Go homepage(回首页)
Upload pictures (上传图片)
Write articles (发文字帖)

The author:(作者)aaa
published in(发表于) 2013/12/18 9:44:48
Beijing will conduct artificial fog and haze abatement test

Beijing will be carried out according to the artificial haze abatement scientific experiments and provide meteorological scientific basis for air pollution prevention and control. Yesterday at the city's meteorological modernization workshop, Beijing Vice Mayor Lin Keqing disclosed that currently are faced with tall buildings blocking the Beijing Meteorological Observatory and other environmental impacts. The next two years, will add automatic meteorological stations in more than 200 manual weather stations all State benchmark standards.

Lin Keqing introduction, poor Beijing Meteorological observation environmental protection, more than half of the city's national meteorological suffered varying degrees of destruction, 5 stations for environmental damage forced relocation; only 2 city weather radar for newly constructed buildings will be blocked; the city's only national reference climate station, seriously affecting the environs of high-rise building nearby, hard to play.

Lin Keqing also pointed out that capital, weather forecasting and warning of fine core technology to meet forecast demand, significantly lags behind developed countries and advanced areas. Regional numerical weather prediction model in foreign countries has reached resolution 1 km, 1 hour, Beijing has only 3 km, 3 hours resolution; and business districts and counties in Beijing early warning is just getting started, and disaster warning information release capacity.

Reporter noted that, at present, some districts such as Fangshan, Daxing, mentougou in Beijing, is going ahead weather forecast operation of the district. Beijing issued weather alerts, northern mountains, rainfall in southern regions such as references, but that is just a concept of partition. Will be accurate to specific districts and counties, with "city-level guidance, County release" way, with the County for issuing weather warning.

Interpretation

The ways in which artificial fog and haze

Yesterday's meeting, said Lin Keqing, artificial fog and haze abatement in scientific experiments will be undertaken in Beijing.

Earlier, the China Meteorological Administration has also issued the follow-up (air pollution prevention action plan) implementation plan, by 2015, formed weather meteorological departments to improve air quality across the country operational capacity, heavy pollution weather conditions to take the feasible meteorological intervention, such as artificial precipitation stimulation to cut the haze.

Guo Xueliang, head of China Meteorological Office Weather Center said in a media interview, fog and haze abatement of weather mainly through artificial rainfall and artificial fog. Artificial rainfall to clear the haze had better results, but as long as conditions for precipitation formation.

CMA experts said, primarily for the purpose of cloud seeding to increase water resources or the fight against drought, and not specifically for clean air actions, much to the bottom of the rain to clear the fog and haze, testing is required to assess.

The expert also pointed out that the haze weather weather conditions generally static stability, poor air mobility, possibility of artificial precipitation operation a prerequisite is not too large.

Beijing Meteorological experts also said that haze conditions of artificial precipitation is tough now may be in the most exceptional cases of haze, visibility to do some testing, but widespread haze artificial ways to ease is less likely.

Guo Xueliang once said, if not to the weather conditions, can only be achieved through a physical way to fog. In Beijing, Sichuan and other places, have done some fog dispersal research experiment, which uses liquid nitrogen, such as refrigerants, the droplets into ice crystals from falling onto the floor. But he also said the fog that had not yet become routine operational work of meteorological departments, and can only be implemented at the local.

　Public class

What is a national benchmark weather station?

National benchmarks, Beijing's only weather station is often heard in the weather forecast "Southern Observatory".

It is understood that the reference climatological station is the distinction between primary and general stations, weather stations observations three times a day, the base station observe four times a day, also attended.

In addition, the base station data from participating countries to Exchange, as part of the global meteorological data sharing, for research on global climate change, weather station data is not involved in other global exchanges.

Automatic weather stations are generally divided into stations, manual, from the level of differentiated national weather station and the municipal meteorological station. At present a total of about 300 weather stations in Beijing. Automatic monitoring station provides a lot of meteorological data, but most instrument data for reference use, compared to artificial stations require long-term maintenance and tuning, data is more accurate.

Beijing Meteorological Bureau said in the future requires more than 200/automatic observatories, manual weather stations all to national baseline standards means higher demands on the refinement of forecasting.

The source said currently does not participate in the districts and counties of Beijing Meteorological Observatory forecast, after the County built a base station in the future, may also be involved in the County's weather forecasting and early warning in the past.

Meteorological stations can be built where?

Municipal Meteorological Bureau said, location of the weather station with the more demanding requirements, such as built in a relatively empty, no tall buildings blocking, where meteorological conditions are met. If there are many tall buildings around, you have an effect on temperature, wind and other meteorological factors.

Weather station cannot be built at the top, must represent the human living environment of 1.5 meters to 2 meters height.

At present, Beijing has some stations built in the open area at the park looks more, but with the increase in population density in the Park, air circulation decline, or it may have some impact on the monitoring.

These people also said that weather station location cannot be constantly changing as it requires a cumulative historical data, if you frequently change, there is no way representative.

It represents, especially in Beijing suburbs there are lots of places you can create a new meteorological observatories, but requires coordination and relevant departments in order to optimize the layout of the station.

　"Complaining about"

Meteorological monitoring by 2015 goals

Temporal and spatial distribution of automatic monitoring to achieve 5 minutes, 1 km, 24 hour weather forecast accurate rate of 90% per cent, temperature forecast accuracy rate above 80%, station density not less than 3 per hundred square kilometers, through several radar network layout.

Automatic weather stations

More than 200/and manual meteorological stations all to national benchmark standards

Localized heavy rain, lightning, hail, early warning

Published more than 1 hour in advance

Dust, high temperatures, fog and haze weather alerts

Published 1 day in advance

Continued serious haze weather alerts

Published 3 days in advance

Related news

　"Snow mushrooms cool" pass and Beijing

The Beijing news yesterday, one might first snow in this winter capital of "brush", and are seeing snow in places like Tianjin, Hebei. Meteorological departments said that the weakness of the overall system of precipitation, and the more southerly location is located in Beijing, leading to a lack of precipitation occurred in Beijing. 20th, Beijing will be sunny to partly cloudy weather.

City weather forecast, yesterday's first snowfall this winter that may arise, but it wasn't until last night, the snow has not. "In the South of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei snowing flowers East, but missed and Beijing. "Beijing Meteorological Observatory chief forecaster said Guo Jinlan, mainly because the day before yesterday afternoon to night, 2-4-km altitude climate is relatively large, but small surface layer and humidity.

Yesterday, the Beijing Meteorological Bureau official micro-micro-blogging sighed, "snow mushrooms cool" glanced at the capital, Tianjin in the first and never looked back, "the furthest distance in the world, is meant for each other rub shoulders. ”

"Snow is forecast the key points. "Said Guo Jinlan, because Snow in this season, may have a certain impact on traffic.

Beijing News reporter Jin Yu General of Xinhua News

This version of the article (not including signature) Beijing News reporter Jin Yu

　　新京报讯 北京将开展人工消减雾霾科学试验，为大气污染防治提供气象科学依据。昨日在全市气象现代化工作会议上，北京市副市长林克庆透露，目前北京气象观测站都面临高层建筑阻挡等环境影响。今后两年，将新增气象自动观测站200个以上，人工气象观测站全部达到国家基准站标准。

　　林克庆介绍，北京气象观测环境保护不力，全市一半以上国家气象观测站遭受不同程度破坏，5个台站因环境破坏被迫迁建；全市仅有的2部天气雷达因附近新建高楼被阻挡；全市唯一的国家基准气候站，也因附近高层建筑严重影响探测环境，作用难以发挥。

　　林克庆同时指出，首都气象预报预警核心科技水平难以满足精细化预报需求，明显落后于发达国家和先进地区。如区域数值天气预报模式国外已达到1公里、1小时分辨率，北京目前只有3公里、3小时分辨率；而北京分区县预警业务则刚起步，灾害预警信息发布能力不足。

　　记者获悉，目前，北京一些区县如房山、大兴、门头沟等，已经开始展开区县的天气预报业务。北京市发布天气预警，也会有如北部山区、南部地区降雨量更大之类的提法，但也只是分区的概念。今后将会精确到具体的区县，以“市级指导，区县发布”的方式，以区县为单位发布气象预警。

　　■ 解读

　　哪些方式可以人工消雾霾

　　昨日会议上，林克庆表示，北京市将开展人工消减雾霾科学试验。

　　此前，中国气象局也印发了《贯彻落实(大气污染防治行动计划)实施方案》，要求到2015年，全国各地气象部门形成人工影响天气改善空气质量作业能力，在重污染天气条件下能够采取可行的气象干预措施，如人工催雨等以消减雾霾。

　　中国气象局人工影响天气中心负责人郭学良接受媒体采访时曾表示，人工影响天气消减雾霾的主要方式是人工增雨和人工消雾。人工增雨对清除雾霾有较好的效果，但前提是必须有降水形成的条件。

　　中国气象局有关专家则表示，人工增雨此前的目的主要是为了增加水资源或者对抗干旱，没有专门针对净化空气操作过，到底下多大的雨才能清除雾霾等，都需要经过试验评估。

　　该专家还指出，雾霾天气一般天气状况比较静稳，空气流动性差，人工增雨作业的前提条件出现的可能性不太大。

　　有北京市的气象专家也表示，雾霾条件下人工增雨的难度较大，目前或许会在极为特殊的局地雾霾的情况下，对能见度做一些试验，但大范围雾霾采取人工方式缓解的可能性很小。

　　郭学良还曾表示，如果达不到气象条件，只能通过物理办法来消雾。在北京、四川等地，曾做过一些消雾的科研试验，即用液氮等制冷剂，使雾滴变成冰晶掉落地面。但他也表示，消雾尚未成为气象部门的常规业务工作，且只能在局地实行。

　　■ 公开课

　　什么是国家基准气候站？

　　北京市目前唯一的国家基准气候站是人们在天气预报中常常听到的“南郊观象台”。

　　据了解，基准气候站和一般监测站的区别主要是，一般的气象监测站一天观测三次，基准站一天观测四次，并且有人值守。

　　此外，基准站的数据资料参与国家交换，作为全球气象资料共享的一部分，以用于气候变化等全球研究，其他气象站资料不参与全球交换。

　　气象站一般分成自动站、人工站，从级别区分有国家级气象站和市级气象站。北京市目前一共有300个左右气象监测站。自动监测站虽然提供很多气象数据，但仪器的资料大部分作为参考使用，而相比之下，人工观测站因为需要长期维护和调整，数据更为准确。

　　北京市气象局相关人士表示，今后要求新增200个以上自动观测站，人工气象观测站全部达到国家基准站标准，意味着将对精细化预报提出更高的要求。

　　该人士表示，目前北京市各区县气象观测站不参与天气预报，今后区县建了基准站后，也可能参与到区县的天气预报和预警中来。

　　气象观测站可以建在哪儿？

　　市气象局相关人士表示，气象站的位置有着较为苛刻的要求，比如要建在比较空旷、没有高楼阻挡，符合气象条件的地方。如果周围有很多高楼大厦，则对温度、风等气象因素都会产生影响。

　　气象站也不能建在高层，必须能够代表人类1.5米到2米的生存环境高度。

　　目前，北京有一些观测站建在公园等看起来较为空旷的地方，但随着公园里人口密度增加，空气流通性下降，也可能对监测带来一些影响。

　　上述人士还表示，气象站的位置不能经常变化，因为需要长期积累历史数据，如果经常换地方，就无法具有代表性。

　　其表示，北京市特别是郊区还有很多地方可以新建气象观测站，但是需要和有关部门进行协调，以优化气象站的布局。

　　【数说】

　　到2015年气象监测目标

　　自动监测达到5分钟、1公里时空分布，24小时晴雨预报准确率达90%以上，气温预报准确率80%以上，观测站网密度每百平方公里不少于3个，完成多部雷达组网布局。

　　●气象自动观测站

　　新增200个以上，人工气象观测站全部达到国家基准站标准

　　●局地暴雨、雷电、冰雹预警

　　提前1小时以上发布

　　●沙尘、高温、雾霾天气预警

　　提前1天发布

　　●持续严重雾霾天气预警

　　提前3天发布

　　■ 相关新闻

　　“雪菇凉”和北京擦肩而过

　　新京报讯 昨日，一场原本可能到来的今冬首场雪与京城“擦肩而过”，而天津、河北等地都出现了飘雪。气象部门表示，此次降水系统总体偏弱，且更多位于北京偏南位置，导致未在北京出现降水。20日之前，京城都将是晴到多云的天气。

　　此前市气象台预报，昨日可能出现今冬首场降雪，但是直到昨晚，这场降雪迟迟未到。“北京南部、天津、河北中东部都飘雪花了，但和北京错过了。”北京市气象台首席预报员郭金兰说，这主要因为，前日下午到夜间，2-4公里高空的湿度都比较大，但近地面层的湿度较小。

　　昨日，北京市气象局官微也发微博叹息，“雪菇凉”瞥了一眼京城，头也不回地就奔着天津去了，“世界上最远的距离，就是有缘擦肩过。”

　　“初雪一直是预报的关键点。”郭金兰说，因为初雪在这个季节对交通可能会带来一定的影响。

　　新京报记者金煜 综合新华社电

　　本版采写(除署名外)新京报记者 金煜

赞