照汽油车百公里油耗约8升、成本60元左右计算，电动车的使用成本是汽油车的1/12左右。□
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