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The author:(作者)aaapublished in(发表于) 2013/12/18 10:02:15 Our country into “the moon first“， people and plants coexist may be sealed
Moon planting vegetables? ??
Closed loop base "the moon first" debut next year, but the Moon is still the real world simulation
Chang the third spacecraft to visit the Moon, "the moon lady" and "the rabbit", "Moon" shot each other, humans can also survive on the Moon sometime? Little known is that ground hides a just completed "moon first" are doing advance preparations.
"Because the Moon is high radiation and micro-gravity environment on Earth is extremely difficult to simulate, current ground experiments are only on closed substance cycle experiment on improvement of life support systems. "Liu Professor, head, life needs to meet the test personnel, closed" the moon first "in the cultivation of grains, fruits and vegetables.
United States NASA recently outgoing 2015 "with plant to Moon" of plans, and my in near 20 years of research in the, has completed has people and plant closed coexistence of part self-sufficiency small experiment, wheat, and rice, and soybean, and peanut, and pepper, and carrot, and tomatoes, and coriander, more than 10 over species vegetable food also has through has simulation environment of test, waiting with to Moon growth of day.
Liu revealed, head, wide "moon first," not only have vegetables, there will also be food and fruits, meet researchers all gas, water and food needs.
Life support system core: plants
"We were young, man on the Moon was unthinkable dream, can now also be easily realized, it's hard to say one day, humans don't plants planted on the moon. "Liu is Beihang University School of biological and medical engineering space life sciences and life support Technology Center Director, she is very optimistic about his research. She had made several experimental bio-regenerative life support systems in space, was for a native of earthlings, space after what to eat and breathe, how long can survive a challenge.
Long-term healthy living how to support humans in space, up to several months or even years? Scientist consensus must rely on a space of bio-regenerative life support systems (BLSS), also known as controlled ecological life support systems (CELSS).
This is currently the world's most advanced life support technology closed loop circuits can be interpreted as popular, on the Moon or Mars, space environment, limited resources and rebirth over and over again, so as to continuously produce food, oxygen and water, ensure the astronaut to provide the most basic necessities of life. Because supplies from the ground to the space when space is at a premium, in the United States spent US $ 10,000 per cent per kilogram, and long-term space flight to the Moon and Mars, it is almost impossible to resupply.
Scientists based on the characteristics of the space environment, microecology of artificially designed and built a closed circulatory system, green plants, especially vegetables, assume the responsibilities of the master node.
Under the photosynthesis, green plants provide food and oxygen, carbon dioxide and other wastes "treasure", hero of the plant or water purification, roots and leaf transpiration system of water circulation. Microbes responsible for the finishing touches and raw materials, degradation of inedible parts of the plant, excreta and domestic wastewater, the crew, who are providing water and nutrients for plants, provides some food for the animals, food recycling.
As early as in the 1960 of the 20th century, manned space flight before the opening, Russia, the United States and other countries, taking into account the human permanent presence of life in outer space and security issues in the future. Founded by plants, animals, micro-organisms, as well as other components of material flow of constant renewal and closed ecological system, scientists working toward.
Originally closed BLSS designed and carried out studies on space applications, whether in Russia is the United States experiment, plants are absent.
Undertake this important task are unicellular algae, but Russia scientists later discovered, although the algae on the ability of oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide, but taste bad to eat, nutritional single. Building contains food vegetable plants, such as "space farm" became the focus of Russian and American scientists.
Extremely difficult for high radiation and micro-gravity simulation
But how do green plants growing in the harsh Lunar environment, from lingxia175sheshidu to lingshang120sheshidu a huge temperature difference, endure for up to a dozen days of night, as well as the micro-gravity environment?
These upcoming big plant, needs to meet a series of tight, confined, micro-gravity environment of space, ultra-high vacuum, strong radiation survival characteristics, but also can play in food production, recycling and purification of the atmosphere, water recycling and purification and waste treatment and regeneration of one or more roles.
Plants are core parts of the life-support system as a whole, filter plant the right or not, to a large extent, determine the test's success or failure.
Small size, breeding and cultivation techniques are simple and easy to transplant, genetic traits in a stable, fast growing, short cycle, high yield, edible part of the ratio is high, disease resistant and strong resistance of the plant priority is picked out, scientists have noted, they are mainly for food, to meet people's cultures and dietary habits, and be able to meet the variety of recipes, also have their own characteristics.
Microbial field mushroom, oyster mushroom, yeast, algae such as Spirulina, chlorella, there was first introduced in China in the study of the aquatic fern Azolla scientists selected the first batch of Trier.
Study on early goals by both Europe and the United States focused on the leafy, wants to give astronauts fresh vegetables, lettuce, become a favourite of foreign scientists in the experiment.
China also focused on the leafy. In 1997, more than China's space medical Engineering Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences jointly Research Institute for plant breeding, selected from a dozen kinds of leafy vegetables, canola and pea sprouts, cabbage lettuce, laboratory, which is more in line with China's population of rapeseed and cabbage are considered ideal for "space food". While pea seedlings were narrowly passed the test of confined environments.
Joint research teams without worrying on the experimental conclusion: "these ground experiments or short space equipped with the experimental species are filtered out, is actually feasible, must also be further verified by a lot of ground and space flight testing".
Late last month, United Kingdom New Scientist Magazine Web site reported that the United States Space Agency is developing a 5-day dosage of air sealing plant pots, pot plant seeds can be germinated on nutrient filtration in the soaked paper. The weighing 1 kg small "greenhouse" will be an unmanned moon landing in a premium carrying items, actions are likely scheduled for completion by the end of 2015, to the Moon Express.
This action become growing plants on the Moon closest to the real expectations, limited by space and weight limitations of the aircraft, our lab plants do not have set foot on the Moon and welfare.
"Because the moon high radiation and micro-gravity environment on Earth is extremely difficult to simulate, now ground experiments are only life-support systems on closed substance cycle experiment complete. "Liu said, but ten years ago, Russia on the international space station has a" space greenhouse vegetable garden ", more than 20 times with plant culture culture of sweet beans, lettuce and tomato, wheat and other plants.
"The moon first" growing vegetables, grains and fruits
36 square of plant class within, high brightness of Red irradiation in green of lettuce, and leafy cuisine, and purple back days Kwai, and bitter Chrysanthemum 4 species can edible vegetable Shang, more than 30 age of try crew Tang Yongkang, and Mi Tao breathing with vegetable provides of oxygen, each meals also personally picking 30-50 grams fresh vegetable hunger, "these vegetable in into class Qian has training good, fresh picking Hou smudge sweet hot sauce Hou meimei to raw, but two people fundamental eat not finished 36 square of vegetable. "They concluded after the warehouse.
This scene appears in the last year of the China astronaut research and training center 30 days 2 people b LSS integration technology after a successful trial. After nearly 20 years of individual key technology research, research gaps narrowing in China and abroad, completed the construction of BLSS integrated experiments platforms.
"Test breakthrough has ' people-plant ' oxygen and carbon dioxide Exchange homeostasis regulation technology and microbial wastewater integrated processing and cycle uses, more items key technology, atmospheric, and water and food of closed degrees respectively reached 100%, 901% and 10.4%, and proved planting area for 13.5 square of symbiosis vegetable can provides 1 people of breathing with oxygen, and can cleared its call out of carbon dioxide, test during keep has good of air quality. "Chinese astronaut Center involved in the experimental manned spacecraft environment control and life support Director Guo Shuangsheng author concludes.
Guo Shuangsheng in June this year, described in the space medicine and medical engineering, Chinese astronaut Center has developed three generations of plant equipment ground prototype of the space station, and carried out a full validation check on the ground, awaiting space in-orbit validation time.
Initial States scientists study the Moon plant species, are the construction of simulated Lunar environment experiment equipment in the ground. Russia built the world's first large BLSS Research Foundation---B IO s the experimental equipment systems, systems from algae cultivation to increase plant growth Chamber, and four years of experiments have shown that oxygen is completely self-sufficient.
Upgrade experiments showed that for ten consecutive years, the planting area of 63 square meters makes the system fully self-sufficient in gas, the water cycle, and to satisfy 3 experimenters food needs of about 70%.
"BIO S-3 experimental system of BLSS are by far the most successful, it formed the basis for related research carried out in other countries later. "Professor Liu wrote an article commented, she has led the team for nearly 10 years b research on LSS, the 90 's of the last century would have been completed in the first" human-lettuce---Salina-silkworm "ground experimental system.
November early, Liu presided over built of "moon first," also get has similar of evaluation, in more country expert visited has Beihang University established of space life guarantees artificial closed ecological system experiment device---"moon first," Hou, think it "is currently world Shang most advanced of bio regeneration life guarantees Foundation integrated experiment system one, will on bio regeneration life guarantees system of research development made major contribution. ”
At present, "the moon first" wearing a veil of secrecy, "the end of October, all installations are complete, now just starting to start the experiment, we will use the ' moon first ' experimental study on airtight, building with independent intellectual property rights and China's Lunar Base b LSS technologies. "Liu said," the moon first "will take place in 2014, Spring Festival open to the public.
Liu said the large "moon first," not only have vegetables, there will also be food and fruits, meet researchers all gas, water and food needs.
BLSS technology although there have been more than 50 years of development, but so far the technology is still in the experimental stages of research, is far from realization of the project application. But beauty, and de, country is for has various moon base b LSS of concept design: it built in moon Antarctic perennial light of art Ken basin of peaks Shang, hid Yu months soil cover of underground or half underground, full closed of system in the, low voltage near one-second of Earth sea level atmospheric pressure, people and plant common overcome high vacuum, and high radiation and meteorite impact, plant of growth guarantees with astronaut long-term closed survival and self-sufficiency.
Nandu Xinhua Chen Xianling
Source: Southern Metropolis daily
上月球种菜？
密闭循环基地“月宫一号”明年亮相，但月球真实环境仍难模拟
嫦娥三号探测器探访月球，“嫦娥”和“玉兔”在“月宫”中互拍，人类什么时候也可以在月球上长期生存？鲜为人知的是，我国地面隐藏着一个刚建成的“月宫一号”，正在为此做着超前准备。
“因为月球高辐射和微重力的环境在地球上极难模拟，目前地面实验只是在做生命保障系统的封闭性物质循环实验上完善。”负责人刘红教授介绍，为满足实验人员生命需要，密闭的“月宫一号”中种植粮食、水果和蔬菜。
美国宇航局近日传出2015年“带植物去月球”的计划，而我国在近20年的研究中，已经完成了人和植物封闭共存的部分自给自足小型实验，小麦、水稻、大豆、花生、甜椒、胡萝卜、西红柿、芫荽等十余种蔬菜粮食也已经通过了模拟环境的考验，等待着到月球生长的那天。
负责人刘红透露，在宽阔的“月宫一号”，不仅种有蔬菜，还将有粮食和水果，满足实验人员的全部气体、水和食物的需要。
生保系统核心：植物
“我们小时候，觉得人登上月球是不可想象的梦，可现在我国也能轻松实现，很难说有一天，人类不会把植物种上月球。”刘红是北京航空航天大学生物与医学工程学院空间生命科学与生命保障技术中心主任，她对自己的研究很乐观。她多次实验的空间生物再生生命保障系统，就是要解决土生土长的地球人，登上太空后吃什么，呼吸什么，能生存多久的难题。
如何支持人类在太空长期健康生活，长达数月甚至数年？科学家的共识是必须依靠一套空间生物再生生命保障系统(BLSS)，国内也称之为受控生态生命保障系统(CELSS)。
这套目前世界上最先进的闭环回路生命保障技术可以被通俗地解释为，在月球或火星等太空环境中，将有限资源进行反复处理与再生，从而源源不断地生产食物、氧气和水，确保为航天员提供最基本的生存必需品。因为航天时从地面向空间补给物资十分昂贵，在美国每千克花费1万-10万美元，而到月球和火星的长期空间飞行，几乎不可能再补给。
在科学家基于空间环境特点，人工设计建造的密闭微生态循环系统中，绿色植物，尤其是蔬菜，承担了主要节点的重任。
光合作用下，绿色植物提供食物和氧气，又将二氧化碳和其他废物“变废为宝”，植物还是水净化的功臣，根系吸收和叶片蒸腾参与系统的水循环。微生物则担负着下游的收尾工作，降解植物不可食用部分、乘员排泄物和生活废水等，使他们再生为植物提供水分和养料，为动物提供部分食品，使食物再生循环。
早在20世纪60年代，载人航天开启之前，俄、美等国就在考虑人类未来在外太空长期驻留的生命保障问题。建立由植物、动物、微生物、人以及其他构成的物质流不断循环更新的闭路生态系统，是科学家努力的方向。
但最初开展的封闭的BLSS设计和空间应用研究，无论是在俄罗斯还是美国的实验中，绿色植物都是缺席者。
担此重任的是单细胞藻类，但俄罗斯科学家后来发现，尽管藻类放氧和吸收二氧化碳的能力较强，但吃起来却口感差，营养单一。如何建立包含粮食蔬菜等高等植物的“太空农场”成了俄美科学家的研究重点。
高辐射和微重力极难模拟
但如何让绿色植物在残酷的月球环境里生长，忍受从零下175摄氏度到零上120摄氏度巨大温差，忍受长达十几天的漫漫黑夜，以及微重力等环境？
这些即将承担大任的植物，需要满足一系列在狭小、密闭、微重力、超真空、强辐射的空间环境生存特点，还要能发挥食物生产、大气再生与净化、水分再生与净化和废物处理与再生等一种或几种作用。
植物是整个生保系统的核心部分，筛选的植物合适与否在很大程度上决定着试验的成败。
那些体积小、培养技术简单、易于繁殖和移植，遗传性状稳定、生长快、周期短、产量高、可食部分比值高，抗病和抗逆性强的植物优先被挑选，科学家还注意到，主要作为食物的它们，要符合人们的饮食文化习惯，并能满足食谱的多样化，还要具备一些本国特点。
微生物领域的金针菇、平菇、酵母菌，藻类中的螺旋藻、小球藻等，还有研究中我国首次引入的水生蕨类植物红萍成为科学家选中的第一批实验者。
研究初期，欧美各国均把目标集中在叶菜类上，希望为宇航员提供新鲜蔬菜，实验中生菜成为外国科学家的最爱。
我国也把目标集中在叶菜类上。1997年，我国航天医学工程研究院联合中科院的多家研究所进行了植物选育，从十几种叶菜类蔬菜中选出生菜、油菜、白菜和豌豆苗，实验证实，其中更符合我国人口味的油菜和白菜被认为是非常理想的“太空食品”。而豌豆幼苗则勉强通过了密闭环境的考验。
联合研究团队在试验结论中不无担忧：“这些通过地面实验或短期空间搭载实验筛选出的物种，是否确实可行，还必须进一步通过大量地面模拟和空间飞行试验进行验证”。
上月底，英国《新科学家》周刊网站报道称，美国航天局正在开发一个含有5天空气用量的密封种植罐，罐内的植物种子可以在浸泡过营养液的过滤纸上发芽。这个重1公斤的小“温室”将成为某次不载人的登月行动中的一个付费搭载项目，行动很可能计划于2015年底由月球捷运公司完成。
这次行动成为人们对真正的植物在月球上生长最切近的期盼，受限于航空器的空间和重量限制，我国实验室里的植物还没有登上月球的福利。
“因为月球高辐射和微重力的环境在地球上极难模拟，目前地面实验只是在做生命保障系统的封闭性物质循环实验上完善。”刘红介绍说，但十年前，俄罗斯就在国际空间站建成了“空间温室菜园”，20余次植物培养试验培养了甜豆、番茄、小麦和生菜等多种植物。
“月宫一号”种蔬菜、粮食、水果
36平米的植物舱内，高亮度的红光照射在在翠绿的生菜、油麦菜、紫背天葵、苦菊4种可食用蔬菜上，30多岁的试乘员唐永康、米涛呼吸着蔬菜提供的氧气，每餐还亲手采摘30-50克新鲜蔬菜充饥，“这些蔬菜在进舱前已培养好，新鲜采摘后涂抹甜辣酱后美美地生吃，但两人根本吃不完36平米的蔬菜。”他们出仓后总结。
这一幕出现在去年中国航天员科研训练中心主持开展的2人30天B LSS集成技术试验成功后。经过近20年单项关键技术攻关，我国逐步拉近与国外的研究差距，建成了BLSS集成实验平台。
“试验突破了‘人-植物’氧气和二氧化碳交换动态平衡调控技术和微生物废水综合处理与循环利用等多项关键技术，大气、水和食物的闭合度分别达到100%，901%和10 .4%，并证明种植面积为13.5平方米的共生蔬菜能够提供1人的呼吸用氧，并能清除其呼出的二氧化碳，试验期间保持了良好的空气质量。”参与实验的中国航天员中心载人航天环控生保室主任郭双生撰文总结道。
郭双生在今年6月的《航天医学与医学工程》中介绍，中国航天员中心先后研制成三代空间站植物装置地面样机，并进行了充分的地面验证考核，正等待时机进行空间在轨验证。
各国科学家研究月球种植物的初始，都是在地面营建模拟月球环境的实验装置。俄罗斯建成了世界上第一座用于研究BLSS的大型地基综合实验装置———B IO S系统，系统从藻类培养到增加植物生长舱，四年实验证明，氧气完全能自给自足。
其后连续十年的升级实验表明，63平方米的植物种植面积使系统在气体、水循环方面完全自给自足，并满足3名实验人员约70%的食物需求。
“BIO S-3是迄今为止最成功的BLSS实验系统，它为后来其他国家开展相关研究奠定了基础。”刘红教授撰文评价说，她曾带领团队进行了近10年的B LSS研究，上世纪90年代就在国内首次完成了“人-莴苣——— 藻-蚕”地面小型实验系统。
11月初，刘红主持修建的“月宫一号”也得到了类似的评价，在多国专家参观了北京航空航天大学建立的空间生命保障人工闭合生态系统实验装置———“月宫一号”后，认为它“是目前世界上最先进的生物再生生命保障地基综合实验系统之一，将对生物再生生命保障系统的研究发展做出重大贡献。”
目前，“月宫一号”还披着神秘的面纱，“10月底刚刚全部安装完成，目前刚开始启动性实验，我们将利用‘月宫一号’开展有人密闭实验研究，建立具有自主知识产权的、中国特色的月球基地B LSS技术。”刘红说，“月宫一号”将在2014年春节前后向公众公开。
刘红透露，在宽阔的“月宫一号”，不仅种有蔬菜，还将有粮食和水果，满足实验人员的全部气体、水和食物的需要。
BLSS技术虽然经历了50余年的发展历程，但至今该技术仍停留在实验研究阶段，远未实现工程化应用。但美、德等国却进行了各种月球基地B LSS的概念设计：它建在月球南极常年光照的阿特肯盆地的山峰上，藏于月壤覆盖的地下或半地下，全封闭的系统中，低压接近1/2的地球海平面大气压，人和植物共同克服高真空、高辐射和陨石撞击，植物的生长保障着航天员长期封闭生存和自给自足。
南都记者 陈显玲
来源： 南方都市报
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