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The author:(作者)aaapublished in(发表于) 2013/12/18 10:14:35 “Disappear“ the Nanjing massacre
"Disappear" Nanjing massacre
On December 13, the 76 anniversary of the Nanjing massacre. Candle Festival, wake, world peace, international law of peaceful assembly, survivor testimony ... ... A series of commemorative activities shown increasing attention to this subject.
But the time back in the late 90 's, when Chinese American writer Iris Chang studied at the Nanjing massacre, but faces a dilemma. She went to Nanjing in an interview, did not see the sites of the Holocaust, only to find most of the city's old houses and old street was demolished. IRIS observed facts, mapping the fate of outstanding disaster: in the public eye, it had long been "disappeared".
Danyang shenghong, a history professor at Nanjing Normal University, who was the "cultural revolution" after one of the graduate students. "You could say that I have been studying in Nanjing, but our teacher never told the Nanjing massacre, textbooks do not mention any Chinese history books do not mention. ”
"The teacher does not speak, textbook does not mention"
Nanjing massacre Japan exclusion has for public opinion. Former Vice President of the society for the study of the history of the Nanjing massacre, said Danyang shenghong, a history professor at Nanjing Normal University, decades after the war, Japan right wing has been on the International Military Tribunal for the far East to Japan the judgment of war criminals, in particular to the Tribunal's verdict on the crimes of the Nanjing massacre by the Japanese army, to attack and slander. "The tragic history of the Nanjing massacre in Japan was deliberately blocked in China and played down until the early 70, content is still about the Nanjing massacre Japan taboo in the press. ”
For more than 30 years after the liberation, the Nanjing massacre have education medium-and long-term absence in the country.
Civil War Museum curator Wu Xianbin talked about the Nanjing massacre in Nanjing, the first thought of his grandfather, who had not experienced the Nanjing massacre, but elderly people came from that era.
The 70 's of the last century, Wu Xianbin elementary school. One grandfather took him to Nanjing qinhuai River bathing. When the stone town bridge, the old man said: "when the Japanese killed many Chinese people here. "Young Wu Xianbin was very shocked," Grandpa, why tell me this? Did he make a mistake? Yeah, but he was the closest person to me. "At the time, Wu Xianbin war education of pupils was little soldier Zhang GA, tunnel warfare and mine warfare. "On the Nanjing massacre, national memory was missing, but folk memory has not been broken. "Wu Xianbin official compiling history cannot express all of the emotions, and later founded the Museo Civico in idea. In 2006, he funded the creation of the Nanjing civil war Museum, housing a collection of more than 2,700 pieces of cultural relics.
Danyang shenghong, a history professor at Nanjing Normal University have gone there is no history of the Nanjing massacre.
1963-1968, Danyang shenghong study in the philosophy Department of Nanjing University. In the late 70, he read the history Department of Nanjing University of Chinese modern history graduate, is the "cultural revolution" after the first batch of graduate students. He is at home in Nanjing told journalists in the South, "you could say that I have been studying in Nanjing, but the teacher never talk about the Nanjing massacre, textbooks do not mention any Chinese history books do not mention. "College Danyang shenghong had access to the KMT evaluation is the war of words:" a collapse of miles "," run away at the rumor of the approach of. "," jiangjiang ".
In January 1938, had just founded the Xinhua daily has repeatedly reported on the Nanjing massacre. Later situation gradually changed. In November 1948, published by the brilliance of the bookstore in the liberated areas of the history of Chinese anti-Japanese war speech, also introduces the Nanjing massacre, but focused on exposing the Kuomintang troops fled, "taken in Nanjing to escape, and fled without a fight. "In July 1949, published by the Xinhua Bookstore in Shandong province from" 77 "" 815 ", you did not address the Holocaust, but the contrast between the war. 1957 modern Chinese history information reproduction of the Editorial Committee of the "918" and the evolution of the political situation in China since 1983, published by the China Youth Publishing House of the history of the Sino-Japanese war, the "Nanjing massacre" does not occur.
The Holocaust in Nanjing: a forgotten Holocaust author Iris Chang wrote, "the Nanjing massacre is not as in-depth as the Nazi massacre of Jews or the Hiroshima consciousness of the peoples of the world, because the victims themselves remained silent. "" In the community, those who lived through the Nanjing massacre survivors or victims dare not speak, do not make them speak. "Introduced by Danyang shenghong, in academia, in more than 30 years of 1949 until April, almost no research on the Nanjing massacre.
One exception was the late Gao Xingzu, a Professor of history at Nanjing University. In 1960, led by Gao Xingzu of Nanjing University Department of history Japan history group organized some teachers and students, began an investigation of the massacre in Nanjing, with a 2-year, 80,000-word manuscript written in the Japan of imperialism in the Nanjing massacre. But this manuscript did not get published until 1979, is one of tens of thousands of words the mimeo, internal communication only.
"Gao Xingzu only studies on its own at that time, difficult and no one cared, no attention, look hard, and published articles and no place. Later, he did all his research results out of the, but no one understands its importance, whose influence is not much. "Danyang shenghong said.
"The good people of Nanjing" encounter
Before the rape of Nanking, the nationalist government moved from Nanjing, but there are more than 20 nationals of several countries such as Britain and the United States, Germany stayed, including United States Church Jinling University and Jinling women's University teachers. "These people based on humanism, a neutral person identity, do everything possible to resist the Japanese army's atrocities, has done a lot to contribute to save hundreds of thousands of refugees, refugees in Nanjing was called ' help the Buddha ', ' good man in Nanjing. But at the beginning of liberation ' against the United States, emphasises ' ideological and political movement, these people are to be judged. "Introduced by Danyang shenghong, when war, all United States items are subject to criticism," in the two schools United States teachers, such as Minnie Vautrin, Riggs, and others, have been labeled as United States secret service, or stinking, or banished them after criticism. Also tell the teachers of the two schools that had anything to do with them. ”
Iris Chang found that during the Korean war, Chinese newspapers will of Americans described as helping Japanese massacre in Nanjing villains, and complains when the fall of Nanjing safety zone foreigners giving away the city to the Japanese in the South. Posts in safety zone International Committee was an organization of the imperialists, and Japan the aggressor's hands.
Introduced by Danyang shenghong, the Nanjing defence battle, many soldiers ' sacrifice of the national Government, with at least nine generals, junior officers and soldiers, tens of thousands of people "but laid down their lives in the battle of Nanjing national Government soldiers, and the Japanese soldiers were killed in the Holocaust, the national Government, was beaten after the founding of the ' history of counterrevolution ', ' reactionary officer. ' ”
"After the war to serve in the trial judges of the national Government of Nanjing massacre by the Japanese army prisoners, were labeled as ' reactionary judges ', jail, prison, held in detention, exile's exile, wearing on his head a ' history of counterrevolution ' hat, to no good end. In this context, naturally cannot hold the sins of the Nanjing massacre by the Japanese army. "Danyang shenghong said.
Scholars mentioned Wang Jinsi, in 1959, the Japan war criminals are organized in Nanjing, but not the fellow to honor victims of the Nanjing massacre, but to the Yuhuatai revolutionary martyrs killed by Kuomintang's silence.
Introduced by Danyang shenghong, the "cultural revolution" made by "three worlds" theory, Japan belonged to the second world, objects are considered to be for unity "in this context can only expose of American imperialism, ' guilty of aggression against China ', and cannot hold the sins of the invasion of China, and the Nanjing massacre by the Japanese army. ”
Return to public view
The 80 's of the last century, has finally returned to public view of the Nanjing massacre. In 1982, is a node.
In July of that year, Japan Ministry of education approved textbooks, "North of aggression" and "full of aggression to China" in passages such as "aggression" with the words "access to", the Nanjing massacre with the words "occupation of Nanjing". Incidents make representations to the Japanese side in China, the people's daily also published the comments must remember this lesson. Then, they investigate.
In November 1983, Nanjing established the "Nanjing massacre" historiography, pavilions, as-Office, preparations for the establishment of Memorial.
From February 1984 to June, officials organized, large-scale Nanjing massacre for the first time, found the survivors, witnesses, victims and 1756.
On August 15, 1985, the 40 anniversary of the victory, were killed by Japanese invaders in Nanjing massacre Memorial Hall completed and open. Before the Nanjing massacre had been nearly half a century.
Recovery of the memory, it is a slow process. Until the last century 90 's, Shanghai Renmin chubanshe, 1991 edition of the dictionary of the history of the Republic of China has yet to be the "Nanjing massacre" income, but income "Nanjing massacre" entry, describing students protests in Nanjing in 1949 by the Kuomintang soldiers and police killed 2 people's historical facts.
There are sites that are ignored. 1990 Shaanxi people education press published the dictionary of Chinese tourism, describes the revolutionary martyrs cemetery flower terrace, sites made no mention of the Nanking massacre, 1991 Chinese workers press published the dictionary of Chinese historical and cultural city of small also.
Fate must not be on the survivors of the Nanjing massacre. In 1995, when IRIS stepped on while searching for survivors in Nanjing, see survivor is some poor people, "most of them live in a dark, squalid housing, inside moist, smell musty, everywhere are signs of poverty. ”
Nanjing civil war Museum curator Wu Xianbin provides a list of Holocaust survivors in 2007, above the many old people have died, survivors of less than 200 people.
One of the surviving, Ma Tingbao is 79 years old. When his father was killed in the 1937 massacre, Ma Tingbao is only two years old. He mainly relies on more than 1000 Yuan pension each month to get by, living in Nanjing is only 17 square meters of the House, the House had no bathroom. Before he retired, Ma Tingbao were ordinary workers, around 780, receive dozens of dollars a month salary. He said that before liberation to the 80 's of the last century, the Nanjing massacre have not been publicly mentioned. For a long time after the liberation, who, as the survivor does not receive any Government assistance.
Until 2004, 67 years later---Nanjing massacre, Ma Tingbao Nanjing Government received first aid, 500 Yuan a year, the assistance is now increased to 1400 Yuan a year. In 2005, Ma Tingbao obtained by Japanese invaders in Nanjing massacre survivors aid association has issued the certificate of the survivors of the Nanjing massacre.
Today, introduction to the Nanjing massacre was under way. Were killed by Japanese invaders in Nanjing massacre Memorial Hall Square, Ulster and heavy piece of black marble, with States was written above: "victims of 300,000", beginning with 3 types of illustrations, has now grown to 11.
References:
Danyang shenghong the history---in order to maintain the truth of the Nanjing massacre and Japan right the history review
Of the Jinling Danyang shenghong the yoke (Chinese workers press, 2005)
Sun Zhaiwei with the historical clarification---research and thinking on the Nanjing massacre (Jiangsu people's publishing house, 2005)
South reporter KOLON
Source: Southern Metropolis daily
曾“消失”的南京大屠杀
12月13日，南京大屠杀76周年纪念日。烛光祭、守灵仪式、世界和平法会、国际和平集会，幸存者赴日证言……一系列的纪念活动显示这一主题日益受关注。
但时光回溯到上世纪90年代，当美籍华裔女作家张纯如研究南京大屠杀时，却面临着窘境。她到南京采访时，没有看到大屠杀遗址，却看到这座城市的大部分老房屋和老街景被拆除。张纯如观察到的事实，正映射了这场旷世灾难的命运：在公众视野中，它曾长期“消失”。
南京师范大学历史系教授经盛鸿，曾是“文革”后最早的一批研究生。“可以说我一直在南京求学，但我们的老师从来不讲南京大屠杀，教科书也不提，任何中国近现代史的书籍都不提。”
“老师不讲，教科书不提”
南京大屠杀在日本曾为舆论禁区。前南京大屠杀史研究学会副会长、南京师范大学历史系教授经盛鸿说，战后数十年来，日本右翼势力一直对远东国际军事法庭对日本战犯的判决，尤其是对法庭关于日军南京大屠杀罪行的宣判，进行攻击与诽谤。“南京大屠杀的血泪历史在日本国内被刻意封锁和淡化，直至70年代初，有关南京大屠杀的内容仍是日本新闻出版界的禁忌。”
解放后30多年，南京大屠杀也曾在国内教育中长期缺失。
南京民间抗日战争博物馆馆长吴先斌谈起南京大屠杀，第一个想到的是他外公，一位没有经历南京大屠杀，但从那个时代走过来的老人。
上世纪70年代，吴先斌上小学。有一次外公带他去南京秦淮河洗澡。在石头城桥边时，老人说：“当年日本人在这里杀过很多中国人。”年幼的吴先斌听了非常震惊，“外公为什么会告诉我这些？难道他说错了？可他是我最亲近的人啊。”当时，小学生吴先斌接受的抗战教育是小兵张嘎、地道战和地雷战等。“关于南京大屠杀，国家记忆曾经缺失了，但民间记忆一直没有断过。”吴先斌觉得官方的修史不能表达全部情感，后来产生了创办民间博物馆的设想。2006年，他出资创办了南京民间抗日战争博物馆，收藏了2700多件文物。
南京师范大学历史系教授经盛鸿也经历了没有南京大屠杀的历史教育。
1963-1968年，经盛鸿在南京大学哲学系读书。上世纪70年代末，他入南京大学历史系读中国近现代史研究生，是“文革”后最早的一批研究生。他在南京的家中告诉南都记者，“可以说我一直在南京求学，但我们的老师从来不讲南京大屠杀，教科书也不提，任何中国近现代史的书籍都不提。”大学时代的经盛鸿接触到关于国民党抗战评价是这样的词汇：“一溃千里”，“望风而逃”，“降将如毛”。
1938年1月，刚刚创刊的《新华日报》曾多次报道了南京大屠杀。后来情形渐渐发生改变。1948年11月解放区的光华书店出版的《中国抗战史讲话》，也介绍了南京大屠杀，不过重点落在揭露国民党军队的逃跑，“在南京就采取逃跑主义，不战而逃。”1949年7月山东新华书店出版的《从“七七”到“八一五”》，则没有涉及这次浩劫，而是对比国共的抗战表现。1957年中国现代史资料编辑委员会翻印的《“九一八”以来国内政治形势的演变》和1983年中国青年出版社出版的《抗日战争史话》，“南京大屠杀”都没有出现。
《南京浩劫：被遗忘的大屠杀》作者张纯如这样写道，“南京大屠杀之所以没有像纳粹屠杀犹太人或广岛原子弹那样深入世界人民的意识之中，是因为受害者自己保持沉默。”“在社会上，那些经历过南京大屠杀的幸存者或受害者也不敢讲，不让他们讲。”经盛鸿介绍，在学术界，1949年一直到20世纪80年代初的30多年里，对南京大屠杀几乎没有研究。
屈指可数的异数是已故南京大学历史系教授高兴祖。1960年，由高兴祖牵头的南京大学历史系日本史小组组织部分师生，开始对南京大屠杀事件进行调查，历经2年，写成8万字的书稿《日本帝国主义在南京的大屠杀》。但这部书稿直到1979年才获得刊印，是一本几万字的油印本，只供内部交流。
“当时高兴祖只能单枪匹马地研究，困难重重，没有人理睬，没有人重视，查找资料困难，文章也没有地方发表。后来他想方设法把他的研究成果出了，但没有人理解它的重要性，影响力没有多大。”经盛鸿说。
“南京好人”遭遇
南京大屠杀之前，国民政府从南京迁走了，但有20多个英、美、德等国的侨民留下来了，包括美国教会办的金陵大学和金陵女子大学的外教。“这些人基于人道主义精神，以中立国人士的身份，力所能及地抗拒日军的暴行，为救助几十万难民做了大量贡献，被南京难民称为‘救命菩萨’、‘南京好人’。但在解放初‘反美、仇美’的思想政治运动中，这些人都被批判了。”经盛鸿介绍，抗美援朝时，凡是与美国沾边的都受到批判，“在这两个学校任教的美国教师，如魏特琳、里格斯等人，都被打成美国特务，或被批臭，或被驱逐，赶走之后还要批判。还让这两所学校的师生员工交待和他们有什么关系。”
张纯如发现，朝鲜战争时，中国报纸将南京的美国人描述为帮助日本人进行屠杀的恶棍，还有文章指责南京沦陷时安全区外国人将南京城拱手让给日本人。另外的文章则称安全区国际委员会是一个帝国主义者的组织，与日本侵略者串通一气。
经盛鸿介绍，在南京保卫战中，很多国民政府军人牺牲，其中最少有九位将军，中下级军官和士兵有几万人“但在南京保卫战中壮烈牺牲的国民政府军人，和在日军大屠杀中被杀害的国民政府军人，在建国后却被打成‘历史反革命’、‘反动军官’。”
“抗战胜利后参加审判南京大屠杀日军战犯的国民政府法官，也被打成‘反动法官’，坐牢的坐牢，关押的关押，流放的流放，头上戴着‘历史反革命’的帽子，没有好下场。在这个背景下，自然不可能深入追究日军南京大屠杀的罪恶。”经盛鸿说。
学者王锦思提及，1959年，日本战犯被组织来南京，但不是去祭奠南京大屠杀死难同胞，而是去雨花台默哀被国民党杀害的革命先烈。
经盛鸿介绍，“文革”时提出“三个世界”理论，日本属于第二世界，被认为是可以争取团结的对象“在这个背景下，只能揭露美帝国主义的‘侵华罪恶’，而不可能深入追究日军侵华和南京大屠杀的罪恶。”
重回公众视野
上世纪80年代，南京大屠杀终于重回公众视野。1982年是一个节点。
当年7月，日本文部省审定教科书时，把“侵略华北”和“全面侵略中国”等段落中的“侵略”改为“进出”，把南京大屠杀改为“占领南京”。中国针对教科书事件向日方正式提出交涉，《人民日报》也发表了《必须牢记这个教训》的评论。此后，中方展开调查。
1983年11月，南京成立了“南京大屠杀”编史、建馆、立碑办公室，筹备建立纪念馆。
1984年2月至6月，官方首次有组织、大规模地调查南京大屠杀，发现了幸存者、目击者、受害者1756人。
1985年8月15日，抗战胜利40周年之际，侵华日军南京大屠杀遇难同胞纪念馆落成开放。此时距南京大屠杀已近半个世纪。
记忆的复苏，是一个缓慢的过程。直到上世纪90年代，上海人民出版社1991年版的《中华民国史辞典》仍未将“南京大屠杀”收入，却收入了“南京惨案”词条，描述了1949年南京示威游行学生被国民党军警打死2人的史实。
被忽略的还有遗址。1990年陕西人民教育出版社出版的《中华旅游辞典》，描述了革命烈士陵园雨花台，对南京大屠杀遗址只字未提，1991年中国工人出版社出版的《中国历史文化名城小辞典》亦如是。
南京大屠杀幸存者亦命途多舛。1995年，当张纯如踏上南京寻觅幸存者的时候，看到幸存者是一些穷人，“他们大多住在黑暗、肮脏的房屋里，屋内潮湿，散发着霉味，到处是贫困的痕迹。”
南京民间抗日战争博物馆馆长吴先斌提供了一份2007年的大屠杀幸存者名单，上面的许多老人已经离世，如今幸存者不足200人。
其中一位健在的，是79岁的马庭宝。父亲在1937年的大屠杀中遇害时，马庭宝只有两岁。他目前主要依靠每月的1000多元退休工资度日，居住在南京市一间只有17平米的房子里，房子没有卫生间。退休前，马庭宝是普通工人，在上世纪七八十年代时，每月领取几十元的薪水。他说，解放后至上世纪80年代之前，南京大屠杀没有被公开提起过。解放后很长时间，他作为幸存者未获任何政府援助。
直到2004年———南京大屠杀67年后，马庭宝收到了南京市民政部门的第一笔援助金，一年500元，该援助金目前增加到了一年1400元。2005年，马庭宝获得了侵华日军南京大屠杀幸存者援助协会颁发的《南京大屠杀幸存者证书》。
时至今日，对南京大屠杀的介绍正不断深入。侵华日军南京大屠杀遇难同胞纪念馆广场，一块颀长而沉重的黑色大理石，上面用各国文字写着：“遇难者300000”，最开始用3种文字介绍，如今发展到了11种。
参考资料：
经盛鸿著《为了维护南京大屠杀的真实历史——— 与日本右翼人士斗争的历史回顾》
经盛鸿著《枷锁下的金陵》(中国工人出版社2005年版)
孙宅巍著《澄清历史———南京大屠杀研究与思考》(江苏人民出版社2005年版)
南都记者 高龙
来源：南方都市报
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